Absolutely!
Here's a concise and exam-ready set of Biology notes, covering all major topics
— enough to fill two papers' worth of content. It's organized into core concepts, definitions,
diagrams, and functions, perfect for revision.
🧬 BIOLOGY NOTES (Concise – 2 Papers Worth)
🧫 1. Cell – The Basic Unit of Life
● Prokaryotic Cell: No nucleus (e.g., Bacteria)
● Eukaryotic Cell: True nucleus & organelles (e.g., Plants, Animals)
🔬 Cell Organelles:
Organelle Function
Nucleus Controls cell activities
Mitochondria Powerhouse – ATP
production
Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus Packaging & transport
Lysosomes Digestive enzymes
Chloroplast Photosynthesis (plants only)
Vacuole Storage of water, nutrients
🌿 2. Nutrition
In Plants (Photosynthesis):
● Equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (in presence of sunlight & chlorophyll)
In Humans:
● Organs: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine
● Enzymes:
○ Amylase: Starch → Sugar (in saliva)
○ Pepsin: Proteins → Peptides (in stomach)
○ Lipase: Fats → Fatty acids + Glycerol
🫀 3. Human Circulatory System
● Heart: 4 chambers (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
● Double circulation: Blood passes twice through heart in one cycle
● Blood vessels:
○ Arteries: Away from heart (oxygenated)
○ Veins: To heart (deoxygenated)
○ Capillaries: Exchange of substances
● Blood components:
○ RBC: Carry oxygen
○ WBC: Fight infection
○ Platelets: Help clotting
○ Plasma: Liquid part
🧠 4. Control and Coordination
Nervous System:
● CNS: Brain + Spinal Cord
● Neuron: Basic unit
● Brain parts:
○ Cerebrum: Thinking, memory
○ Cerebellum: Balance
○ Medulla: Involuntary actions
Hormones (Endocrine Glands):
Gland Hormone Function
Pituitary Growth hormone Controls growth
Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism
Pancrea Insulin Regulates blood sugar
s
Adrenal Adrenaline Fight or flight response
🌬️ 5. Respiration
● Types:
○ Aerobic: With oxygen – More energy
○ Anaerobic: Without oxygen – Less energy (e.g., yeast)
● Equation (Aerobic):
Glucose + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + Energy (ATP)
● Respiration in Humans:
○ Inhalation → Oxygen into lungs (alveoli)
○ Exchange at alveoli → O₂ into blood, CO₂ out
🌱 6. Reproduction
Asexual (1 parent):
● Binary Fission (Amoeba), Budding (Yeast), Spore formation
Sexual:
● In humans: Male (sperm), Female (egg)
● Fertilization → Zygote → Embryo → Fetus
In Plants:
● Pollination: Transfer of pollen
○ Self or Cross
● Fertilization → Seed formation
🧬 7. Heredity and Evolution
● Genes: Units of inheritance (on chromosomes)
● Mendel’s Laws:
○ Law of Dominance
○ Law of Segregation
● Traits: Controlled by DNA
● Evolution: Change over generations
○ Evidence: Fossils, homologous organs
🌍 8. Our Environment
● Food Chain: Producer → Primary → Secondary → Tertiary
● Food Web: Interconnected food chains
● Decomposers: Fungi & bacteria (recycle nutrients)
● Pollution:
○ Air, Water, Soil, Noise
○ Caused by: Plastic, fossil fuels, sewage
○ Control: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3Rs)
⚡ Quick Definitions Cheat Sheet
Term Definition
Osmosis Movement of water across semi-permeable
membrane
Transpiration Water loss from plant leaves
Reflex Action Instant, involuntary response
Chromosome Thread-like DNA structures in nucleus
s
Mutation Sudden change in genes
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