ROLL NO:FA23-BME-040

PROBLEM NO 1.15
Answer
Free body diagram

Given:

 Initial temperature, T1=15°C=288.15 KT1=15°C=288.15K

 Final temperature, T2=30°C=303.15 KT2=30°C=303.15K
 Absolute pressure, P=210 kPaP=210kPa (constant)
 Volume of the tank, V=5 m3V=5m3 (constant)
 Gas constant for air, R=0.287 kPa⋅m3/kg⋅KR=0.287kPa⋅m3/kg⋅K

Step 1: Calculate the initial mass of air (m1m1)

Using the Ideal Gas Law:

PV=mRT PV=mRTm1= PVRT1 m1=RT1/PV

Substitute the given values:

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m1=210×50.287×288.15=105082.7≈12.70 kgm1=0.287×288.15210×5
=82.71050≈12.70kg

Step 2: Calculate the final mass of air (m2m2) at the higher temperature

Since the pressure and volume remain the same:

m2=PVRT2 m2=RT2/PV

Substitute the given values:

m2=210×50.287×303.15=105086.9≈12.08 kgm2=0.287×303.15210×5
=86.91050≈12.08kg

Step 3: Determine the mass of air to be removed

Δm=m1−m2=12.70 kg−12.08 kg=0.62 kgΔm=m1−m2=12.70kg−12.08kg=0.62kg

Final Answer:
0.62 kg0.62kg

PROBLEM NO 1.19
Answer free body
diagram
Given:

 Diameter of balloon, D=8 mD=8m

→ Radius, r=D2=4 mr=2D=4m
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 Temperature, T=28∘C=301.15 KT=28∘C=301.15K

 Absolute pressure, P=106 kPaP=106kPa
 Volume of sphere, V=43πr3V=34πr3
 Gas constant for helium, R=2.077 kPa⋅m3/kg⋅KR=2.077kPa⋅m3/kg⋅K
 Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.81 m/s2g=9.81m/s2

Step 1: Calculate the Volume of the Balloon

V=43πr3=43π(4)3=43π(64)≈268.08 m3V=34πr3=34π(4)3=34π(64)≈268.08m3

Step 2: Calculate the Mass of Helium (mm)

Using the Ideal Gas Law:

PV=mRT PV=mRTm=PVRT m=RT/PV

Substitute the given values:

m=106×268.082.077×301.15=28, ⁣416.48625.5≈45.43 kgm=2.077×301.15106

×268.08=625.528,416.48≈45.43kg

Step 3: Calculate the Weight of Helium (WW)

W=m⋅g=45.43×9.81≈445.7 NW=m⋅g=45.43×9.81≈445.7N

Final Answer:

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445.7 N

PROBLEM NO 1.54

Theoretical Background

When two parallel disks are separated by a thin fluid film, the shear stress ττ due to viscosity is
governed by Newton’s law of viscosity:

SHEAR STRESS FORMULA

Numerical Solution

Substituting the given values:

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Graph: Torque vs. Gap Thickness

PROBLEM NO 1.175

Step 1: Free Body Diagram (FBD)

The forces acting on the water strider are:

 Weight (mg): Acts downward due to gravity.

 Surface Tension Force (σFup ): up

 Acts upward, supporting the weight.

Step 2: Calculate the Weight of the Water Strider

Given:

 Mass (mm) = 0.36 g = 0.36×10−3 kg0.36×10−3kg

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 Acceleration due to gravity (gg) = 9.81 m/s29.81m/s2

W=m⋅g=0.36×10−3×9.81=3.5316×10−3 N
W=m⋅g=0.36×10−3×9.81=3.5316×10−3N

Step 3: Relate Surface Tension Force to Contact Length

The surface tension force (FσFσ) supports the weight. For thin, water-repellent
cylindrical legs, the surface tension acts along the contact length (LL) of the legs
with the water. The force is given by:

Fσ=σ⋅L Fσ=σ⋅L

Where:

 σ=72.7 mN/m=72.7×10−3 N/mσ=72.7mN/m=72.7×10−3N/m

 LL is the total contact length of all six legs.

