FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH 4. Priya gave me a ring.

Subject and Predicate

Subject - The person or thing we speak about is Object Verb

the subject of the Sentence. It can be a noun , Preposition

noun phrase or a pronoun
Ex:
Predicate- It tells us about the subject (What a
subject is or what a subject does.) 1. The boy gave a ring to her.

Ex: 2. The hunter killed the lion with the sword.

1. The laptop is lying on the table. 3. He was killed with a knife.

2. His uncle will retire after eight years. Subject - Noun / Pronoun

3. The thief jumped and left the house. Subject Complement -(It gives additional
information about the subject)
4. The newspapers and websites all were screened
by the government. Ex

5. Listening to music is her hobby. 1. The food is delicious.

6. Bring a glass of water. 2. He is a student.

Subject and Object 2. Object - Noun / Pronoun

Subject - The person or thing we speak about in a Object Complement - It gives additional

sentence. information about the object

Object - It receives the action performed by the Ex.

verb. It can be a noun or a pronoun. 1. I elected him the captain of the team.

Subject (N/P) - Doer 2. He made his parents angry.

Object (N/P)- Receiver 3. They named their dog Bruno.

Ex: 4. I couldn’t find him anywhere.

1. The cat killed the mouse. Confusion areas

2. He teaches English. 1. Subject complement/ Object

3. He teaches us English. Ex.

She is a teacher of English. Ex:

2. She teaches English. (a) The peon rang the bell.

3. The lion killed the fox. (b) Ram became a writer.

4. The lion is a ferocious animal. (c) Circumstances have made the brothers
enemies.
2. Object / Object complement
(d) The committee elected Mr. Sinha the President
Ex.
of the college.
1. I elected him the president.
(C) Nouns / pronouns are used with articles /
2. I gave her a ring. adjectives / prepositions

3. I appointed her mathematics teacher. Ex:

4. I teach them Mathematics. 1. It was a surprise.

Identification Of Parts Of Speech 2. The clever men left the place on time.

1. NOUN - Naming Words 3. Her enthusiasm for the new project motivated us.

2. PRONOUN- Used in place of noun 4. During the meeting, everyone was present.

(A) Identification of noun/ pronoun Note: Noun Suffixes

I. WHO II. WHOM III. WHAT 1. ness – kindness, happiness

Ex: 2. sion / tion – examination, complexion

1. The teacher assigned a project to the students. 3. ence / ance – experience, alliance

2. The weather was perfect for a picnic. 4. hood – childhood, brotherhood

3. The river reflected the colors of the sky. 5. ment – parliament, improvement

4. His dedication inspired the students. 6. dom – freedom, kingdom

5. That was a remarkable performance and we 7. ity / ist – enmity / feminist

enjoyed it.
8. ship – friendship / membership
(B) Function of a noun/ pronoun:

Subject / Subject complement

Object / Object complement

Exercise….. 3. Intensifier

1. They are all going to attend the function. 4. Noun

(a) Noun 6. For the next generation of interior architects and

design graduates, work opportunities are
(b) Adverb
immense.
(c) Pronoun
1. Adverb
(d) Conjunction
2. Adjective
2. Since children have so much homework to do
3. Noun 4. Pronoun
their playtime is very limited.
7. The wonderful statue of the leader welcomes all
(a) Verb
people to the city.
(b) Adverb
1. Object
(c) Pronoun 2. Adjective

(d) Noun 3. Noun Phrase

4. Noun
3. This year marks the quincentenary of
Columbus's voyage to America. 8. When people found that the jewel was in the
records of Rahim, they gave it to him.
1. Noun
1. Pronoun
2. Adjective
2. Nominative
3. Adverb 3. Noun
4. Adverb
4. Article
9. There was an exultation in the group.
4. The bottomline is that we have to make a
decision today. 1. Adjective
2. Adverb
1. Noun
3. Adjectival Noun
2. Pronoun
4. Noun
3. Adverb 4. Adjective
10. The river that flows through the village is a
5. Sit down and rest a while. tributary of the Cauvery.

1. Adverb a) Pronoun b) Noun

2. Adjective c) Verb d) Adjective

11.The plane is ready for take-off. (a) Noun (b) Adjective

a) Noun (c) Adverb (d) Verb

b) Conjunction 2. Cash machines permit people to withdraw

money at any time.
c) Verb
(a) Verb
d) Gerund
(b) Noun
3. VERB
(c) Pronoun
(a) Changes according to the tense.
(d) Adverb
Ex:
3. The ants fought the wasps.
1. The team gathered all the data.
1. Intransitive verb
2. He is honest in his work.
2. Transitive verb
3. He ran to the nearby shop 3. Demonstrative verb

4. They have been working hard. 4. Adjective

5. He knows English. 4. Ravi won the match with a huge margin.

6. I have a book. 1. Intransitive verb

2. Transitive verb
Note:
3. Demonstrative verb
Verb tells us about action/state 4. Adjective

Ex: 5. The building is very ancient.

