📘 Kotlin Programming Language - Complete
Beginner's Guide (Urdu + English)
🧑💻 Kotlin Kya Hai?
Kotlin aik modern aur powerful programming language hai jo JetBrains ne banayi hai. Ye Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) par chalta hai aur Android development mein Java ka replacement ban chuka hai.
✨ Features:
• Concise (kam code likhna padta hai)
• Null Safety (null error ka khatra kam)
• Functional + Object-Oriented (dono styles ka support)
• Java ke sath fully compatible (Java aur Kotlin dono mil ke kaam kar sakte hain)
🔹 1. Hello World Example
fun main() {
println("Hello, Kotlin!")
}
Note: main() har Kotlin program ka starting point hota hai.
Roman Urdu Explanation: Yeh program sirf "Hello, Kotlin!" ko screen par print karega. println() ka
matlab hai line mein print karo.
🔹 2. Variables (Mutaghayyirat)
➤ Immutable (Jo change nahi hoti): val
val country = "Pakistan"
Yeh value fix hai, change nahi ki ja sakti.
1
➤ Mutable (Jo change ho sakti hai): var
var age = 20
age = 21
var se value ko baad mein change kar sakte hain.
Roman Urdu Explanation: val aik fix value hoti hai, jab ke var ko baad mein update kiya ja sakta hai.
🔹 3. Data Types
Type Example Description
Int val num = 5 Integer value
Double val pi = 3.14 Decimal value
String val name = "Ali" Text value
Boolean val isActive = true true / false value
Char val grade = 'A' Single character
Roman Urdu Explanation: Har variable ka aik type hota hai, jaise Int numbers ke liye, String text ke
liye, Boolean true ya false ke liye.
🔹 4. String Templates
val name = "Sanober"
val message = "Hello, my name is $name"
println(message)
Roman Urdu Explanation: $name variable ko string ke andar use karte hain taake dynamic message ban
sake.
🔹 5. Input from User
fun main() {
print("Enter your name: ")
val name = readLine()
2
println("Welcome, $name!")
}
Roman Urdu Explanation: readLine() user se input leta hai aur usay variable mein save karta hai.
🔹 6. Conditional Statements
➤ If-Else
val age = 18
if (age >= 18) {
println("Adult")
} else {
println("Minor")
}
Age check karne ke liye if-else use hota hai.
➤ When Expression (like switch)
val day = 2
when (day) {
1 -> println("Monday")
2 -> println("Tuesday")
else -> println("Unknown")
}
Roman Urdu Explanation: if-else aur when dono conditional logic ke liye use hote hain, jaise choices
banana.
🔹 7. Loops
➤ For Loop
for (i in 1..5) {
println("Number: $i")
}
3
➤ While Loop
var i = 1
while (i <= 5) {
println(i)
i++
}
Roman Urdu Explanation: Loops repeat karne ke liye use hote hain — for loop range ke sath aur
while tab tak jab tak condition true ho.
🔹 8. Functions
➤ Function Without Parameters
fun greet() {
println("Hello, welcome!")
}
➤ Function With Parameters and Return
fun add(a: Int, b: Int): Int {
return a + b
}
val result = add(3, 5)
println("Sum: $result")
Roman Urdu Explanation: Function aik block hota hai jo kuch kaam karta hai. Parameters input hotay hain
aur return output deta hai.
🔹 9. Arrays & Lists
➤ Arrays
val numbers = arrayOf(1, 2, 3, 4)
println(numbers[2]) // 3
4
➤ Lists
val items = listOf("Apple", "Banana")
println(items[1])
➤ Mutable List
val fruits = mutableListOf("Apple")
fruits.add("Mango")
Roman Urdu Explanation: Array ya list aik group hota hai values ka. Indexing 0 se start hoti hai.
🔹 10. Classes and Objects
class Person(val name: String, var age: Int) {
fun sayHello() {
println("Hello, my name is $name")
}
}
val p1 = Person("Ayesha", 22)
p1.sayHello()
Roman Urdu Explanation: Class aik template hoti hai object banane ke liye. Object class ka instance hota
hai.
🔹 11. Null Safety (Bohat Important)
var name: String? = null
println(name?.length) // Safe call
val length = name?.length ?: 0 // Elvis operator
Roman Urdu Explanation: Kotlin mein null value ko handle karna easy hai taake app crash na ho.
5
🔹 12. Exception Handling
try {
val x = 5 / 0
} catch (e: ArithmeticException) {
println("Cannot divide by zero")
} finally {
println("Done")
}
Roman Urdu Explanation: Agar koi error aaye to usay try-catch block mein handle karte hain.
🔹 13. Kotlin in Android (Basic Example)
button.setOnClickListener {
textView.text = "Button Clicked!"
}
Roman Urdu Explanation: Yeh Android code hai jahan button click hone par textView change hota hai.
🔹 14. Kotlin Extensions
fun String.firstChar(): Char {
return this[0]
}
val myChar = "Kotlin".firstChar()
println(myChar)
Roman Urdu Explanation: Extensions se existing types mein new function add kar sakte hain bina unhe
change kiye.
🏁 Final Tips for Learning Kotlin
• Rozana chhoti apps ya snippets banao.
• Android Studio install karo aur "Kotlin Playground" practice karo.
• JetBrains ke official Kotlin Docs par visit karo.
• YouTube par "Kotlin for Beginners" series dekho (Apna pace rakho).
6
Agar aap chahen toh mein is content ko interactive course, PDF, ya Android project ke format mein bhi tayar
kar sakta hoon. Batayein agla step kya hona chahiye?