For equilibrium:

Fσ=W Fσ=Wσ⋅L=W σ⋅L=W

Step 4: Solve for the Contact Length (LL)

L=Wσ=3.5316×10−372.7×10−3=0.0486 m=48.6 mm L=σW

=72.7×10−33.5316×10−3=0.0486m= 48.6mm

This is the minimum total contact length required for all six legs combined to
support the water strider.

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Final Answer:
48.6 mm48.6mm

The water strider's six legs must have a combined contact length of at least 48.6
mm to support itself on water at 20∘C20∘C.

PROBLEM NO F-2
we’ll calculate the pressure at points A, B, and C using the principle:
P=γh
Where:
𝑃 is pressure,
𝛾 is the specific weight (weight density),
ℎ is the depth of the fluid from the surface to the point.

Given:

Specific weight of water: 𝛾 𝑤

γ w = 62.4 lb/ft3 γ w =62.4lb/ft3

Specific weight of oil: 𝛾 𝑜

55.1 lb/ft 3 γ o =55.1lb/ft 3

Air pressure is atmospheric, so gauge pressure in air = 0

We'll compute gauge pressures at points A, B, and C.

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Calculations:
Pressure at Point A: Point A is 4 ft below the oil-water interface
and 4 ft below the top of the [Link] pressure at A is due to:
 4 ft of oil
 4 ft of water
P A =γ o⋅4+γ w⋅4=(55.1)(4)+(62.4)(4)=220.4+249.6= 470.0lb/ft2

Pressure at Point B: Point B is at the interface between air and

water, open to atmospheric pressure:
PB=γw⋅3=62.4⋅3=187.2lb/ft2
Pressure at Point C: Point C is 5ft below the water surface in the
small arm:
PC=γw⋅5=62.4⋅5=312.0lb/ft2
Free body diagram

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PROBLEM’S NO F-3

Step 1: Understand the Setup

The U-tube manometer contains mercury (ρHg=13 550kg/m3) and is
connected to a tank filled with water (ρw=1000 kg/m3 )
The heights given are:
 Left side: 2 ft of water above the mercury.
 Right side: 3 ft of water above the mercury.
The differential height of mercury is hh.

Step 2: Convert Heights to Meters

Convert the given heights from feet to meters for consistency in units
(since density is in kg/m3):
1 ft=0.3048 m
1ft=0.3048m
Left side water height=2 ft = 0.6096 m
side water height=3 ft =0.9144 m

Step 3: Pressure Balance at the Mercury-Water Interface

At the bottom of the U-tube, the pressure due to the water column on the
left must balance the pressure due to the water column on the right plus
the pressure due to the differential mercury height hh.
Pleft=Pright
ρw⋅g⋅(0.6096)=ρw⋅g⋅(0.9144)+ρHg⋅g⋅
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Cancel gg from both sides:

1000⋅0.6096=1000⋅0.9144+13 550⋅h
609.6=914.4+13 550⋅h

Step 4: Solve for hh

Rearrange the equation to solve for hh:
609.6−914.4=13 550⋅h
−304.8=13 550⋅h
h=13 550/304.8=−0.0225m
The negative sign indicates that the mercury level is higher on the side
with the lower water column (left side). For the differential height, we
take the absolute value:

Final Answer:
The differential height of the mercury is: 2.25 cm
This means the mercury level on the left side is 2.25 cm higher than on
the right side when the tank is filled with water.

PROBLEM’S NO F-9
Given:
 Width of the container, w=2 m
 Depths:
o Panel A: hA=0.9 m
o Panel B: hB=0.6 m
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 Density of water, ρ=1000 kg/m3

 Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.81 m/s3

Resultant Force on Panel A:

he resultant force FAFA is given by the formula for hydrostatic force on
a vertical surface:
FA=ρg⋅hA/2⋅AA
where AA is the area of panel A:
AA=hA⋅w=0.9×2=1.8m2

Substituting the values:

FA=1000×9.81×0.9/2×1.8=1000×9.81×0.45×1.8=7946.1 N
The depth yAfrom the surface to the point of action of FBA is:
yA=3/2 hB =3/2×0.6=0.4m
A

Resultant Force on Panel B:

Similarly, the resultant force FB is:
FB=ρg⋅hB /2⋅AB
where AB is the area of panel B:
AB=hB⋅w=0.6×2=1.2 m2
Substituting the values:
FB=1000×9.81×0.6/2×1.2=1000×9.81×0.3×1.2=3531.6N
The depth yB from the surface to the point of action of FB is:
yB=2/3hB=2/3×0.6=0.4 m

Final Answers:
 Resultant Force on Panel A: FA=7.95 kN acting at yA=0.6 m from the surface.