I like English. 1. Transitive verb

2. Intransitive verb
He goes to school on time.
3. Phrasal verb
c. I have a book.
4. Auxiliary verb
d. I know him.
6. Rita eats her dinner quickly.
e. He reached the school at 6pm.
1. Verb
Exercise 2. Preposition
3. Adjective
1. The artist pranced around the stage singing
4. Adverb
enthusiastically.
4. ADJECTIVE (Describing words) (b) Adverb

Ex: (c) Verb

1. The brilliant students solved the complex (d) Adjective

problem.
2. The conclusions that they came to are highly
2. The book is perfect. questionable.

3. His quick action avoided a serious accident. 1. Noun 2. Adjective

4. Some students were lazy. 3. Adverb 4. Gerund

5. He has little money. 3. I still cherish the memories of those far-off days.

6. The first chapter was lengthy. 1. Preposition 2. Conjunction

Determiners: 3. Adjective 4. Adverb

Quantifiers (Quantity and numbers) 4. She wrote me an anguished letter from her
prison cell.
1. Demonstrative Adjective (This, That , These ,
Those) 1. Noun
2. Verb
2. Distributive adjective ( Each, Every, Both,
3. Adjective
Neither)
4. Adverb
4. Possessive Adjectives (Our, Your, Their)
5. There is a visitor for you.
5. Articles – (A, An and The)
1. Relation Pronoun
Ex. 2. Definite Article

This boy is stronger than Ramesh 3. Indefinite Article

4. Adverb
Each student was present
6. Public culture is associated with extremely new
3. This is my book
civil societies.
4. Few students were present.
1. Adverb
5. He has much knowledge. 2. Intensifier
3. Adjective
Exercise
4. Noun Clause
1. The sun shone through the dull grey clouds.

(a) Noun
7 . You are paying less attention to your studies 2. Adjective
these days. 3. Noun phrase
4. Noun
1. Adverb
2. Adjective 14. "What is the latest news?" asked the Captain.
3. Intensifier
1. Relative pronoun
4. Noun
2. Adjective
8. Life is a solo fight, and each person makes his 3. Adverb
or her own journey. 4. Adjectival clause

1. Noun 15. His only answer was a grunt.

2. Adjective
a) Noun
3. Intensifier
4. Adverb b) Adjective

9. The cat loves comfort. c) Pronoun

1. Indefinite article d) Determiner

2. Definite article 16. The mighty river Brahmaputra flows through

3. Intensifier the plains of Assam.
4. Subject
a) Adverb
10. This is his pen.
b) Adjective
1. Possessive pronoun
c) Noun
2. Possessive adjective
3. Adverb d) Pronoun
4. Verb
17. Look at that man over there.
11.This boy is stronger than Ramesh.
a) Adverb
1. Pronoun
b) Conjunction
2. Adjective
c) Determiner
3. Article
4. Adverb d) Article

12. The most beautiful seven monkeys of the

landlord were taken for a stroll.

1. Object
5. ADVERB - It describes a verb, an adjective or (c) Noun
another adverb.
(d) Adjective
Ex:
3. I don't think I'll come on Saturday. I have a lot of
He will be leaving tonight. work to do. Besides, I don't really like parties.

(b) He walked carefully as he had injured his legs. Adjective

(c) Go outside and fetch some water for me. Adverb

(d) The lion fought bravely with the wolf. Preposition 4. Conjunction

(e) He is very smart. 4. Try to knock that vase over.

(f) He walked very carefully. 1. Preposition

2. Conjunction
Intensifiers are adverbs or adverbial phrases that
3. Adjective
are used before adjectives or adverbs to put more
4. Adverb
emphasis.
5. My parents lent me the money. Otherwise, I
1. She is very beautiful.
could not have afforded the trip.
2. She walks too slowly
1. Adjective
3. The weather is extremely hot. 2. Adverb

4. He is so tired. 3. Conjunction
4. Participle
5. I am quite well.
6. They wandered around aimlessly.
Exercise
1. Verb
1. She came slowly up to the main door.
2. Adjective
(a) Adjective 3. Intensifier
4. Noun
(b) Adverb
7. Rakesh is too old to run fast.
(c) Verb
1. Adverb
(d) Pronoun
2. Conjunction
2. The scarf was tied loosely around her neck.
3. Intensifier
(a) Verb 4. Noun

