Collision warning avoidance
Collision warning avoidance reduces the risk of incidents using warning or alert, it is intended to prevent
accidents by pointing out critical situations or intervening in vehicle steering to avoid collision. The
collision warning avoidance is to allow the driver enough time to avoid crash and yet avoid annoying the
driver with alerts perceived as occurring too early or unnecessary. Collision avoidance systems uses
sensors, such as radar, lasers, cameras, GPS, and artificial intelligence. Apart from warning, some
collision avoidance system overrides the driver to assist them in avoiding collisions and mitigating risk.
Emergency Brake Notification
Emergency Brake continuously monitors objects ahead and if at any point a collision is imminent, a
warning or brake notification is issued, and if the driver fails to respond, the emergency brake is
automatically activated. Emergency brake notification is given if the system senses that the vehicle is in a
dangerous situation. The driver is notified by an LED light, reflected on the front windshield, followed by
a flashing light and an alarm if there is still no reaction from the driver the emergency brake is then
activated.
Right or Left Turn Assist
The turn assistance continuously analyses the vehicle’s surroundings and alerts the driver to avoid
potential collisions. The turn Assist detects when pedestrians, cyclists, and other vulnerable road users
are detected inside the vehicle’s danger zone. The Right or Left Turn Assist assists the driver in right or
left turning maneuvers using radar sensor to detect whether a road user is inside the vehicle's danger
zone, and it warns the driver of a possible collision. If the driver does not respond it can prevent
collisions by automatically applying the brakes,
Collision avoidance systems
A considerable amount of research is addressing eSafety systems of the future. Much work is being
carried out on technologies such as collision avoidance systems but their usefulness in addressing high-
risk crash scenarios typical of most European roads as well as their feasibility has yet to be determined.
Research on collision warning and collision avoidance systems is taking place in Japan, the United States
and in the European Union within the European Commission's eSafety programme. Very large estimates
of the safety potential of such systems have been claimed following laboratory studies, but the range of
technical and behavioural issues involved in many of the concepts require full on-road assessment. To be
practical, most of the proposed systems require a well controlled traffic situation, such as that found on
motorways, but where the casualty reduction potential is relatively low. For an overview of key issues
[41]OECD, 2003 Road safety: impact of new technologies.
Various systems are under development:
Forward Collision Warning
Is a system which comprises a visual and audible warning that the driver is too close to the vehicle in
front. The warning depends on how long the distance is between the vehicle and the vehicle ahead. The
level of warning changes from "safe" to "critical" as the following distance decreases.
The Reverse Collision Warning System
Is a visual and audible system which warns drivers about the likelihood of collision with an object behind
the vehicle by means of sensors in the rear bumper. The warning intensifies when the distance between
the vehicle's rear and the object decreases.
Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)
Enhances automatic cruise control found in many new vehicles by automatically maintaining a set
following distance to the vehicle in front. The distance to the preceding vehicle is measured by radar,
laser systems or both. When the speed of the vehicle in front is slower than the adjusted speed, the ACC
system adjusts vehicle speed to allow a safe distance to the lead vehicle.
Collision Mitigation by braking
Is an evolution of ACC with the addition of a braking system that increases headway by braking; these
systems may also detect obstacles within the road and brake accordingly. The speed and separation
distance at which the systems operate is determined by the arrangement and type of sensors and the
recognition ability of the systems.
Lane-Keeping Devices
Are electronic warning systems that are activated if the vehicle is about to veer off the lane or the road.
Times to collision in safety-critical lane changes are normally much less than one second. Since mean
driver reaction time is about one second, there is not sufficient time for a driver to respond to a warning
before crashing. Because there is insufficient time for reaction to a warning, lane change and merging
crashes can probably only be avoided by intervening systems. But these have their own problems: how
to detect driver intentions and how to intervene. This may be by taking over the steering from the driver
or by providing feedback through the steering wheel. The technical and operational feasibility of such
systems has still to be demonstrated. Most existing systems are warning only systems.
