Problem 2. [Questions 11 toHad20] Suppose that there is a monthly meeting at HKIS for all high school students.

How
many handshakes will it take for every student at the high school to shake hand of every other student once?

11. Use the figures shown to determine the number of handshakes that will occur between two students, three
students, and four students.
2 students 3 students 4 students

ONE HANDSHAKE THREEHANDSHAKES SIX HANDSHAKES

12. Draw figures to represent the number of handshakes that occur between five students, six students, and
seven students, and determine the number of handshakes that will occur in each situation.

5 STUDENTS
6 STUDENTS 7 STUDENTS

10 HANDSHAKES 15 HANDSHAKES
21 HANDSHAKES
13. Complete the table to record your results.

Tdfaesantssfl
n n t
l 3 6 10 15 21 2

14. Write down an expression in the table to represent the number of handshakes given any number of
students.

SEE TABLE ABOVE

15. Rewrite the expression representing the handshake pattern as the quadratic function !(#) in standard form.
Identify the independent and dependent quantities.

Hln th In
STUDENTS
THE INDEPENDENT QUANTITY IS THE NUMBER OF
THE DEPENDENT QUANTITY IS THE NUMBER OF
HANDSHAKES

5
 16. Graph this function on a graphing calculator. Sketch the graph on the coordinate plane and label the axes.

r r

I I
u
a
e
o

as

NUMBER OFSTUDENTS
17. Determine the absolute minimum of !(#). Then, describe what the %- and &-coordinates of this point
represent in this problem situation.

THE ABSOLUTE MINIMUM IS AT GI THIS DOESN'T MAKE SENSE BECAUSEYOU

CANNOT HAVE A STUDENT AND IN TERMS OF THIS PROBLEM SITUATION
g HANDSHAKE
THE ABSOLUTE MINIMUM IS AT 0,0 OR 1,0
A relation is a set of pairs of input and output values. You can represent a relation in four different ways as shown
below.

The domain of a relation is the set of inputs, also called x − coordinates, of the ordered pairs. The range is the set
of outputs, also called y − coordinates, of the ordered pairs.

A function is a relation in which each element of the domain corresponds with exactly one element of the range.

You can use the vertical-line test to determine whether a relation is a function. The vertical-line test states that if a
vertical line passes through more than one point on the graph of a relation, then the relation is not a function.

If a vertical line passes through a graph at more than one point, there is more than one value in the range that
corresponds to one value in the domain.

6
A function rule is an equation that represents an output value in terms of an input value. You can write a function
rule in function notation. Shown below are examples of function rules.

The independent variable, x , represents the input of the function. The dependent variable, f ( x ) , represents the
output of the function. It is called the dependent variable because its value depends on the input value.

To model a real-world situation using a function rule, you need to identify the dependent and independent quantities.
One way to describe the dependence of a variable quantity is to use a phrase such as, “distance is a function of
time.” This means that distance depends on time.

Domain, Range, Zeros, and Intercepts

• Describe the domain and range of quadratic functions.
• Determine the !-intercept(s) of a graph of a quadratic function.
• Explain the relationship of the zeros of a quadratic function and the !-intercepts of its graph.
• Analyze quadratic functions to determine intervals of increase and decrease.
• Solve a quadratic function graphically.

Problem 3. [Questions 18 to 29] Suppose you launch a model rocket from the ground. You can model the motion of
the rocket using a vertical motion model. A vertical motion model is a quadratic equation that models the height of
an object at a given time. The equation is of the form

"($) = −16$ ! + +" $ + ℎ"

where "($) represents the height of the object in feet, $ represents the time in seconds that the object has been
moving, +" represents the initial vertical velocity (speed) of the object in feet per second, and ℎ" represents the initial
height of the object in feet.

18. Why do you think it makes sense that this situation is modeled by a quadratic function? Explain.

WHEN A ROCKETIS LAUCHED INTO THEAIR AT FIRST ITS HEIGHT INCREASES OVERTIME
THEN ITS HEIGHT WILL DECREASE OVER TIME UNTIL IT REACHES THEGround

Insane
Suppose the model rocket has an initial velocity of 160 feet per second.