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 Resultant Force on Panel B: FB=3.53 kN, acting at yB=0.4 m from the surface.

PROBLEM’S NO F-11
Given:
 Diameter of the circular plate, D=1 mD=1m
 Depth of the top edge of the plate from the water surface, htop=2 m
 Inclination angle of the side panel, θ=120∘with the horizontal
 Density of water, ρ=1000 kg/m3
 Acceleration due to gravity, g=9.81 m/s2

Assumptions:

1. The circular plate is vertically inclined at 60∘ to the horizontal (since 120∘ is likely the angle
between the side panel and the base).
2. The top edge of the plate is 2 m below the water surface, and the plate is submerged vertically
downward.

1. Resultant Force (FR):

The resultant hydrostatic force on an inclined submerged surface is given by:

FR=ρghcA

where:

 hc is the vertical depth of the centroid of the plate from the water surface,
 A is the area of the plate.

For a circular plate:

A=πD2 /4 =π(1)2/4=π/4 m2

The centroid of the plate is at its geometric center. The vertical depth of the centroid (hc
) is:

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hc=htop+D/2sinθ=2+1/2sin60∘=2+0.433=2.433m

Now, calculate FRFR:

FR=1000×9.81×2.433×π/4=1000×9.81×2.433×0.785≈18,750 N=18.75 kN

. Center of Pressure (yp):

Now, calculate yp:

yp=2.81+π/64/2.81×π4=2.81+1/64×2.81×0.25≈2.81+0.022=2.832 m

Final Answers:

 Resultant Force: FR=18.75 kN

 Center of Pressure: yp=2.83 m from the top along the inclined side.

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

PROBLEM’S NO F-12
Given:
Width of the tank (b): 2 m
Density of water ( ρ w ): 1000 kg/m³
Density of kerosene ( ρ k): 814 kg/m³
Gravity (g): 9.81 m/s²
Depths:
Kerosene layer: 3 m
Water layer: 2 m
Total depth of side AB: 5 m (3 m kerosene + 2 m water)

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: Calculate the pressure distribution:

Kerosene (top layer, 0 to 3 m):

P k =ρ k ⋅g⋅h At h h=3 m

(bottom of kerosene layer):

P k =814⋅ 9.81⋅ 3=23,960.22Pa
Water (bottom layer, 3 to 5 m):

P w =P k +ρ w ⋅g⋅(h−3) At h=5 m (bottom of water layer):

P w =23,960.22+1000⋅ 9.81⋅ 2=23,960.22+19,620=43,580.22Pa

Resultant force for each layer:
Kerosene (triangular distribution):

F k =1/2 ⋅Pk ⋅Ak

Where Ak =3⋅2=6m2:

F k =2 1 ⋅23,960.22⋅6=71,880.66N

Water (trapezoidal distribution):

F w =( P k +P w)/2 xAw

Where Aw=2⋅2=4m2:

Fw=(223,960.22+43,580.22)/2⋅4= 33,770.22⋅4=135,080.88N
Total resultant force:

Ftotal=Fk+Fw= 71,880.66+135,080.88=206,961.54N
Final Answer: 207KN

PROBLEM’S NO F-14
Given:
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 Density of oil, ρo=900 kg/m3ρo=900kg/m3

 Width of the tank, w=3 mw=3m
 The surface AB is semicircular. Assume the diameter of the semicircle is D, and its radius
is R=2D.
 The problem does not provide the diameter D, but it is implied to be part of the diagram. For this
solution, we will assume D=2 m (a typical value for such problems if not specified).
Thus, R=1m.
 Calculate the horizontal force (FHFH):
The horizontal force is due to the pressure acting on the vertical projection of the
semicircular surface. The vertical projection is a rectangle of height D=2m and
width w=3m.
 The centroid of this vertical projection is at a depth of D2=1 m from the oil surface.
 The pressure at the centroid is:
 Pc=ρo⋅g⋅hc=900⋅9.81⋅1=8829 Pa
The horizontal force is:
 FH=Pc⋅A=8829⋅(D⋅w)=8829⋅(2⋅3)=52974 N

