A SWEP 1 PROGRAM REPORT OF THE DELTA STATE

UNIVERSITY OF SIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OZORO.

PRESENTED BY
EMUROGHENERUE OMONEFE PRECIOUS
(FOE/22/003085)

DEPARTMENT OF MARINE ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
29th October 2024

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that, this student work experience
programme(SWEP) was carried out by EMUROGHENERUE
OMONEFE PRECIOUS, with matriculation number FOE/22/003085, of
the Department of marine Engineering, school of Delta State and
University of Science And Technology, Ozoro. Delta state, Nigeria. In
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor
Engineering (B.ENG) Degree in marine Engineering.

PREFACE

Student Work Experience Programme (SWEP) is a programme invented by

the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). This
council is a statutory organization of the Federal Government of Nigeria
established by decree No. 55 of 1970 as amended decree 27 of 1997,
which empowers it to control and regulate the practice of the engineering
profession in all aspects and ramifications in Nigeria.

The primary mission of SWEP is to seek, capture and categorize student

work experience opportunities and to monitor the work experience progress
of students. The primary goal of the programme is to ensure that the
educational experience of students will be at or above the national average
for all engineering students. The working definition of student work
experience is a structured, career-related experience in which the students
perform tasks that contribute to their knowledge and widen their knowledge
of their various fields. This programme is designed to give students the
right attitude towards work.

However, this report has come about from actual experience on various
workshops and also from the tutoring of lecturers, technologists of these
workshops, and the departments under engineering faculty. The report
intimates its reader with what SWEP was all about, the details of practical
experiences gathered during the course of the programme, and the
theoretical principles on which such practical experiences depend. It also
gives the reader the sense of being in the midst of all the absorbed and
experienced knowledge.

It is my hope that you, the reader will obtain a lot of useful knowledge from
this report and your understanding of the SWEP program will be broadened
as care was taken to ensure that the contents of this report are accurate to
the writer's best understanding.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I place on record my deep sense of gratitude to God for His love, mercy,
favour, and protection. During the Student Work Experience Programme I
(SWEP I).

I appreciate my parent, Mr. and Mrs. EMUROGHENERUE OMONEFE, and

my siblings for their financial, physical, and spiritual support. I also want to
thank them for the words of advice and encouragement given to me
towards the programme.

I also want to thank the Dean of the School of Engineering, (Prof. Adepoju
Tunde), Engineering technologist, the SEET SWEP Coordinator, for their
creditable organization of the programme.

Hearty regards to my Head of Department (H.O.D.), Engr Dr okolotu for his

support and assistance in the programme. Also, my profound appreciation
goes to my department SWEP Coordinator. Engr. IkIKIRU for his support
and guidance. His strength of personality made a difference.

I Appreciate all the technologists and technical staff in every workshop and
laboratory in the Department of Marine Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil and
Water Resources Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Petroleum and Gas Engineering,
Computer Engineering. Thank you very much for the love and the
commendable tutelage. You are the best, thank you so much.
Lastly, I thank all my group members for their cooperation during the SWEP
programme.

DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to God almighty, whose overwhelming love and

mercy gave me the grace to pass through the exercise of the SWEP
programme successfully, despite the challenges. I also dedicate this report
to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. EMUROGHENERUE OMONEFE, who
supported me before, during and after the programme. And also to my
lecturers whose teachings has brought a great impact in my life.

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 2. 1

OFFICE CHAIR

FIGURE 2. 2

CONFERENCE TABLE

13

FIGURE 2. 3

BLEACH PRODUCTION.

15
FIGURE 2. 4

PACKAGED PRODUCED BLEACH

ANTISEPTIC FINISHED PRODUCT.

15

FIGURE 2.5

18

21

FIGURE 2. 6

MIXING OF PAINT.

22

FIGURE 2.7

FINISHED PAINT PRODUCT.

25

FIGURE 2.8

PALM KERNEL OIL PRODUCTION

27

FIGURE 2.9

FINISHED AND PACKAGED BAR SOAP

29

FIGURE 2. 10

METAL SHELF PRODUCTION

35

FIGURE 2. 11

METAL DOOR PRODUCTION..

38

FIGURE 2. 12

THE EXTENSION BOX PRODUCE

FIGURE 2. 13

INTERLOCKING BRICKS CONSTRUCTION

 List of Plates

Diagram 2.1…………..