19. Write down a function, "($), to describe the height of the model rocket in terms of time $.

V 160 FEETPER SECOND ho 0 SECONDS

g
t 16T't Hot to

20. Describe the independent and dependent quantities.

THE INDEPENDENT QUANTITY IS TIME 1N

SECONDS

THE DEPENDENT QUANTITY IS HEIGHT IN FEET

7
 21. Use a graphing calculator to graph the function. Sketch the graph and label the axes.

A
700
boo
Tt inspire
1 500
4 400
w
1
300
1 zoo AR
100
s
Z 4 6 8 10 12 I 1 1 1
UNDERGROUND

TIME SECONDS
22. Use a graphing calculator to answer each question.
a. Determine the height of the model rocket at 6 seconds.

384 FEET
b. Determine how many seconds the model rocket has reached a height of 200 feet.

1 46 SECONDS AND 8.54 SECONDS

c. Find the maximum height of the model rocket and when it occurs.

400 FEET AT 5 SECONDS

23. Determine the !-intercepts of "($). Interpret the meaning in terms of this problem situation.

O O WHEN THE ROCKET IS LAUNCHED AND

WHEN THEROCKET LANDS

10,0
The !-intercpets of a graph of a quadratic function are also called the zeros of the quadratic function.

24. Identify and describe the domain of the function in terms of the:
a. mathematical function you graphed.

A A ALL REAL NUMBERS

b. contextual situation.

0 10 ALLREALNUMBERS GREATERTHAN OR EQUALTo 0 AND LESSTHAN

Or EQUALTo 10
25. Identify and describe the range of the function in terms of the:
a. mathematical function you graphed.

A 400 ALL REALNUMBERS LESSTHANOREQUAL To 400

b. contextual situation.

0 400 ALLREAL NUMBERS GREATERTHAN OREQUALTo 0 ANDLESS 8

THAN OR EQUAL To 400
 26. Explain how the range of a quadratic function is related to its absolute maximum or minimum.

THE ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION LIMITS

ITS RANGE THERE ARE NO Y VALUES ABOVETHEMAXIMUM OR BELOW
THE MINIMUM
An interval is defined as the set of real numbers between two given numbers. To describe an interval, use this
notation:
• An open interval (-, /) describes the set of all numbers between - and /, but not including - or /.
• A closed interval [-, /] describes the set of all numbers between - and /, including - or /.
• A half-closed or half-open interval (-, /] describes the set of all numbers between - and / but not
including -. Or, [-, /) describes the set of all numbers between - and / including - but not including /.

Intervals that are unbounded are written using the symbol for infinity, ∞.

• The interval [-, ∞) means all numbers greater than or equal to -.

• The interval (-, ∞) means all numbers greater than -.
• The interval (−∞, -] means all numbers less than or equal to -.
• The interval (−∞, -) means all numbers less than -.

27. Use interval notation to describe the interval in which:

a. all numbers are less than - b. all numbers are less than or c. - is any real number
equal to -

C as a
f as a C as as

28. Use interval notation to describe the interval of the domain in which the model rocket function is:
a. increasing b. decreasing

C as 5 5sos
29. How does the absolute maximum or absolute minimum help you determine each interval? Explain.

THE ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM OR THE TURNING POINT OF A

ABSOLUTE MINIMUM IS
PARABOLA IF THE QUADRATIC FUNCTION HAS AN ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM THE
ABSOLUTE
X VALVEINCREASESTO THE MAXIMUM AND THENDECREASES IF IT HAS AN
MINIMUM THE X VALUE DECREASES TO THE MINIMUM ANDTHENINCREASES

Exercise 3. [Calculator] For each function, identify the domain, range, the intervals of increase and decrease using
interval notation, and the zeros.
a. The graph shown represents the function 4(!) = −2! ! + 4!.

Domain:
C as as Range: as 2

7-intercept: Zeros:
o o 0,0 2,0
o.o czo
Interval of increase: Interval of decrease:

C as 1 1 as
9
 b. The graph shown represents the function 4(!) = ! ! + 5! + 6.

cob Domain: Range:

f as as 0.25 as

7-intercept: Zeros:
0,6 3,0 C 2,0
c3o o Interval of increase: Interval of decrease:
2 0.25
2.5 as as 2.5

c. Given the function 4(!) = ! ! − ! − 2. Graph the function on your calculator and sketch the function.

