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Class

TISSUES

Tissue

Tissue is a group or collection of similar or dissimilar cells that perform or help to perform a
common function and have a common origin.

Differences between the tissues of plants and animals

S. No. Plant tissues Animal tissues

1. Most of the plants remain fixed at one place Animals show active locomotion and
(sedentary) and need less energy. Therefore hence need more energy. Therefore the
the tissues are thick – walled and dead to tissues are made up of living cells.
provide mechanical support. E.g.,
E.g. – Nervous tissue.
Sclerenchyma.

2. Growth in plants is indefinite. Certain tissues Growth in animals is definite. In other

(meristematic) in root and shoot apex divide words, they do not posses dividing and
throughout life and add new cells. These non-dividing tissues. The animal organs
cells differentiate and stop dividing to form grow more or less uniform.
permanent tissues.

3. Plant tissues are not much complicated. Animal tissues are much more
complicated.

Levels of organization
Cell ¾¾
¾® Tissue ¾¾
¾® Organ ¾¾
¾® Organ system ¾¾
¾® Organism
(group of cells) (group of tissues) (group of organs) (group of organ system)

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Class

Plant Tissues
PLANT TISSUE

Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue

Apical meristem Lateral meristem Intercalery meristem Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Fibres sclereids

Xylem Phloem
1. Tracheids 1. Sieve tubes
2. Vessels (Tracheae) 2. Companion cells
3. Xylem Parenchyma 3. Phloem Parenchyma
4. Xylem fibres 4. Phloem fibres
Depending upon the position of the plant body, the meristematic tissues are classified into
apical, lateral and intercalary.
(a) Apical meristem : Apical or Primary meristem is present at the growing tips of
main and lateral shoots and roots. Cells derived from apical meristem differentiate into
Permanent tissues.
(b) Lateral meristem : This tissue occurs along the sides of the central axis of the
plant. Lateral meristems usually occur beneath the bark in the form of cork cambium and in
vascular bundles in the form of vascular cambium. Lateral meristems are secondary
meristems.
(c) Intercalary meristem : This tissue is present at the base of internode or leaf.
Functions of Meristematic tissues
(a) Apical meristem is responsible for the linear growth of an organ (e.g. root and
shoot)
(b) Lateral meristem cause the organ (like stem or trunk) to increase in diameter and
girth.
(c) Intercalary meristems are responsible for growth in length.
• Permanent tissues originate from meristematic tissues and become permanent at fixed
positions in the plant body.
Permanent tissues
Cells of meristematic tissue give rise to permanent tissues. The cells of this tissue are
mature and have undergone growth and differentiation.
Characteristics of Permanent tissues
(a) The cells have lost their power of division.
(b) The cells possess definite shape, size and function.

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Class

(c) They may be living or dead.

(d) The living permanent cells are large, thin walled with a vacuolated cytoplasm.
(e) Dead permanent cells are thick walled without cytoplasm.
Types of Permanent tissues
The permanent tissues are classified on the basis of their composition into two types.
(a) Simple Permanent tissue : These tissues are composed of similar types of cells
which have common origin and function. They are further classified as parenchyma,
collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
Modification of Parenchyma
• In Storage parenchyma, cells enlarge to store nutrients and water.
• In Aerenchyma, large air cavities are present to store gases and provide
buoyancy to aquatic plants.
• In Chlorenchyma, the cells contain chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis.
Functions
• Its main function is assimilation and storage of reserve food materials.
• It also stores waste products such as tannin, gum, resins, etc.
• It serves as a packing tissue.
Differences between parenchyma and collenchyma
S. No. Parenchyma Collenchyma
1. It consists of thin-walled living cells. It consists of cells with localized
thickenings.
2. It is distributed in all plant parts. It is found in aerial parts and restricted to
outer layers.
3. The cells of parenchyma assimilate, Collenchyma forms the mechanical tissue
store food and waste products. in young parts of the plants.

Differences between collenchyma and sclerenchyma

S. Collenchyma Schlerenchyma
No.
1. Cells of collenchyma are living Cells of sclenenchyma are dead.
2. Cells have thin walls. Cells have thick and hard walls.
3. Cells have localized thickenings at Cells have uniform thickening.
corners.
4. Cells are filled with protoplasm. Cells are empty with narrow lumen.
5. Collenchyma provides mechanical Sclerenchyma provides mechanical
strength and elasticity. support.
(b) Complex permanent tissue : A group of more than one type of cells having a
common origin and function is called complex permanent tissue. The two complex tissues are
xylem and phloem.
Differentiate between Xylem and Phloem.
S. No. Xylem Phloem

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 1. The various components of xylem The various components of Phloem
are – Tracheids, vessels, xylem are – Sieve tubes, companion cells,
fibres and parenchyma. phloem fibres and parenchyma.
2. All the components of xylem All the components of phloem except
except xylem parenchyma are phloem fibres are living.
non-living.
3. It brings about unidirectional It brings about bidirectional
conduction of water and minerals translocation of synthesized food
from roots to leaves. from leaves to various plant parts.

Animal Tissues
• Animal tissues are classified into – epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue
and nervous tissue.
ANIMAL TISSUE

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Glandular

(flattened) cubical (pillar-like) (with cilia) (secretory)

Striated Unstriated Cardiac

Connective tissue proper Skeletal tissue Fluid or vascular tissue

Bone Cartilage Blood Lymph

Areolar Adipose White fibrous Yellow fibrous Reticular

tissue tissue tissue (tendon) tissue (ligaments) tissue