Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

ECSE 304 Signals and Systems II

Lecture 6: The Inverse z-Transform

Reading: O and W, Section 10.3
Richard Rose
McGill University
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Outline

• Development of the Inverse z-Transform

– Contour Integral
• Practical Methods for Obtaining a Sequence
from its z-Transform
– Partial Fraction Expansion
– Power Series Expansion

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Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Development of the Inverse z-Transform

• Obtain the expression for a sequence, x[n] , in terms of its z-
Transform, X ( z ) , by interpreting the z-Transform as the
Fourier Transform of an exponentially weighted
sequence: x[n]r − n

Z
• Start with x[n] ↔ X ( z) , where z = re jω is inside the unit circle
• Take DTFT of the exponentially weighted sequence x[n]r − n
∞
X ( z ) = X ( re ) = jω
∑ x[n]r − n − jω n
e {
=F x[n]r − n }
n =−∞

• Take the inverse Fourier Transform:

{
x[ n]r − n = F −1 X ( re jω ) }
3

Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Development of the Inverse z-Transform

• Solve for x[n] using the inverse DTFT expression:

{
x[n] = r nF−1 X (re jω ) }
rn
= ∫ X (re jω )e jω n dω
2π 2π
Definition of the
inverse DTFT 1
= ∫ X (re jω )(re jω )n dω
2π 2π

• … Corresponds to evaluating along contour z = re jω in the

ROC with r fixed and ω varying over a 2π interval

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Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Development of the Inverse z-Transform

• Change the variable of integration from ω to z:
z = re jω
dz
⇒ = rje jω
dω
r −1e− jω z −1dz
⇒ dω = dz =
j j
• … and plug into the expression for the inverse DTFT
x[n] =
1
2π z
2π
X (re jω )(re jω ) n dω

=
1
2πj 2πzX ( z ) z n z −1dz

=
1
2πj ROCz
X ( z) z n −1dz

Denotes integration around a

counterclockwise closed
circular contour of radius r 5
within the ROC for X(z)

Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Development of the Inverse z-Transform

• This is the expression for the inverse z-Transform
x[n] =
1
2πj ROC z
X ( z) z n −1dz

– The symbol ∫ denotes integration around a closed contour,

centered at the origin within the Region of Convergence
• This can be evaluated using Cauchy’s residue theorem:
1
x[n] = ∫ X ( z ) z n −1dz
2π j ROC

= ∑ ⎡ Residues of X ( z ) z n −1 at the poles in ROC ⎤

⎣ ⎦
– Where residues of rational function X ( z ) z n−1 are computed in a
manner that is similar to partial fraction expansion of X ( z )
– See Oppenheim and Schafer, “Discrete Time Signal Processing”.
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Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Inverse z-Transform – Partial Fraction Expansion

• Express the z-Transform as a linear

combination of simpler terms

• Obtain inverse transform of each individual

term by inspection

Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Inverse z-Transform – Partial Fraction Expansion

• O and W Example 10.9: Find the sequence with z-Transform
3 − 56 z −1 1
X ( z) = , z >
(1 − 41 z −1 )(1 − 13 z −1 ) 3
• Plot poles and zeros:
Region of
Convergence
5
18
1 1
Is this a right-sided, left-sided, 4 3
or 2 sided sequence?

• Expand by method of partial fraction expansion:

A B
X ( z) = −
+
1 − 14 z 1
1 − 13 z −1 Choose ROC’s to
agree with z > 1/ 3
z>
1
z>
1 8
4 3
Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Inverse z-Transform – Partial Fraction Expansion

3 − 56 z −1
• Solve for coefficients A and B: X ( z) =
(1 − 14 z −1 )(1 − 13 z −1 )
3 − 56 z −1
A = (1 − 41 z −1 ) X ( z) 1 = =1
z=
4 (1 − 13 z −1 ) z=
1
4

3 − 56 z −1
B = (1 − 13 z −1 ) X ( z) 1 = =2
z=
3 (1 − 41 z −1 ) z=
1
3
1
• For the ROC z > :
3
1 2 Z
FG 1 IJ n
FG 1IJ n

X ( z) =
1 − 41 z −1
+
1 − 13 z −1
↔ x[n] =
H 4K u[n] + 2
H 3K u[n]

1 1
z> z>
4 3

1 1
• For the ROC < z < :
4 3 n n
1 2 Z ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
X ( z) = + ↔ x[n] = ⎜ ⎟ u[n] − 2 ⎜ ⎟ u[− n − 1]
1 − 14 z −1 1 − 13 z −1 ⎝4⎠ ⎝3⎠
1 1
z> z<
4 3 9

Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Inverse z-Transform – Power Series Expansion

• The z-Transform of a sequence is a power

series in positive and negative powers of z

• Reorganize the terms of X ( z ) as a power series

and identify the coefficients of z − n

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 Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Inverse z-Transform – Power Series Expansion

• O and W Example 10.12: Find the sequence with z-Transform:

X ( z ) = 4 z 2 + 2 + 3z −1 , 0 < z < ∞
• This is directly in the form of a finite power series
• By inspection from power series definition of the z-Transform:
+∞
X ( z ): = ∑ x[n]z
n =−∞
−n

• Equating terms:
x[ n] = 4δ [ n + 2] + 2δ [ n] + 3δ [ n − 1]

11

Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Inverse z-Transform – Power Series Expansion

• O and W Example 13: Find the sequence with z-Transform:
1
X ( z) = ,z > a
1 − az −1
• Using long division, this can expressed as an infinite power
series: 1 + az + a z +… −1 2 −2
−1
1 − az 1
1 − az −1
az −1
az −1 − a 2 z −2
a 2 z −2 This series
• So … converges if |z|>|a|
X ( z ) = 1 + az −1 + a 2 z −2 + ...
• By inspection from power series definition of z-Transform:
x[n] = 1δ [n] + aδ [n − 1] + a 2δ [n − 2] + … + a k δ [n − k ] + …
= a nu[n] 12
Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Inverse z-Transform – Power Series Expansion

1
• Find the sequence with z-Transform: X ( z ) = , z <a
1 − az −1

• X ( z ) = 1 + az −1 + a 2 z −2 + ... does not converge for: z < a

−1
• Expand: X ( z) = 1 −1 = a z−1
1 − az −1 + a z This series
converges if |z|<|a|
• … as a power series in −a −1 z − a −2 z 2 +…
−1 + a z a −1 z
−1
positive powers of z:
a −1 z − a −2 z 2
a −2 z 2
a −2 z 2 − a −3 z 3
a −3 z 3

• By inspection: x[n] = − a −1δ [n + 1] − a −2δ [n + 2] − … − a − k δ [n + k ] − …

= − a nu[− n − 1]
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Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

The Inverse z-Transform

• Note that a given X(z) can have different

inverse z-Transforms (left-sided, right-sided, or
two-sided) depending on the ROC associated
with the individual terms of X(z)

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 Lecture 6 – The Inverse z-Transform ECSE304 Signals and Systems II

Review: Inverse z-Transforms

• Match the impulse

responses with the
correct pole-zero
plots
• See “Lecture 7
Example Problems” a)
for Solutions

a ___ b)
b ___
c)
c ___
d ___
e ___ d)

e) 15