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION

PREFACE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1 INTRODUCTION

11 introduction to SWEP

1.2 Aim and Objectives of the programme

1.3 Code of Conduct While on SWEP Site

CHAPTER TWO
2 PRODUCTION OF OFFICE CHAIR (PROJECT 1)

2.1 General Overview

2.2 Apparatus and Materials Used

2.3 Procedures of Operation.

2.4 Precautions

CHAPTER THREE

3. PRODUCTION OF CONFERENCE TABLE (PROJECT 2)

3.1 General Overview

3.2 Apparatus and Materials Used

3.3 Procedure of Operation

3.4 Precaution

CHAPTER FOUR

4. BLEACH PRODUCTION (PROJECT 3)

4.1 General Overview

4.2 Apparatus and Materials Used

4.3 Procedure of Operation

Precautions

CHAPTER FIVE

5. PRODUCTION OF PAINT (PROJECT 4)

5.1 General Overview

5.2 Alms

5.4 Importance of PAINT

5.5 Apparatus and Materials Used.

56 MIXING OF PAINT

5.7 FINISHED PAINT PRODUCT

5.7 Precautions AND OBSERVATIONS

CHAPTER SIX

6. PALM KERNEL OIL PRODUCTION (PROJECT 5).

6.1 General Overview

6.2 Apparatus and Materials Used

6.3 Importance PALM KERNEL OIL

6.4 Procedures of Operation,

6.5 Precautions AND OBSERVATIONS

CHAPTER SEVEN

7. PRODUCTION OF BAR SOAP (PROJECT 6).

7.1 General Overview

7.2 Importance of Bar Soap

7.4 Apparatus and Materials Used

7.5 Procedures of Operation

7.6 Precautions And Observations

CHAPTER EIGHT
8. Production of metal shelf.
8.1 General overview
8.2 procedures of operations
8.3 Apparatus and Materials Used
8.4 measurement of metals
8.5 precautions and observations

CHAPTER NINE
9. PRODUCTION OF METAL DOOR
9.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
9.2 procedures of operations
9.3 Apparatus and Materials Used
9.4 measurement of metals
9.5 precautions and observations

CHAPTER TEN
10. PRODUCTION OF EXTENSION BOX
10.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW
10.2 procedures of operations
10.3 Apparatus and Materials Used
10.4 precautions and observations

CHAPTER ELEVEN
11. INTERLOCKING BRICKS CONSTRUCTION.

11.1 General Overview

11.2 Procedures of Operation

11.3 Measurement in Concrete and interlocks

11.4 Apparatus and Materials Used

11.5 Advantage of interlocks

11.6 precautions and observations

CHAPTER TWELVE
12. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

12.1 Conclusion

12.2. Recommendation

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to SWEP

The need for university engineering graduates who are well equipped with
the requisite expertise and knowledge to put to use the skills of the
engineering profession and proficient in the use of tools (both hand and
machine) of trade cannot be overemphasized. There must be engineering
graduates who have gone through engineering training right from the
lecture rooms, workshops, laboratories, and industry itself. An engineer
who has imbibed the necessary quest and prowess for entrepreneurship in
the setting up of small-scale industrial and engineering enterprises will
accelerate the pace of industrial development.

Student Work Experience Programme (SWEP) is an intensive engineering

training programme designed to equip engineering students with the basic
practical knowledge and orientation needed to produce self-dependent and
skillful engineers. This programme will equip student engineers with the
necessary skills in general engineering practice through instructions on the
use of hand and power tools for material cutting and fabrication.

Student Work Experience Programme (SWEP) is designed to expose

students to fundamental engineering skills in the use of simple hand tools,
equipment, and operation of common machines. The programme is
designed to be hands-on intensive and therefore serves as a channel to
integrate in-house entrepreneurship development skills.

Although, Student Work Experience Programme (SWEP) was designed not

only to expose the students to skills acquisition but also to inculcate in them
the development of the right team spirit as well as expose them to
rudimentary expectations for the world of work. It is carried out within The
school. The SWEP covers all the areas/departments in engineering; each
engineering student is to carry out activities covering all engineering fields
other than their major.

1.2 Aim and Objectives of the Programme

Exposing the student to all aspects of engineering practice;

Developing the students' innovative and creative abilities and skills relevant
to their programme;

Engaging the students in manual labour so that they can appreciate the
dignity of labour and also make them engineers and professionals of
excellence in the future,

Developing in the student a logical mode of thinking and reasoning that

promotes a practical application of acquired theoretical, knowledge in
overcoming technical and professional challenges; and

. Training the students on how to acknowledge and appreciate the

numerous professional challenges of their immediate environment and the
society at large and offer solutions, which their knowledge empowerment
avails them.

1.3 Code of Conduct While on the SWEP Site

Promptly report on the expected starting date for the program.

Report for duty daily and punctuality must be observed.

Full observance of the rules and regulations of the department to which
attended.

Precaution

1. proper ventilation have good ventilation

2. eye and skin protection

CHAPTER TWO

2. PRODUCTION OF OFFICE CHAIR (PROJECT 1)

2.1 OFFICE CHAIR

office chairs offer a timeless appeal and are often sought after for their
natural, warm aesthetic. With a growing demand for eco-friendly and
sustainable office furniture, designed to fit well in modern and traditional
office environments. This report evaluates the chair’s features,
performance, and areas for potential improvement.
At first, the lecturer talked about how he started doing office chair and other
things he had created, then he brought out tools and materials so that I
could carry out the experiments of creating an office chair.