 Calculate the vertical force (FVFV):

The vertical force is equal to the weight of the oil above the semicircular surface.
The volume of oil aboveAB is the volume of a semicylinder:
V=1/2πR2⋅w=12π(1)2⋅3=3π2 m3V=21πR2⋅w=21π(1)2⋅3=23πm3

The weight of this oil is:

FV=ρo⋅g⋅V=900⋅9.81⋅3π2≈41597 N

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FREE BODY DIAGRAM

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PROBLEM’S NO F-17

For PlateAB:

1. Horizontal Component (FH,AB):

o The horizontal force is due to the pressure acting on the vertical projection of plate AB.
o The plate is inclined at 45∘45∘, so its vertical height is 2sin45∘=2m.
o The centroid of the vertical projection is at a depth of 22 m22m.
o Pressure at the centroid:
Pc=ρwghc=1000⋅9.81⋅22≈6936.7 Pa

o Area of the vertical projection:

A=2⋅1.5≈2.121 m2

o Horizontal force:
FH,AB=Pc⋅A≈6936.7⋅2.121≈14.71kN

2. Vertical Component (FV,AB):

o The vertical force is equal to the weight of the water above plateAB.
o The volume of water above AB is a triangular prism:
V=12⋅2⋅2⋅1.5=3 m3

o Weight of this water:

FV,AB=ρwgV=1000⋅9.81⋅3≈29.43 kN

For Plate BC:

1. Horizontal Component (FH,BC):

o The plate BC is vertical, so the horizontal force is due to the pressure on its entire area.

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o Centroid depth: 22=1 m.

o Pressure at the centroid:
Pc=ρwghc=1000⋅9.81⋅1=9810 Pa

o Area of BC:
A=2⋅1.5=3 m2A=2⋅1.5=3m2

o Horizontal force:
FH,BC=Pc⋅A=9810⋅3=29.43 kN

2. Vertical Component (FV,BC):

o Since BCBC is vertical, there is no vertical component of force due to water pressure.

FV,BC=0 kNFV,BC=0kN

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

Summary of Forces:

 PlateAB:

o Horizontal: 14.71kN
o Vertical: 29.43 kN
 PlateBC:

o Horizontal: 29.43 kN

Vertical: 0 kN

PROBLEM’S NO F-17
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Given:

 Mass of block B: kgmB=2kg.

 Initial water level: hinitial=0.5m.
 Diameter of the cylindrical tank: Dtank=0.4m (assuming from the diagram).
 Diameter of the cylindrical cup A: Dcup=0.2m (assuming from the diagram).
 Density of water:ρw=1000kg/m3.
 Cup A has negligible weight.

Steps:

1. Volume Displaced by Floating Cup and Block:

When the cup AA (with block BB) floats, the buoyant force equals the weight of the displaced
water, which equals the weight of block BB:

Fbuoyant=mB⋅g=ρw⋅Vdisplaced⋅gFbuoyant=mB⋅g=ρw⋅Vdisplaced
⋅gVdisplaced=mBρw=21000=0.002 m3Vdisplaced=ρwmB=10002=0.002m3

2. Rise in Water Level Due to Displacement:

The displaced water increases the water level in the tank. The volume of this rise is:

Vrise=Atank⋅Δh

where:

 Atank=π(Dtank2)2=π(0.2)2=0.04π m2Atank=π(2Dtank)2=π(0.2)2=0.04πm2.
 ΔhΔh is the increase in water level.

Vdisplaced=Vrise:
0.002=0.04π⋅Δh0.002=0.04π⋅ΔhΔh=0.0020.04π≈0.0159 m≈1.59 cm

3. Final Water Level:

The new water level h is the sum of the initial level and the rise:

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hinitial+Δh=0.5+0.0159=0.5159m

Final Answer:

The water level when the cup A floats is:

 0.516 m0.516m

FREE BODY DIAGRAM

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