(b) Adverb
8. The flower is very beautiful. c) Adjective

1. Adjective d) Adverb
2. Adverb
14. I don’t really want to go. Besides, it’s late now.
3. Preposition
4. Conjunction a) Adjective b) Adverb

9. I can hardly believe it. c) Preposition

1. Adjective d) Conjunction

2. Preposition 6. PREPOSITION : Relating words (used before

3. Adverb nouns / pronouns)
4. Verb
Ex:
10. He thought the movie ended abruptly.
1. She will come in the morning.
1. Noun
2. The children waited for their parents.
2. Adverb
3. Verb 3. He travelled across the country.
4. Adjective
4. The book is lying on the table.
11. She truthfully answered the detective's
5. Outside the hotel, there are two bars.
questions.
6. What are you looking at?
1. Verb
Exercise…
2. Adjective
3. Noun 1. Put the fork and knife in the cutlery box.
4. Adverb
(a) Preposition
12. Consequently, this poses a threat to
(b) Verb
agriculture and human health.
(c) Conjunction
a) Adjective b) Adverb
(d) Determiner
c) Verb
2. The Principal is presiding over the meeting.
d) Noun
(a) Verb
13.She married at 18 and gave birth to her first
child shortly thereafter. (b) Noun

a) Pronoun b) Determiner (c) Adjective (d) Preposition

3. All the pilgrims rested for a while under the Ex:
banyan tree.
1. We can watch a movie or go out for dinner.
1. Adverb
2. We decided to cancel the event because it was
2. Place value
raining heavily.
3. Preposition
4. Verb 3. The students and the teachers attended the
seminar.
4. The preacher said, "No one is above the all
powerful" 4. He started early but he couldn’t reach on time.

1. Adverb Exercise

2. Place value 1. We went away after they had left.

3. Preposition
1. Pronoun
4. Verb
2. Adjective
5. He has been working in the Department of 3. Intensifier
Foreign Affairs since 2002. 4. Conjunction

1. Preposition 2. Ravi was declared as the winner in the tie

2. Adjective because he had hit the most number of fours and
3. Intensifier sixes.
4. Noun
1. Conjunction
6. I will meet you in the third week of August.
2. Interjection
1. Pronoun
3. Adverb
2. Verb
3. Preposition 4. Cause
4. Noun
3. Jasmines and roses are my favourite flowers.
7. The children were walking through the forest.
1. Verb
1. Verb 2. Preposition
2. Adverb 3. Conjunction
3. Adjective 4. Interjection
4. Preposition

7. CONJUNCTION: Joining Words

It joins phrases, clauses and sentences.

4. I didn’t tell him anything except that I needed 1. Interjection
the money. 2. Adjective
3. Intensifier
a) Adjective
4. Noun
b) Adverb
3. Alas! He has been defeated.
c) Preposition
1. Adjective
d) Conjunction 2. Adverb

5. She spoke to him once since he has been in 3. Interjection

town. 4. Conjunction

a) Adjective 4. Hurrah ! What a scintillating beauty the

landscape is!
b) Adverb
1. Conjunction
c) Conjunction
2. Adjective
d) Preposition 3. Adverb
4. Interjection
8. INTERJECTION: used to express sudden feeling
of joy, surprise, sorrow CONJUNCTION / PREPOSTION

Ex: Ex:

1. Hurrah! We have won the match. 1. The dog ran after the cat.

2. Bravo! The players have performed well. 2. He came after I had left.

3. Alas! His only son is dead. 3. I have not met him since Monday.

4. Ah! I am ruined. 4. I have not met him since he left.

Exercise 5. He died for his country.

1. Oh no! I am getting late for the function. 6. He could not come for he was ill.

(a) Preposition PREPOSITION / ADVERB

(b) Article Ex:

(c) Noun 1. The students are sitting in the room.

(d) Interjection 2. He came in and took some rest.

2. Why, is it really Sujata on the phone? 3. The boat sailed down the river.
4. He sat down and talked to me. 1. He gave a variety of dance performances.

5. The plane took off. 2. The author wrote a book on Grammar.

6. He switched off the fans 3. She walks quite slowly.

ADJECTIVE / ADVERB 4. The movie was not too terrible .

Ex: Exercise

1. He works hard. 1. Which of the following has adjective phrase?

2. He is a hard worker. 1. Ram ran with a great speed.

2. The dog was extremely tired.
3. The surface is hard.
3. The keys are under the table.
4. He ran fast. 4. I like these types of dresses.