2.2 Apparatus and Materials Used

Wood

Template

Table saw
dril,

sander,

clamps,

measuring tape,

screwdriver,

wood glue,

sprayer.

upholstery materials,

foam padding,

finishing products varnish or stain

Fabrics

2.3 Procedures of operation

Cutting the Components

1. Prepare the Wooden Planks: Cut wooden planks according to

the required measurements for the legs, seat, backrest, and armrests
(if applicable).
2. Cut Seat Base and Backrest:
Use a table saw or jigsaw to cut the seat and backrest shapes based
on the design.
Ensure the edges are smooth, as these areas will be upholstered.
3. Cut Legs and Armrests:
Cut four legs of equal length for stability and uniformity.
If the chair has armrests, cut two identical pieces, shaping them as
per the design.

3. Shaping and Sanding

1. Shape the Backrest: If the backrest requires curvature, use a

sander or router to create a comfortable curve that supports the
spine.
2. Smooth All Surfaces: Sand the seat base, backrest, legs, and
armrests with coarse sandpaper, progressing to finer sandpaper for a
polished finish.
3. Check Alignment: Ensure each component aligns properly with
the others before assembly. Test fit all parts.

4. Assembly

4.1 Assemble the Seat and Backrest

1. Attach the Backrest to the Seat Base:

Use wood glue to fix the backrest to the seat base at the desired
angle.
Reinforce with screws for added stability, ensuring they are flush with
the wood surface.
2. Attach Legs to the Seat Base:
• Secure each leg to the underside of the seat using screws and
wood glue.
Use a carpenter’s square to check the angles, ensuring the legs are
perpendicular to the seat.

4.2
4.3 Reinforce Joints

• Apply Additional Support: Use brackets or wooden dowels

to add strength to load-bearing joints (e.g., between the legs and
seat).

5. Upholstery and Cushioning

5.1 Prepare Foam Padding

1. Cut Foam Padding: Cut foam padding to the size of the seat and
backrest, ensuring it aligns with the wooden frame.
2. Attach Padding to the Seat and Backrest: Secure the foam to the
wooden base using an adhesive spray.

5.2 Attach Upholstery

1. Cut Upholstery Fabric: Cut fabric or leather slightly larger than

the seat and backrest dimensions to allow for stretching and stapling.
2. Stretch and Staple Fabric:
• Stretch the fabric over the padding, ensuring a smooth,
wrinkle-free surface.
• Staple the fabric securely to the underside of the seat and the
back of the backrest.
6. Finishing

6.1 Apply Stain or Varnish

1. Apply the First Coat: Use a brush or sprayer to apply the finish
evenly, allowing time to dry before applying additional coats.
2. Sand Between Coats: Lightly sand the wood with fine-grit
sandpaper between coats for a smooth, polished finish.
4. Apply Final Coat: Apply the final coat and let the chair cure for
24 hours for durability

Precautions

Use Quality Wood: Choose hardwoods (e.g., oak, walnut, beech) for
strength and durability. Avoid softwoods, as they may not provide the
necessary support for prolonged use.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear safety glasses, ear

protection, and dust masks while operating saws, sanders, and other
power tools to protect against wood dust and debris.
• Tool Maintenance: Ensure all tools are in good working
condition. Dull blades or malfunctioning equipment can result in
inaccurate cuts and potential injury.
• Ventilation: Work in a well-ventilated area, especially when
applying finishes or adhesives, to prevent inhalation of fumes and
dust

Cut with Precision: Measure twice and cut once to prevent material
wastage and ensure proper alignment of parts.
 • Prevent Splintering: Use appropriate blades and support
the wood properly when cutting to prevent splintering, especially on
visible edges.
• Control Sanding Pressure: Avoid excessive pressure
during sanding, which may cause uneven surfaces or damage wood
fibers, affecting the chair’s finish and comfort.

Diagrams.

Conclusion.
Constructing a wooden office chair involves precision, attention to
detail, and quality materials to ensure durability and comfort.
Following this procedure yields a high-quality, aesthetically pleasing
chair suitable for both office and home environments

Chapter three
Construction of conference table

Introduction
Conference Table is a premium table designed for professional
environments where aesthetics, durability, and functionality are
prioritized. This table is intended for medium to large conference
rooms and aims to offer ample seating and a natural look that
complements both modern and traditional office decoration.

Apparatus
Tool and Material Preparation

Tools Needed: Table saw, power drill, orbital sander, clamps, tape measure,
screwdriver, wood glue, and paintbrush or sprayer.
Materials Needed: Wooden planks (solid wood or plywood for tabletop),
wood for the frame and legs, screws, glue, cable management channels,
and finishing materials

Diagram:
Procedures:

Prepare the Wooden Planks: Cut large wooden planks for the tabletop
according to the length and width specifications.
• If using multiple boards for the tabletop, join them with dowels or
biscuits for a seamless surface.
2. Cut Frame and Leg Components:
• Cut pieces for the support frame and legs. Use thick planks to
ensure stability and durability, cutting each leg to 30 inches for standard
table height.