Domain: as as Range:
f 2.25 as

7-intercept:
0 2
Zeros:
C 1,0 2,0
Interval of increase: Interval of decrease:

0.5 as f as 0.5

d. Given the function 4(!) = ! ! + 11! + 30. Graph the function using your calculator and sketch the function.

f 0.25
Domain: Range:
as as as

7-intercept:
0,30
Zeros:
C6,0 C5,0
Interval of increase: Interval of decrease:

5.5 as
C as 55

Exercise 4. [Non-calculator] Write down the domain and range of each relation.

a. {( 3, − 2 ) , ( 4, 4 ) , ( 0, − 2 ) , ( 4, 1) , ( 3, 2 )} b. {( 0, 4 ), ( 4, 0 ) , ( −3, − 4 ) , ( −4, − 3)}

Domain 0,3 t DOMAIN 4 3,0 4

RANGE 2,1 2,4 RANGE 4 3,0 4

Exercise 5. [Non calculator] Determine whether each relation is a function.

a. {( 3, − 8 ) , ( −9, 1) , ( 3, 2 ) , ( −4, 1) , ( −11, − 2 )} b. {(1, 1), ( 2, 0 ) , ( 3, 1) , ( 4, 3), ( 0, 2 )}

NOT A FUNCTION THE X VALVE INPUT YES IT IS A FUNCTION FOR
OF 3 HAS TWO Y VALUE OUTPUT VALUES EACH X VALVE INPUTTHERE IS
OF 8 AND Z ONE AND ONLY ONE UNIQUE
Y VALUE OUTPUT 10
Exercise 6. Can you have a relation that is not a function? Can you have a function that is not a relation? Explain.

YOU CAN HAVE A RELATION THAT IS NOT A FUNCTION AS A RELATION IS ANY SET
OF PAIRS OF INPUTAND OUTPUT VALUES
NO YOU CANNOTHAVE A FUNCTIONTHAT IS NOT A RELATION ALL FUNCTIONS ARE
RELATIONS SUNCTIONS ARERELATIONS IN WHICH EACHELEMENT OFTHEDOMAIN IS PAIREDWITH
EXACTLY
Exercise
ONEAND ONLY ONEthe
7. [Non calculator] Write down ELEMENT OF THERANGE
domain and range of each relation, and determine whether it is a
function or not. Justify your response.
a. b.

I 1
DOMAIN C as as RANGE 0 A DOMAIN 3,3 RANGE
fI I
YES IT IS A FUNCTION AS IT PASSES NO IT IS NOT A FUNCTION AS IT DOES
THE VERTICAL LINE TEST NOT PASSTHEVERTICAL LINETEST
[Questions 30-33] Let’s compare the two functions you graphed in Problem 1. (refer to the bottom of Page 3) and
Problem 2. (refer to the top of Page 6).

30. Graph both functions together on the same set of axes on a graph calculator and sketch each graph under
its respective equation.
# #
Area of dog enclosure: ;(<) = −2< ! + 100< Handshake Pattern: =(>) = ! >! − ! >

31. Determine the domain in terms of the function and each problem situation.

AREAOF DOG ENCLOSURE THE FUNCTION As DOMAIN C co co PROBLEMSITUATION 0

HANDSHAKE PROBLEM THE FUNCTION H h DOMAINf as as PROBLEM SITUATION 0

32. Explain how you can determine whether the graph of a quadratic function opens up or down based on the
equation.
WHEN THE SIGN OF THE COEFFICIENT OF THE XZTERM IS NEGATIVE THE GRAPH
OPENS DOWN
WHEN THE SIGN OF THE COEFFICIENT OF THE XZTERM IS POSITIVE THEGRAPH
OPENS UP
33. Explain how you can determine whether the graph of a quadratic function has an absolute minimum or an
absolute maximum.

y sax't bxtc
WHEN A O THEGRAPH WILLHAVE AN ABSOLUTE MINIMUM
11
WHEN ALO THEGRAPH WILLHAVE AN ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM
Exercise 8. [Non-calculator] Expand and simplify.
a. (! $ − 7)(3! $ + 7) b. (7 − 2)(7 ! − 7 − 5) c. (3! − 5)[3 + (2! + 4)(! − 1)]
6
3 7 3 21 3
49 y y Sy 2,2 2 10
s 3x 5 3 25 2 4 4
6 3 3 3 5 3 2 42
3 49 4
14 y 3y2 3,110
2
3 5 2 2 1
6 3 6 3 10 10
2 2
s 5
2
6 3 4 13 5

Exercise 9. [Non-calculator] Write down and simplify an expression to represent the area of the shaded region.

