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Here's a set of random science notes that would be worth approximately two exam
papers' worth of content (diverse, rich, and well-organized). These notes cover topics from
Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, ideal for a general science review or academic preparation.
📘 SCIENCE NOTES (2 Papers Worth)
🧪 CHEMISTRY
1. Acids, Bases and Salts
● Acids: Sour in taste, turn blue litmus red, pH < 7. Eg: HCl, H₂SO₄.
● Bases: Bitter, slippery, turn red litmus blue, pH > 7. Eg: NaOH, KOH.
● Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
● Indicators: Litmus, phenolphthalein, methyl orange.
2. The Periodic Table
● Elements arranged by increasing atomic number.
● Groups: Vertical columns – elements with similar properties.
● Periods: Horizontal rows – repeating trends.
● Trends:
○ Atomic size decreases across period, increases down group.
○ Metallic character increases down group, decreases across period.
3. Chemical Reactions
● Types:
○ Combination: A + B → AB
○ Decomposition: AB → A + B
○ Displacement: A + BC → AC + B
○ Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB
● Exothermic (release heat) vs Endothermic (absorb heat)
● Rusting: Fe + O₂ + H₂O → Fe₂O₃·xH₂O
🔬 BIOLOGY
1. Cells – The Basic Unit of Life
● Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells:
○ Prokaryotes: No nucleus (e.g. bacteria)
○ Eukaryotes: True nucleus, membrane-bound organelles
● Plant vs Animal Cells:
○ Plant: Cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole
○ Animal: No cell wall, small vacuoles, centrioles present
2. Photosynthesis
● Equation:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → (in presence of light & chlorophyll) → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
● Takes place in chloroplasts.
● Requires light, carbon dioxide, and water.
3. Human Digestive System
● Pathway: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small intestine → Large intestine
● Enzymes:
○ Saliva: Amylase (breaks starch)
○ Stomach: Pepsin (proteins)
○ Intestine: Lipase (fats), trypsin (proteins), amylase (carbs)
⚡ PHYSICS
1. Laws of Motion (Newton’s Laws)
● First Law: Law of inertia – An object stays at rest or moves in uniform motion unless
acted on.
● Second Law: F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration)
● Third Law: Every action has equal and opposite reaction.
2. Electricity
● Ohm’s Law: V = IR
○ V = voltage, I = current, R = resistance
● Series Circuit: R_total = R₁ + R₂ + ...
● Parallel Circuit: 1/R_total = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...
● Power: P = VI (Watts)
3. Light – Reflection and Refraction
● Reflection: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
● Refraction: Bending of light at boundary between two media
○ Snell’s Law: n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂
● Lenses:
○ Convex (converging), Concave (diverging)
○ Used in glasses, cameras, microscopes
🌍 BONUS: Environmental Science
1. Global Warming & Climate Change
● Caused by increased greenhouse gases: CO₂, CH₄, N₂O
● Effects: Rising temperatures, melting ice caps, extreme weather
2. Renewable vs Non-renewable Energy
● Renewable: Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal
● Non-renewable: Coal, petroleum, natural gas (finite supply)
3. Ozone Layer Depletion
● Caused by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
● UV rays increase, leading to skin cancer, eye damage
🧠 Quick Revision: Scientific Units
Quantity SI Unit
Force Newton (N)
Work Joule (J)
Power Watt (W)
Electric current Ampere (A)
Voltage Volt (V)
Resistance Ohm (Ω)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Pressure Pascal (Pa)
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