3. Joining and Assembling the Tabletop

1. Join Tabletop Boards:

 • If the tabletop consists of multiple boards, apply wood glue
along the edges and clamp them together.
• Reinforce with dowels or biscuits for strength. Let the glue cure
for 24 hours to ensure a strong bond.
2. Sand the Tabletop:
• After the glue has set, sand the entire tabletop with
progressively finer grit sandpaper, finishing with a smooth, polished
surface.

4. Building the Frame and Legs

4.1 Assemble the Frame

1. Measure and Cut the Frame:

• Cut frame pieces to fit just inside the perimeter of the tabletop.
• The frame provides structural support and helps distribute
weight evenly.
2. Attach Frame to Tabletop:
• Secure the frame to the underside of the tabletop using wood
glue and screws, ensuring a snug fit.

4.2 Attach Legs

1. Position Legs:
• Place each leg at the corners of the frame, or slightly inset if
design specifications require.
2. Secure with Brackets:
• Use metal brackets and wood screws to attach each leg to the
frame and tabletop.
 • Ensure legs are aligned and use a carpenter’s square to
confirm that they are perpendicular to the tabletop for stability.

6. Finishing

6.1 Sanding and Prepping for Finish

1. Final Sanding: Sand all surfaces with fine-grit sandpaper to remove

any marks from assembly.
2. Clean Dust: Wipe down the table with a tack cloth to remove all
dust before applying any finish.

6.2 Staining and Varnishing

1. Apply Stain (Optional): If desired, apply a wood stain to enhance the

grain and color of the wood. Allow the stain to dry thoroughly.
2. Apply Varnish:
• Use a brush or sprayer to apply a water-resistant, matte
varnish for protection.
• Let the first coat dry, sand lightly with fine-grit sandpaper, and
apply additional coats as needed.

Precautions.
1.1 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

• Wear Safety Gear: Always wear safety goggles, gloves, and

ear protection when using power tools like saws and drills. This protects
against wood dust, sharp fragments, and loud noises.
• Dust Mask: Wood dust can be harmful if inhaled, especially
during sanding. Use a dust mask or respirator to prevent respiratory issues.
1.2 Tool Safety

• Inspect Tools: Check all tools for damage or wear before use. A
malfunctioning tool can cause inaccurate cuts or injuries.
• Sharp Blades: Ensure all saw blades and cutting tools are
sharp. Dull blades can create rough cuts and increase the chance of
kickbacks, leading to potential accidents.

1.3 Ventilation

• Good Airflow: Ensure the workspace is well-ventilated,

especially when using adhesives, varnishes, or stains. Proper ventilation
prevents the buildup of fumes, reducing the risk of inhaling harmful
chemicals.
• Avoid Heat Sources: When applying finishes or adhesives,
keep the area free from open flames or high-heat sources, as some
substances are flammable.

Conclusion

Constructing a wooden conference table involves precision, quality

materials, and attention to detail to ensure functionality, durability, and an
appealing appearance. By following these procedures, the resulting table
will be of high quality, ready for use in professional office environments.

Chapter four
Bleach production
1. Introduction

Bleach production typically involves the synthesis of sodium hypochlorite

(NaOCl) by reacting chlorine gas (Cl₂) with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution. The process must be carefully controlled to produce a stable,
effective product suitable for disinfection and cleaning. This report provides
an overview of the production process, equipment used, quality control
protocols, and safety practices essential for large-scale bleach
manufacturing

2. Product Specifications

2.1 Chemical Composition

• Primary Active Ingredient: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

• Concentration: Generally between 5-6% for household bleach,
though higher concentrations (up to 12%) are used for industrial purposes.
• pH Range: 11-13, ensuring stability and minimizing
decomposition of NaOCl.

2.2 Physical Properties

• Appearance: Clear, pale yellow liquid.

• Odor: Characteristic chlorine smell.
• Stability: Decomposes in the presence of heat, sunlight, or
acidic conditions, releasing chlorine gas.

3. Raw Materials
 1. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH): A strong alkali solution used as the
base in the production process.
2. Chlorine Gas (Cl₂): Used as the primary reactant to produce
sodium hypochlorite.
3. Water: Acts as a solvent and diluent, necessary for achieving
the desired concentration and stability.
4. Sodium Carbonate (optional): Sometimes added to improve
shelf stability by controlling pH.

4. Production Process

4.1 Process Overview

The production of sodium hypochlorite bleach involves a controlled reaction

between chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide in water. This process is
typically conducted at low temperatures and requires careful monitoring to
prevent unwanted side reactions and to ensure safe handling of chlorine
gas.

4.2 Step-by-Step Production Procedure

Step 1: Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide Solution

• Dilute a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to the desired

strength, typically around 20% concentration by weight.
• Ensure the solution is cooled to below 25°C to control the
reaction temperature when chlorine is introduced.

Step 2: Chlorine Gas Introduction

 • Controlled Addition: Introduce chlorine gas into the sodium
hydroxide solution slowly while maintaining low temperatures (10-25°C).
• Reaction: 2NaOH + Cl₂ → NaOCl + NaCl + H₂O
• Chlorine gas should be bubbled through a mixing tank
equipped with an agitator to ensure even distribution and efficient reaction.

