NAME

ROLL NUMBER

SEMESTER I

COURSE CODE

COURSE NAME
Question 1. )
State inclusion-exclusion principle. In a group of 50 people, 35 speak
Hindi, 25 speak both English and Hindi and all the people speak at
least one of the two languages. How many people speak only English
and not Hindi ? How many people speak English?

Answer :
The Inclusion-Exclusion Principle is a fundamental concept in combinatorics
that provides a method for counting elements in a union of multiple sets while
accounting for any overlaps between the sets. This principle can be stated
mathematically as follows:

Let A and B be two sets. Then the number of elements in the union of A and B can be
calculated using the following formula:

|A ∪ B| = |A| + |B| - |A ∩ B|

Here, |A| and |B| represent the number of elements in set A and set B, respectively, and
|A ∩ B| represents the number of elements in the intersection of A and B, i.e., elements
that are present in both sets.

Now, let's apply the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle to the problem at hand:

In a group of 50 people, 35 speak Hindi (A), 25 speak both English and Hindi (A ∩ B),
and all the people speak at least one of the two languages (A ∪ B). We are asked to find
how many people speak only English and not Hindi (B), and how many people speak
English in total.

First, let's find the number of people who speak English (|B|):

We are given that all 50 people speak at least one of the two languages (|A ∪ B| = 50).
Using the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle, we can calculate |B| as follows:
50 = 35 + |B| - 25
50 = 10 + |B|
|B| = 40

Therefore, there are 40 people in the group who speak English. Now, we need to
determine how many of these individuals speak only English and not Hindi. To
do this, we subtract the number of people who speak both languages (|A ∩ B| =
25) from the total number of English speakers (|B| = 40):

|B - A ∩ B| = 40 - 25 = 15

Thus, 15 people in the group speak only English and not Hindi.

the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle is a powerful technique for counting elements

in the union of multiple sets by accounting for their overlaps. By applying this
principle to a group of 50 people, we determined that 40 people speak English,
with 15 of them speaking only English and not Hindi. This example highlights
the utility of the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle in solving real-world problems
related to counting and set operations.

Question 2.)
(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽+𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟓
Simplify 𝒛 = (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽−𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟒 into 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 form and find its modulus
and the amplitude.

Answer:
(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟓
𝒛=
(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽)𝟒
We can simplify the denominator using the formula :
a2 - b2 = ( a + b) (a – b )
In this case , a= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and b = 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , so :
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − ( 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1
Using this , we can simplify the denominator :
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )4 = [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )2 ]2

[(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) − 2𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 sin𝜃 ]2

[(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)2 - 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃] + 𝑖 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃]

Now , we can substitute both the numerator and denominator into the
expression :
z=( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) 5 / [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)2 -4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃] − 𝑖 [4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3
𝜃 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃]
Expanding the number , we get:

z=( 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 + 5𝑖 cos4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 10𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 +

5 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃)/ [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) 2 -4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃] − 𝑖[4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 ]
Simplifying the denominator further , we have :

(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)2 -4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 +

𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

= 1 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

Substituting this back into expression , we get :

z=( 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 + 5𝑖 cos4 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 10𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 +

5 cos 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃)/ [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) 2 -4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃] − 𝑖[4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 ]

Now , we can simplify this expression into x +iy form by separating the real
and imaginary parts:

x=[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃 ]/[1-4 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ]

y=[5 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃 -10 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃]/[1-4 cos]

 Question 3 . a)
𝜋/2
Solve: ‫׬‬0 ξ1 + sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Answer:
𝜋/2
= ‫׬‬0 ξ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
= ‫׬‬0 ⬚(sin x + cos x ) dx

= [− cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ]0 𝜋/2

𝜋 𝜋
ቂ− cos + sin ቃ [− cos 0 sin 0]
2 2

(0 + 1 ) − (−1 + 0)
=1+1
=2

Question 3.b)
Solve the differential equation(𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 + 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + (𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎.

Answer :
To solve the give differential equation :
(2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0.
We first check if the given equation is exact or not . For that we , check if the
following condition is satisfied :
𝜕(2𝑥−𝑦+1) 𝜕(2𝑦−𝑥−1)
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Differentiating the first term partially with respect to y and the second term partially
with respect to x , we get :
-1=-1
Since both sides are equal , the given differential is exact .

