MME 303: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
Boundary layer: Emotions are nothing
Laminar flow but fluid mechanics,
every inch of your
heart is feeling
pressure.
~ Praveen
Dr Praveen Kr Sharma
Department of Mechanical and
Mechatronics Engineering
# Local skin friction coefficient (𝑪𝒇𝒙 ) (or local drag )
Average Skin Coefficient:
# Exact solution of B.L over a flat plate
Laminar Turbulent
# Exact solution of B.L over a flat plate
# Exact solution of B.L over a flat plate
# Exact solution of B.L over a flat plate
# Terminal velocity
-> Spherical ball is falling due to gravity.
-> Forces acting on the sphere are gravity, buoyancy and
drag force
> Sphere attain maximum velocity when all forces are in
equilibrium, this velocity is known as terminal velocity,
after which velocity does not change
Force balance: 𝑭𝑫 + 𝑭𝑩 = 𝑭𝑮
# Magnus effect
The phenomena of producing lift by the rotation of a solid body in a fluid flow is called
as Magnus effect.
# Magnus effect
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Force balance on control volume
Which is correct option to
estimate flow rate?
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Average velocity
It is that uniform velocity of the fluid at any
cross-section by which if the fluid flow than
mass flow rate remains same as in the case
of original varying velocity.
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Average velocity
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Average velocity
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Shear stress distribution
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Shear stress distribution
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(A) Between two fixed parallel plates
Change in pressure due to viscosity
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
Force balance
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
Force balance
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
-> since area of pipe cross-section is
constant, velocity is constant w.r.t. x,
therefore shear stress also not
changing w.r.t x.
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Incompressible viscous flow:
(B) Flow through pipe (Hagen-Poiseuille flow)
# Momentum correction factor (𝜷)
# Kinetic energy correction factor (𝜶)
# Losses in the pipe flow
When the fluid flow through pipes it encounters various losses and these
losses are classified into major and minor losses.
(A) Major loss
To estimate friction loss there are two methods
1. Darcy’s Weish black
2. Chezy’s Method
1. Darcy’s Weish black
(A) Major loss
1. Darcy’s Weish black
(A) Major loss
1. Darcy’s Weish black
(A) Major loss
1. Darcy’s Weish black
(A) Major loss
1. Darcy’s Weish black
(A) Major loss
1. Chezy’s Method
(A) Major loss
1. Chezy’s Method
(B) Minor losses
1. Head loss due to sudden enlargement
(B) Minor losses
2. Head loss due to sudden contraction
(B) Minor losses
3. Head loss due to entrance
4. Head loss due to bend
Factors affecting K:
1. Radius of pipe => 𝑅𝑝 ↑ 𝑘↓
2. Radius of bend => 𝑅𝐵 ↑ 𝑘↓
3. Angle of bend => 𝜃 ↑ 𝑘↑ 𝜽
(B) Minor losses
5. Head loss due to entrance
K= coefficient of pipe fitting