Step 3: Monitoring and Control

• Continuously monitor pH, temperature, and chlorine levels to

avoid excess chlorine that could lead to hazardous conditions.
• Maintain a slightly alkaline pH (11-13) to stabilize the sodium
hypochlorite solution and prevent decomposition.

Step 4: Dilution and Final Adjustment

• Once the reaction is complete, dilute the mixture with water to

reach the desired NaOCl concentration, typically 5-6% for household use or
up to 12% for industrial applications.
• Adjust pH as necessary by adding sodium carbonate to
stabilize the solution.

Step 5: Filtration and Storage

• Filtration: Filter the solution to remove impurities or unreacted

particles.
• Storage: Transfer the finished bleach solution to storage tanks
or containers designed to protect it from light, heat, and air, all of which can
accelerate decomposition.

5. Equipment Used
 1. Reactor Tank: Used for mixing chlorine gas and sodium
hydroxide solution. Must be resistant to corrosion and equipped with
cooling systems to maintain low temperatures.
2. Gas Injection System: Allows controlled and safe introduction
of chlorine gas into the reactor.
3. Agitator: Ensures thorough mixing and even distribution of
chlorine in the sodium hydroxide solution.
4. pH and Temperature Sensors: Critical for maintaining process
control.
5. Filtration System: Removes impurities from the final solution.
6. Storage Tanks: Typically made of opaque, UV-resistant
material to prevent degradation of the sodium hypochlorite solution.

Safety Precautions

7.1 Handling Chlorine Gas

• Ventilation: The production area must be well-ventilated to

prevent chlorine gas buildup, which can be toxic and corrosive.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Workers should wear
respirators, gloves, goggles, and protective clothing when handling chlorine
gas.
• Emergency Protocols: Have safety showers, eyewash stations,
and emergency ventilation systems in place in case of chlorine gas leaks.

7.2 Temperature and pH Control

• Maintain temperatures below 25°C during production to avoid

rapid decomposition and dangerous exothermic reactions.
 • Carefully monitor pH levels to ensure the solution remains
alkaline, as acidic conditions can lead to chlorine gas release.

9. Conclusion

The production of sodium hypochlorite bleach requires stringent process

controls, quality assurance, and safety measures to produce a stable and
effective product. By following best practices in raw material handling,
reaction monitoring, and quality testing, manufacturers can produce
high-quality bleach that meets industry standards for safety and
effectiveness. Proper storage, environmental precautions, and regular
equipment maintenance further ensure the safe and sustainable production
of bleach.

Chapter five
• PAINT MAKING (EMULSION PAINT)
Paint production refers to the process of manufacturing paint. It
involves the creation of paint formulations by mixing various
ingredients such as pigments, binders, solvents, and additives.
These components are carefully combined to achieve desired
colors, textures, and properties. Paint production typically
involves steps like grinding pigments, dispersing them in a
binder, adding solvents, and mixing thoroughly. The final
product is then packaged and made available for use in various
applications such as home decor, automotive coatings, or
artistic purposes.
EMULSION PAINT
Emulsion paint, also known as latex paint, is a type of
water-based paint that consists of pigment particles suspended
in an emulsion or mixture of water and a binder. The binder in
emulsion paint is typically a synthetic polymer, such as acrylic
or vinyl, which helps the paint adhere to surfaces and provides
durability. Emulsion paint is popular for its ease of use, quick
drying time, and low odor. It is commonly used for interior walls
and ceilings, providing a smooth and even finish. Emulsion
paint is available in various finishes, such as matte, eggshell,
satin, or gloss, allowing for different aesthetic preferences.
MATERIALS
• Mixer (dispenser)
• Calcium carbonate
• Titanium
• Acrylic
• Ammonia
• Water
• Polyvinyl acetate
• Geniple
• Preservatives (nitrosol)
• Colourite
• Formalin
• Measuring scale

PROCEDURES FOR EMULSION PAINT

PRODUCTION
• pour 40 liters of water into The reactor (Mixer)
• Add 0.25kg cargun and Mix
• Add 50kg of Calcium Carbonate bit by bit while mixing.
• Add 10kg of Kaolin while still mixing
• Add, 1.5kg of titanium oxide while mixing
• Add genopore of 2kg
• Add 1kg of deformer while the mixer keeps mixing
 • Add 1kg of acrylic Continue mixing
• Add 1kg of formalin
• Add 5liters of water and The remain 5ky of water to
dissolve the nitrosol.
• Pour The dissolved nitrosol into The reactor
• mix evenly or Thoroughly
• Pour paint into 5 plastic Container after mixing for some
few minutes.
OBSERVATION​
• I Observed that The calcium chloride dissolved in water in
the process of producing the emulsion paint
• I Observed that all the solutes (materials) were being add
at different time in to the mixer not at the same time
• I observed that the mixer was operated nonstop till the
ending of the paint production.
• I observed that all the materials were measured before
being added into the mixer.
• I observed that at the end of everything the Emulsion paint
was made.