Now , we need to find a function f(x,y) such that:

𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑓
= 2𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1
𝜕𝑦
Integrating the first equation partially respect to x, we get:

f(x,y) = x2 – xy + x + g (y)

where g(y) isa constant of integration with respect to x .

now , we differentiate this expression partially with respect to find g(y):

𝜕𝑓
= −𝑥 + 𝑔′ (𝑦) = 2𝑦 − 𝑥 − 1
𝜕𝑦
Solving for g’(y)=2y-1

Integrating with respect to y, we get:

G(y) = y2 - y + c

Where C is a constant of integration .

Therefore , the general solution of the given differential equation is :

x2 – xy + x +y2 - y + c = 0

where C is an arbitrary constant.

 SET II

Question 4.a)
By using truth tables, check whether the propositions ~(𝒑 ∧ 𝒒)
and (∼ 𝒑) ∨ (∼ 𝒒) are logically equivalent or not

Answer:
First , we need to list all possible combinations of truth values
for p and q , and then evaluate the truth values of ~(p ^q ) and
(~p) v (~q) for each combination.

Here is the truth table:-

p q p^q ¬(p^q) ¬p ¬p ¬p v
¬q
T T F F F F T
T F F T F T T
F T F T T F T
F F F T T T T

In the above table , the first three columns represent the

possible truth values of p and q , and the forth column represent
truth value of ~(p^q). The fifth and sixth columns represent the
truth values of ¬p and ¬q , respectively , and the seventh
column represent the truth value of ~(p) v ~(q) .
As we can seen from the truth table , the truth values of ~(p^q)
and ~(p) v ~(q) are the same for all possible combinations of
truth values of p and q . Therefore ~(p^q) and ~(p) v ~(q) are
logically equivalent .
We can also demonstrate this using logical equivalence :-
So , we have shown that ~(p) v ~(q) are equivalent by either
using a truth table or logical equivalence .
 Question 4.) b.)

Consider the set 𝑮 = ሼ𝟏, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟕ሽ under

multiplication modulo 18 as a group. Construct the
multiplication table for G and find the inverse of
each element of G.

Answer:
To construct the multiplication table for G under multiplication
modulo 18 , we multiply each element of G with every other
element of G , and then reduce the result modulo 18. The table
is as follows:-
First , we need to list all possible combinations of truth values for p
and q , and then evaluate the truth values of ~(p ^q ) and (~p) v (~q)
for each combination.

* 1 5 7 11 13 17
1 1 5 7 11 13 17
5 5 7 11 13 17 1
7 7 11 13 17 1 5
11 11 13 17 1 5 7
13 13 17 1 5 7 11
17 17 1 5 7 11 13

To find the inverse of each element of G , we can use the

extended Euclidean algorithm . The inverse of element a modulo n
is an integer x such that ax ≡ 1(mod n). We can find x by finding
the greatest common divisor of a and n , and the using the
Bezout’s identity to express this gcd as a linear combination of a
and n . The coefficient of a in this linear combination is the inverse
of a modulo n.
Using this method , we get :-
 The inverse of 1 is 1 , since 1 is relatively prime to 18.
 The inverse of 5 is 11, since 5*11 ≡ 1 (mod 18).
 The inverse of 7 is 13 , since 7*3 ≡ 1 (mod 18).
 The inverse of 11 is 5 , since 11*5 ≡ 1 (mod 18).
 This inverse of 13 is 7 , since 13*7 ≡ 1(mod 18).
 This inverse of 17 is 17, since 17 is relatively prime to 18.
Question 5. a)
Let us consider a circle of radius 2 cm. If an arc of this circle
subtends an angle of 20 radian to the center , then what is the
length of the arc and area of the sector such formed?

