MODULE 4 PROJECTILE MOTION (notes) Take note!

Objectives: a. At any instance, the velocity of a projectile is 𝑣 =

2. Deduce the consequences of the independence b. At the highest point of its trajectory, only the
of vertical and horizontal components of vertical velocity is zero. The horizontal velocity
projectile motion. is still 𝑣𝑜𝑥 . Thus, velocity at the highest point is
3. Calculate the range, time of flight, and equal to 𝑣𝑜𝑥 .
maximum heights of projectiles. c. The acceleration at the highest point of its
4. Infer quantities associated with circular trajectory is g and not zero.
motion such as tangential velocity, centripetal For a projectile fired at an angle θ above the
acceleration, tangential acceleration, radius, horizontal, the projectile rises to some maximum
and curvature. height and then descends. The horizontal distance
5. Solve problems involving two-dimensional from the launching point to the landing position is
motion in contexts such as, but not limited to called the range. Range depends on the speed and
ledge jumping, movie stunts, basketball, safe angle of the projection. Maximum range is obtained
locations during firework displays, and Ferris at an angle of projection of 45°.
wheels.
Lesson 4.1 MOTION IN MORE THAN 1 DIMENSION
Motion in real life is not limited to one
dimension. It can also be described and analyzed in
two or three dimensions.

Sample Problem 1:
An object is moving at 2.6 m/s along the x-
axis when a uniform force is suddenly applied along
the y-axis. The continuous application of the force
causes the object to accelerate at 3.8 m/s2 in the y-
direction. Find the position and the velocity of the
object 5.0 s after the force was first applied.

PROJECTILE MOTION – The motion of a body Projectile motion also exhibits time and
thrown horizontally or at an angle other than 90° speed symmetries. In addition, there are always two
with the horizontal is called projectile motion. angles giving the same range for a given initial
It has two components: a horizontal velocity. Furthermore, it can be shown that these
component and a vertical component. The two angles are complementary. Thus, angles of
horizontal component of motion is uniform motion. projection of 20° and 70° for a given initial velocity
The vertical component of the motion is free fall. cover the same range.
This means that if air resistance is neglected, a
projectile moves horizontally at constant speed as it Sample Problem 2:
falls vertically with acceleration equal to g. A ball is thrown horizontally from a height of
The table below summarizes the equations 5.50m with an initial speed of 25.0m/s. (a) How long
applicable for each component of projectile motion. will it take the ball to reach the ground? (b) At what
The Horizontal and the Vertical Components of horizontal distance from the point of release will it
Projectile Motion strike the ground? (c) What will be the magnitude of
Horizontal Vertical its velocity when it strikes the ground? (d) At what
Acceleration 𝒂𝑥 = 0 𝒂𝑦 = 𝑔 direction will it strike the ground?
Velocity 𝒗𝑜𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝒗𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝒗𝑥 = 𝒗𝑜𝑥 𝒗𝑦 = 𝒗𝑜𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 CIRCULAR MOTION
Displacement 𝒅𝑥 = 𝒗𝑥 𝑡 1 Another type of two-dimensional motion
𝒅 = 𝒗 𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
𝑦 𝑜𝑦
2 worth studying about is circular motion.
𝟐𝒈𝒅𝑦 = 𝒗𝑦 2 − 𝑣𝑜𝑦 2
As shown in the figure, the velocity v of a
The path that a projectile follow is called trajectory. body moving in a circular path with radius of
The trajectory of a projectile is a parabola. curvature r at any instant is directed tangentially.

1
Hence, it is called tangential velocity. The direction passenger sitting inside the bus and (b) another
of tangential velocity is always changing but its passenger waiting for the bus at a nearby bus stop?
magnitude may or may not be constant. Circular
motion where the speed (magnitude of velocity) is EXERCISES
constant is called uniform circular motion. If the
speed varies, then it is called nonuniform circular 1. A long jumper leaves the ground with an initial
motion. velocity of 12 m/s at an angle of 28-degrees
Acceleration may be above the horizontal. Determine the time of
resolved into two flight, the horizontal distance, and the peak
components: (1) a height of the long jumper.
component tangent to the 2. A satellite is said to be in geosynchronous orbit
circular path and (2) a if it rotates around the earth once every day. For
component directed toward the earth, all satellites in geosynchronous orbit
the center of the circle. The must rotate at 4.23×107 meters from the earth's
first component is called center. What is the magnitude of the acceleration
tangential acceleration, represented by at, which felt by a geosynchronous satellite?
may be parallel or antiparallel to the tangential 3. A motorcycle traveling on the highway at a speed
velocity v. The second component is called the radial of 120 km/h passes a car traveling at a speed of
or centripetal acceleration, represented by ar, which 90 km/h. From the point of view of a passenger
is perpendicular to the circular path. Tangential on the car, what is the velocity of the motorcycle?
acceleration is responsible for the changes in the
liner speed of a given body. The centripetal
acceleration accounts for changes in the direction of
the velocity.
In uniform circular motion, there is no
tangential component of acceleration. The
𝑣2
acceleration is centripetal and is given by 𝑎𝑟 =
𝑟
where 𝑎𝑟 is radial or centripetal acceleration, v is the
velocity, and r is the radius.
In nonuniform circular motion, both the
magnitude and the direction of the velocity are
changing. Hence, the two components of
acceleration are present. If the tangential
acceleration is in the same direction as the velocity,
the body is speeding up. If it is in the opposite
direction, the body is slowing down.

Sample Problem 3:
A child sits at 3.0m from the axis of a merry-
go-round in an amusement park. If the merry-go-
round makes 2 rev in 5.0s, find the (a) tangential
speed and (b) centripetal acceleration of the child.

RELATIVE VELOCITY
Just like motion, velocity, too, is relative.
The velocity of a moving body viewed at two
different frames of reference may not be equal.

Sample Problem 4:
A peanut vendor is walking at +1.0m/s
towards the front of a bus moving at +5.0m/s.
What is the velocity of the boy as observed by (a) a