PRECAUTION
• I ensured that the mixer continued mixing nonstop till the
ends of the paint production were the paint was finally
produced.
• I ensured that I measure all materials before adding
• I ensure that materials were not added at the wrong time.
• I ensured that water was The first thing to be add in to the
mixer before any other Chemical or material
CONCLUSION
In conclusion paint production is a complex Process that
involves the careful blending of different ingredients to create a
desired paint Formulation.

Chapter six.
Production of palm kernel oil.

1. Introduction

Palm kernel oil is extracted from the kernels of the oil palm fruit
(Elaeis guineensis). It is distinct from palm oil, which is
extracted from the fruit’s pulp. PKO has high levels of saturated
fats, making it suitable for applications requiring stable solid
fats. The production of PKO involves several stages, including
kernel collection, cracking, separation, and oil extraction. This
report outlines each stage in detail to provide an in-depth
understanding of the process.

2. Product Specifications

2.1 Chemical Composition

• Saturated Fatty Acids: Approximately 80% (mainly

lauric acid).
• Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Approximately 20%.
• Moisture Content: Should be less than 0.1% for
storage stability.
2.2 Physical Properties

• Appearance: Light yellow or white, solid at room

temperature.
• Melting Point: Around 24-30°C.
• Odor: Characteristic odor, sometimes removed
through refining.

3. Raw Materials

1. Palm Kernels: The primary raw material, obtained

from the oil palm fruit after the removal of the outer flesh.
2. Water: Used in certain stages to assist in cleaning
and oil extraction.
3. Chemicals (Optional): Sodium hydroxide or other
substances may be used during the refining process.

4. Production Process

4.1 Process Overview

The production of palm kernel oil typically involves mechanical

or solvent extraction methods. The most common method is
mechanical extraction, where oil is physically pressed from the
kernel, which is particularly suitable for small to medium-scale
production. Large-scale production facilities may use solvent
extraction for higher yield efficiency.

4.2 Step-by-Step Production Procedure

Step 1: Kernel Collection and Cleaning

• Collection: Harvest and collect oil palm fruits, and

separate the kernels after processing for palm oil extraction.
• Cleaning: Remove any dirt, stones, or other
impurities from the kernels to prevent contamination during oil
extraction.

Step 2: Kernel Drying

• Purpose: Dry the kernels to reduce moisture content,

which improves oil yield and quality.
• Method: Use air dryers or sun drying to lower the
moisture content to below 10%. This also reduces the risk of
mold growth.

Step 3: Kernel Cracking and Shell Separation

• Cracking: Crush the kernels to remove the hard outer

shell and expose the inner seed.
• Separation: Use mechanical separators or air
blowers to separate shells from kernels, ensuring clean kernels
are ready for oil extraction.

Step 4: Oil Extraction

• Mechanical Pressing: Place cleaned kernels in a

screw press or hydraulic press to extract oil.
• In mechanical pressing, kernels are continuously
pressed to release oil.
 • The resulting product is known as “crude palm kernel
oil,” and the residual cake, called “palm kernel cake,” can be
used as animal feed.
• Solvent Extraction (optional for large-scale facilities):
After mechanical extraction, the residual cake may be treated
with a solvent, such as hexane, to extract additional oil.

Step 5: Oil Filtration

• Filtration: Filter the crude oil to remove impurities or

solids, ensuring a cleaner product for further processing.
• Clarification: Allow the oil to settle or use centrifuges
to further separate fine particles from the oil.

SStep 7: Cooling and Packaging

• Cooling: Cool the oil to solidify if desired, particularly

for applications requiring a semi-solid fat.
• Packaging: Package the oil in airtight containers to
prevent oxidation and prolong shelf life.

5. Equipment Used

1. Kernel Crusher and Shell Separator: Cracks the

kernel and separates the shell for oil extraction.
2. Dryer: Reduces moisture content, improving oil yield
and quality.
3. Oil Expeller or Press: Extracts oil through mechanical
pressing.
4. Filtration System: Removes solids and impurities
from the crude oil.
 5. Refining Equipment (optional): Neutralization tanks,
bleaching tanks, and deodorization chambers are used to refine
the oil.
6. Storage Tanks: Used to store finished oil in a
controlled environment, reducing exposure to air and light.

Safety Precautions

7.1 Handling and Storage of Solvents (if using solvent

extraction)

• Ventilation: Use proper ventilation when handling

solvents to prevent buildup of fumes.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Workers
should wear gloves, masks, and protective clothing when
handling solvents.
• Emergency Protocols: Install emergency showers
and eyewash stations, and have fire control measures in place.

7.2 Mechanical Safety

• Equipment Checks: Regularly inspect and maintain

machinery to prevent malfunctions that could lead to accidents.
• PPE: Operators should wear gloves, safety glasses,
and ear protection when working with kernel crushers and oil
presses.

7.3 Fire and Explosion Hazards

 • Temperature Control: Avoid excessive heating of
kernels and oil, as high temperatures can lead to spontaneous
combustion.
• Static Electricity Precautions: Ground all equipment
to avoid sparks, which could ignite flammable solvents in
large-scale facilities.