Answer:
The formula for finding the length of an arc in a circle is given by :
`Length of arc = (angle subtended by arc/𝟐𝝅 ) * circumference
of circle`
Here , the angle subtended by the arc is given as 20 radians and the
radius of the circle is 2 cm. Hence, the circumference of the circle
is:
`circumference = 𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝟐𝝅 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟒𝝅 𝒄𝒎`
Therefore , the length of the arc is :
`Length of arc = (20 / 𝟐𝝅) ∗ 𝟒𝝅 = 𝟒𝟎𝒄𝒎 `
The formula for finding the area of a sector of a circle is given by :
`Area of sector = ( angle subtended by sector / 𝟐𝝅 ) * area of
circle`

Here , the angle subtended by the sector is 20 radians and the radius
of the circle is 2cm . Hence, the are of the circle is :

` Area of circle = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝝅 ∗ 22 = 𝟒𝝅 cm2 `

Therefore , the area of the sector is :

` Area of sector = ( 20 / 𝟐𝝅) * 𝟒𝝅 = 𝟐𝟎 cm2 `

Hence , the length of the arc is 40cm and the area of sector is 20cm2
 Question 5 .) b) i)
𝟐 + 𝒏 + 𝒏𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏⟶∞ 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒏 + 𝟒𝒏𝟐

Answer:
2 1
n2 ( n2 + n + 1)
lim
n⟶∞ 2 3
n2 (n2 + n 4)

2 1
+ n+1
lim n2
n⟶∞ 2 3
n2 n 4
+
1
=4

Question 5 .) b) ii)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙⟶𝟐 𝒙−𝟐

Answer:
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2
lim
𝑛⟶∞ 𝑥−2
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
lim
𝑛⟶2 𝑥−2
2𝑥 ⬚ (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 − 2)
lim
𝑛⟶2 𝑥−2
(2𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 − 2)
lim
𝑛⟶2 (𝑥 − 2)
lim 2𝑥 + 1
𝑛⟶2

 2.2 + 1
 5.
 Question 6. a.)
𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Find the derivative of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙.

Answer:
To find the derivative of the given function , we will use the quotient
rule of differentiation .

Let u(x) = x sin(x ) and v(x) = ex – cos(x) , then y(x) can be rewritten
as y(x) = u(x) / v(x) .
Now we can apply the quotient rule as follows :

y’(x) = [u’(x) v (x) – v’(x) u (x) ] / [v(x)] 2

where u’(x) and v’(x) the derivatives of u(x) and v(x) respectively ).

Let’s find the derivatives of u(x) and v(x) :

U’(x) = 1+ cos(x) (using the sum rule and the derivative of sin(x) is
cos(x))

V’(x) = ex + sin (x) (using the sum rule and the derivative of cos(x) is
sin(x) )
Now we can substitute the values into the quotient rule :

y’(x) = [( 1+cos(x))(ex -cos (x) – (ex + sin(x)) (x + sin (x))] / [(ex – cos
(x))2 ]
Simplifying this expression we get:

y’(x) = [ex[1+cos(x)) – x- sin(x) cos(x)2 - ex sin(x)] / [(ex – cos (x))2]

Thus, the derivative of y(x) is :

y’(x)= [ex (1 + cos ( x ) ) – x – sin (x) cos ( x ) – cos ( x )2 - ex sin(x)] /

[(ex – cos (x)) 2 ]
Question 6 . b )
𝒅𝒚
Find ቂ𝒅𝒙ቃ where 𝒙 = 𝒂(𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) and 𝒚 = 𝒂(𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽).
𝜽=𝝅/𝟐

Answer:
We are given two equations :
𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 + sin 𝜃) and 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)

𝑑𝑦
We want to find ቂ𝑑𝑥 ቃ where means we need to find the
𝜃=𝜋/2
derivative of y with respect to x and evaluate it when 𝜃 = 𝜋/2.
𝑑𝑦
To find 𝑑y , we can use the chain rule

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= ൬ ൰/ ൬ ൰
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
To find 𝑑𝜃 , we take the derivative of x with respect to 𝜃 :
𝑑𝑥
= a(1 +cosθ)
𝑑θ
𝑑𝑦
To find 𝑑𝜃 , we take the derivative of y with respect to 𝜃 :

𝑑𝑦
= a (sin θ) / ( a (1+ cos θ)) = sin θ /(1 + cos θ)
𝑑θ

Finally , we evaluate this expression at θ= 𝜋/2 to gte :

𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
ቂ ቃ =sin( 2 ) / (1+cos( 2 )) = 1 (1 + 0 ) = 1
𝑑𝑥 (𝜃=𝜋)
2

𝑑𝑦
Therefore , ቂ𝑑𝑥 ቃ 𝜋 = 1.
(𝜃= )
2