AREA ytl yt x
2B y y x

y4xy 2ytytx 2 y xy
yetXy Zytytx Z
y Xy
2xy x y 2
Linear and Quadratic Modeling & Problem Solving
• Identify linear and quadratic functions from multiple representations.
• Compare graphs, tables, and equations for linear and quadratic functions.
• Analyze graphs of linear and quadratic functions.
• Determine if a functions is linear or quadratic by analyzing the first and second differences.

Problem 4. [Questions 34 to 40] Tables A and B represent two different functions. One is a linear function, and one is
a quadratic function.

34. Determine which table represents each type of function. Explain your reasoning.

TABLE A REPRESENTS A LINEAR FUNCTION IT DECREASES BYTHESAMEAmount

TABLE B REPRESENTS A QUADRATICFUNCTION IT DECREASES B4 LESSANDLESS

35. Given that first differences are the differences between successive output values when successive input
values have a difference of one, calculate the first difference for each function. Describe what patterns you
notice.
1ST 1ST
DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE

0.25 7.75
0.25 7.25
0.25 6.75 12
0.25 6.25
ALLTHESAME ALLDIFFERENTCHANGES
The two equations that represent the linear and quadratic graphs are:
1
4# (!) = − ! + 7
4
1
4! (!) = − ! ! + 7!
4
Graph each function with a graphing calculator and sketch each graph on the grid below.

14,49
2
BG 14 7x

AfD t
i.gd.li
s

36. Identify the graph that represents Table A and the graph that represents Table B. Then rewrite each
equation as the function ;(!) or @(!) and label the graph above appropriately. Was your prediction in
Question 33 correct?

37. Describe the rate of change for each graph. Explain your reasoning.

A X LINEAR FUNCTION HAS A CONSTANT NEGATIVE RATE OF CHANGE

B QUADRATIC FUNCTION HAS A CHANGING RATEOFCHANGE

38. Determine the 7-intercept of each function. Explain how you know and show your work algebraically.

ACDs 447 7 B s
465 76 III FIE 7,799,4959
A D 7 B o so intercept fo g Y COORDINATE OFTHEPOINTWHERE
i
y
intercept
0,7 y so
The leading coefficient of a function is the numerical coefficient of the term with the greatest power. A power has two
elements: the base and the exponent.
39. Identify the leading coefficient of each function. Then, describe how the sign of the leading coefficient
affects the behavior of each graph.

A X LINEAR FUNCTION LEADINGCOEFFICIENT IS BECAUSE THE LEADINGCOEFFICIENT IS

NEGATIVE THELINEAR FUNCTION DEGREASES NEGATIVESCOPE

B X QUADRATICFunction LEADINGcoefficientis
4 CAUSINGTHEQuadraticFunctionTo OPEN DOWNWARDS

Let’s explore the table of values one step further and analyze the second differences. Second differences are the
differences between consecutive values of the first differences.
40. Calculate the second differences for each function. What do you notice?

1ST 2ND 2ND

DIFF 1ST
DIFF DIFF DIFF

0.25
7.75 0.25
J o 25
0.25 O 725 0.25
0.25 O 6.75 13
6.25 0.25
NUMBER THEY
ALLZERO ALLTHESAME
ARE ALL CONSTANT
Problem 5. [Questions 41 to 44]
41. Analyze the form of each equation and determine if it is linear or quadratic. Calculate the first and second
differences to complete each table below.

LINEAR QUADRATIC

6 18
Z lo
4 O 8 4
Z b
Z
Z
O Z 4
Z
O O O 4
Z Z
Z O Z 4
2
2
O 4 8
10 4
b 18
LINEAR QUADRATIC

7 5
I 5
6 O o Z
I 3
5 O 3 Z
I I
4 O 4 Z
2. I about the first and second differencesI of the:2.
What do you notice What do you notice about the first and second differences of the
3 functions.
a. linear O 3 Z
a. linear functions.
l 3
Z O O Z
l 5
I 5
42. What
b. do you notice
quadratic about the first and second differences of the:
functions. b. quadratic functions.
a. linear functions. b. quadratic functions.
LINEAR Functions HAVECONSTANT FIRST QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS HAVE CHANGING FIRSTDIFFERENCES
DIFFERENCES AND SECOND DIFFERENCES AND CONSTONTSECOND DIFFERENCES
OF ZERO
3. Sketch
43. Sketch thegraphs
the graphs represented
represented byby
the equations
the below. 1. 3. Sketch the graphs represented by the equations in Question 1.
in Question
equations
a. y 5 2x b. y 5 2x2 a. y 5 2x b. y 5 2x2
7 = 2! 7 = 2! !
y y y
T a
8 8 8 8