Conclusion

The production of palm kernel oil requires precision in

processing, equipment maintenance, and quality control to
achieve a high-quality, stable product suitable for multiple
applications. Following industry best practices in kernel
handling, oil extraction, and refining ensures that the oil meets
commercial and health standards. Efficient waste management
and environmental precautions also contribute to sustainable
palm kernel oil production.

Chapter seven

Production of BAR SOAP.

1. Introduction

Bar soap is a staple personal care product used for hygiene,

skin care, and household cleaning. The production of bar soap
generally involves saponification, where fats or oils react with
an alkali such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to create soap.
This report provides a comprehensive overview of the technical
requirements, equipment, quality control, and safety practices
essential for bar soap production.
2. Product Specifications

2.1 Chemical Composition

• Active Ingredient: Sodium salts of fatty acids (the

soap).
• Free Glycerin: Serves as a moisturizing agent.
• Additional Ingredients: May include fragrances,
colorants, stabilizers, and antibacterial agents.

2.2 Physical Properties

• Appearance: Solid bar, typically white or colored, and

may have various shapes and sizes.
• Texture: Smooth and firm.
• pH: Usually around 9-10, which is mildly alkaline.

3. Raw Materials

1. Fats or Oils: Key ingredients, typically derived from

plant oils (e.g., coconut, olive, or palm oil) or animal fats (e.g.,
tallow). The type of fat influences the hardness, lather, and
moisturizing properties of the soap.
2. Alkali: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for bar soap;
potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used for liquid soap.
3. Water: Acts as a solvent and facilitates the
saponification reaction.
4. Fragrances: Essential oils or synthetic scents to give
the soap its aroma.
 5. Colorants: Dyes or natural colorants to give the soap
a visually appealing look.
6. Additives (optional): Such as exfoliants, stabilizers,
antibacterial agents, and moisturizers for enhanced
functionality.

4. Production Process

4.1 Process Overview

Bar soap production can be carried out through the hot-process

method or the cold-process method. This report focuses on the
hot-process method, which is common in industrial settings due
to its speed and consistency.

4.2 Step-by-Step Production Procedure

Step 1: Preparation of Fats and Oils

• Selection: Choose the desired combination of oils or

fats, based on the soap’s intended characteristics (e.g.,
moisturizing, hardness, or lather).
• Melting and Mixing: Melt solid fats (if any) and blend
them with liquid oils in a large mixing tank to achieve a uniform
blend. Heat the mixture to around 60-80°C.

Step 2: Saponification

• Alkali Solution Preparation: Dissolve sodium

hydroxide (NaOH) in water to create a lye solution. Cooling
may be required to prevent overheating.
 • Adding Lye to Oil Mixture: Slowly add the alkali
solution to the melted fats/oils, allowing saponification to occur.
• Reaction: Fats (triglycerides) and NaOH react to form
soap and glycerin.

• Stirring: Continuous mixing is essential to ensure

complete saponification and an even reaction.

Step 3: Cooking the Soap (Hot Process)

• Heating and Agitation: Continue heating the mixture

to around 80-100°C, with consistent agitation to allow the soap
to fully cook and complete the saponification process.
• Gel Phase: The mixture undergoes a gel-like phase,
indicating that saponification is nearly complete. Maintain
temperature until the reaction is complete, usually 1-2 hours.
• Testing pH: Check the soap mixture to ensure it has
the correct pH (9-10), indicating complete saponification.

Step 4: Addition of Fragrances, Colorants, and Additives

• Fragrances and Colorants: Add once the soap has

cooled slightly, as high temperatures can degrade fragrances
and certain additives.
• Additives: Mix in any exfoliants, moisturizers, or other
ingredients desired for product enhancement.

Step 5: Molding and Cutting

 • Pouring into Molds: Pour the soap mixture into molds
and allow it to cool and solidify. Large-scale facilities use
continuous soap molders.
• Cooling: Allow the soap to cool for several hours or
overnight, depending on the formulation and size.
• Cutting: Once solidified, cut the soap into bars of
desired size and shape.

Step 6: Curing (Optional for Hot Process)

• Curing Time: Although hot-process soap can be used

immediately, a curing period of 1-2 weeks can improve
hardness and quality.

Step 7: Packaging

• Wrapping: Package each bar in airtight material to

protect it from moisture and oxidation.

5. Equipment Used

1. Mixing Tank: Large stainless-steel tanks for melting

and blending oils and fats.
2. Lye Tank: Used to prepare and cool the sodium
hydroxide solution.
3. Heating System: Boilers or heaters to maintain high
temperatures during saponification.
4. Agitator: Provides continuous mixing to ensure even
saponification.
5. Soap Molds: Shape the soap into uniform bars; can
be individual molds or large slab molds.
 6. Cutting Machine: For slicing soap slabs into bars.
7. Packaging Machine: For wrapping and sealing the
soap bars.