5. He is fast. 2. “That barking dogs seldom bite’ is not quite

6. They fast on Monday. true.

7. They keep a fast on Monday. 1. Noun Phrase

2. Adjective Phrase
NOUN / VERB
3. Adverbial Phrase
Ex: 4. None of these

1. The water is dirty. 3. I was walking over the bridge.

2. I water the plants. 1. noun phrase

2. adverb phrase
3. They fast on Monday.
3. verb phrase
4. They keep a fast on Monday. 4. adjective phrase
5. He shows false pride. 4. It is raining cats and dogs.
6. He prides himself in his health.
1. noun phrase
What is Phrase, Clause and Sentence. 2. verb phrase
3. adverbial phrase
PHRASE:-
4. adjective phrase
It is a group of words with no subject-verb
combination. It doesn’t give a meaningful sense.

Ex.
Q 5. Which of the following is a noun phrase? It has a subject-verb combination. It may or may
not give a meaningful sense.
a) I consider her my best friend
(a) Independent clause gives meaningful sense.
b) The big bug under the cot
(b) Dependent clause gives no meaningful sense.
c) You should go right now
Ex:
d) Near the ocean
1. If he comes, I will go.
6. We were planning to order food during the
break. 2. He said that he would come.

A) adjective phrase 3. Although he was late, he completed the work on

time.
B) adverbial phrase
1. ‘You can talk as much as you like
C) prepositional phrase
The sentence is an example of
D) interjectional phrase
1. Adjective clause
7. The book is on the table.
2. Verb Clause
A) a noun phrase
3. Adverb Clause
B) an infinitive phrase
4. Noun Clause
C) a prepositional phrase
2. I expect that I shall get a prize. Which clause is
D) a verb phrase
there in this sentence?
8. To become a doctor is my ambition.
1. Prepositional Clause
A) Noun phrase B) Adverb phrase
2. Adverbial Clause
C) Adjective phrase D) Verb phrase
3. Noun Clause
9. I went to study the language and culture.
4. Adjective clause
A) adjective phrase
3. Whatever we study increases our knowledge.
B) verb phrase Identify the type of clause.

C) adverbial phrase 1. Noun Clause

D) noun phrase 2. Coordinate Clause

CLAUSE:- 3. Adverb Clause 4. Adjective Clause

4. Identify the type of clause in the brackets. 8. You may sit wherever you like.

(Unless it rains tomorrow), I will go to school. 1. Adjective Clause

2. Noun Clause
1. Noun Clause
3. Preposition Clause
2. Adjective Clause 4. Adverb Clause

3. Relative Clause SENTENCE:-

4. Conditional Clause It has a subject-verb combination. It always gives

5. Our neighbour (who moved in last year) wants meaningful sense.

to borrow the chainsaw. Ex:

1. Adjective Clause 1: I will meet you at office or at home.

2. Noun Clause 2: As he was ill, he couldn’t attend office.

3. Verb clause 3. He said that he would come.

4. Adverbial Clause 4. Unless you work hard, you will not succeed.

6. Determine the function of the highlighted 5. Ram and his friend were busy.
dependent clause:
Types Of Sentences
The bankers need to know what they should do.
1. Assertive / Declarative Sentence - It is a
1. noun clause statement that imparts information.
2. adverb clause
Ex.
3. adjective clause
4. none 1. The new office looks great.

7. Determine the function of the highlighted 2. My friend doesn’t like chocolates.

dependent clause:
3. She no longer works in that company.
The books which the professor assigned were
4. The boy hardly comes on time.
very expensive
2. Interrogative Sentence - (asking a question or
1. Noun clause
makes a request for information. It ends with a
2. Adjective clause
question mark.(?)
3. Adverb clause
4. None of these Ex.

1. Could you lend me a book for a day?

2. What are you doing?

3. Imperative Sentence (Request, order, advice,

suggestion)

Ex:

1. Go there.

2. Do it for me, kindly.

3. Respect your elders.

4. Exclamatory sentence (Expressing sudden

feeling of joy, sorrow, surprise and has an
exclamation mark (!)

Ex.

1. What a beautiful sight !

2. How fool he is !

3. Hurrah ! We have won the match.

4. Ah ! I am ruined.

5. Optative Sentence (wishes / prayers / blessings /

desires / curses)

Ex.

1. May you have a happy life. (wish)

2. I wish I were a bird. (desire)

3. May god bless you with a child. (prayer)