6 6 6 6

4 4 4 4

2 2 2 2

0
x 0
x 0
x
28 26 24 22 2 4 6 8 28 26 24 22 228 426 624 822 2 4 6 8 28 26 24 22
22 22 22 22

24 24 24 24

26 26 26 26

28 28 28 28

L
14
c. y 5 2x 1 4
12 d. y 5 2x2 1 4 c. y 5 2x 1 4 d. y 5 2x2 1 4

y y y
 3. Sketch the graphs represented by the equations in Question 1.3. Sketch the graphs represented by the equations in Question 1.
a. y 5 2x b. y 5 2x2 a. y 5 2x b. y 5 2x2
7 = −! + 4 7 = −! ! + 4
y y y
T
8 8 8

6 6 6

4 4 4o

2 2 2

0
x 0 28
x0 x
28 26 24 22 2 4 6 8 28 26 24 22 2 26
4 24 8
6 22 2 4 6 8 28 26 24 22

of
22 22 22 2

24 24 24
I 2

26 26 26 2

28 28 28 2

v v

44. Compare the1signs of the first and secondd.differences

y 5 2x2 1 4for each
c. function
y 5 2x 1and
4 its graph.
c. y 5 2x 4
12 d. y 5 2x 1 4 2

a. How do the signs of the first differences for a linear function relate to the graph either increasing or
y y y
decreasing? Explain.
8 8 8
IF THESIGNS OFTHEFIRST DIFFERENCES ARE POSITIVE THELINEARFUNCTION INCREASES
6 6 6

OFTHEFIRST DIFFERENCES ARENEGATIVE THELINEAR

4 FUNCTIONDECREASES

© Carnegie Learning
IF THESIGNS
4 4

2 2 2
b. How do the signs of the first differences and the signs of the second differences for quadratic
x x0 x
28 functions
26 24 22 relate
0 2to the
4 graph
6 8 of the quadratic
28 26 24either
22 increasing
0 28
2 26 or
4 246 decreasing
8
22 2 or4 opening
6 8 upward28
or 26 24 22
downward? 22 Explain. 22 22 2

WHENTHEFIRST DIFFERENCES
24 24 QUADRATIC IS DECREASING
ARE NEGATIVETHE 24 WHENTHEFIRST 2

26 ARE
DIFFERENCES POSITIVETHEQUADRATICIS INCREASING
26 26 2
IF THE 28
SECOND DIFFERENCES AREPOSITIVE THE28
PARABOLAOPENS UPWARD
28 2

IF THESECONDDIFFERENCESARENEGATIVETHEPARABOLAOPENS DOWNWARD
Exercise 10. [Calculator] Abiola and Badrani are standing 40 meters apart, throwing a ball between them. When
Abiola throws the ball, it travels in a smooth arc. At this time when the ball has travelled x meters horizontally
towards Badrani, its height is y meters.
74 Chapter 12 Introduction to Quadratic Functions 874 Chapter 12 3
Introduction to Quadratic Functions
MAX 20,21
21.3 q

a. Use your TI-nspire to create a table of the451445_Ch12_855-940.indd

h12_855-940.indd 874 points above.
b. Identify the shape of the graph of y against x .
874
125 tI 30/05/13 5:06 PM

QUADRATIC CONCAVE Down

c. Write down the maximum height reached by the ball.

o 20 40

21.3 m usingGRAPH 21.25using MODELEQUATION

d. Determine an equation that gives the height of the ball when it has travelled x meters horizontally towards
Badrani.
2
y 0.05 t 2x t l 25

e. Determine whether the ball will reach Badrani before it bounces. Justify your response.

BADRANI WILL CATCHTHE BALL AT A HEIGHT OF 1 25 m 40 I 25

15