7. Safety Precautions

7.1 Handling of Sodium Hydroxide

• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear gloves,

goggles, and protective clothing when handling NaOH, as it is
highly caustic.
• Ventilation: Ensure good ventilation in the production
area to disperse any fumes from the alkali.

7.2 Temperature Control

• Maintain safe temperatures when heating oils and

during saponification to avoid excessive heat, which can cause
burns or overheating

Conclusion

The production of bar soap involves precise control over raw

materials, equipment, and processing conditions to ensure a
high-quality product that is safe, effective, and appealing to
consumers. The core process relies on saponification, where
fats and oils react with an alkali to form soap. Modern
production methods, especially the hot-process technique,
enable efficient and consistent manufacturing at scale, meeting
both consumer demand and industry standards.
In summary, bar soap production is a blend of chemistry,
engineering, and quality assurance that requires precise
execution and continuous improvement. Following established
best practices ensures a safe, high-quality product with
consistent performance and customer satisfaction

Chapter Eight
Construction of metal shelf.

1. Introduction

Metal shelves are essential in storage solutions for various sectors, offering
durability and load-bearing capacity that can withstand heavy items and
frequent use. Constructing a metal shelf involves multiple stages, from
designing and material selection to fabrication, assembly, and finishing.
This report provides a detailed overview of the construction process for a
metal shelf, addressing technical requirements, equipment, and quality
control.

2. Product Specifications

2.1 Material Specifications

• Frame and Shelf Material: Steel or stainless steel for strength,

with optional aluminum for lightweight designs.
• Finish: Powder-coated or galvanized to prevent rust and
corrosion.
• Hardware: Screws, bolts, and brackets, typically made of
stainless steel for durability.

2.2 Structural Specifications

 • Load Capacity: Typically ranges from 100 kg to 500 kg per
shelf, depending on thickness and construction.
• Dimensions: Customizable, with standard sizes often around
36 inches in width, 18 inches in depth, and 72 inches in height.
• Shelf Thickness: Varies based on load requirements, generally
between 1.5mm and 3mm.

3. Materials

1. Metal Sheets: Cold-rolled steel or stainless steel for frames and

shelves.
2. Fasteners: Bolts, screws, and nuts made of rust-resistant
materials.
3. Protective Coatings: Powder coating, paint, or galvanization to
enhance corrosion resistance and aesthetic appeal.
4. Rubber or Plastic Caps: Optional for feet, to protect floors and
enhance stability.

4. Design and Planning

4.1 Load Calculation

• Structural Analysis: Determine the load each shelf will support.

Heavy-duty shelves require thicker materials and additional reinforcement.

5. Production Process

5.1 Process Overview

Constructing a metal shelf typically involves cutting metal sheets to size,
shaping components, welding or bolting parts together, and finishing with a
protective coating. These steps are described in detail below.

5.2 Step-by-Step Production Procedure

Step 1: Material Cutting

• Metal Sheets: Use laser cutting or shear cutting to cut metal

sheets into desired shapes and dimensions for the shelf and frame.
• Accuracy: Ensure cuts are precise and follow the design
specifications to facilitate seamless assembly.

Step 2: Drilling and Punching

• Holes for Fasteners: Drill holes in the shelf supports and frame
for screws, bolts, or rivets, ensuring alignment for assembly.
• Precision: Accurate drilling is essential for stability and ease of
assembly.

Step 3: Bending and Shaping

• Frame Construction: Use a metal brake press to bend metal

sheets into L-shaped or U-shaped brackets to form the frame and supports.
• Shelf Edges: Bend shelf edges for reinforcement to prevent
bending under load.

Step 4: Welding or Assembly of the Frame

 • Welding (if applicable): Weld the frame components to secure
the structure. Spot welding is common for increased durability.
• Bolting: In cases where welding is not used, assemble the
frame using bolts and nuts for a modular design.

Step 5: Surface Finishing

• Cleaning: Clean metal surfaces to remove oil, dirt, and debris

that can interfere with coatings.
• Protective Coating: Apply a powder coating or galvanization to
the metal for corrosion resistance. Powder coating is typically baked to
create a durable, scratch-resistant finish.

Step 6: Assembly of Shelves and Supports

• Shelf Placement: Secure shelves to the frame, using bolts,

screws, or clips. Ensure that shelves are level and firmly attached.
• Adjustable Shelves (if applicable): Install brackets that allow for
adjustable shelf heights, based on user preference.

Step 7: Final Inspection and Quality Check

• Alignment and Stability: Verify that all components are properly

aligned and that the shelf is stable.
• Load Testing: Conduct a load test to confirm that shelves can
hold the intended weight without deformation.

6. Equipment Used
 1. Metal Cutting Tools: Laser cutter or shearing machine for
precise sheet cutting.
2. Drill Press: For creating accurate holes for fasteners.
3. Metal Brake Press: Used to bend metal sheets into the
required shapes.
4. Welding Equipment: For joining components if welding is used.
5. Powder Coating Machine: For applying a durable,
corrosion-resistant finish.
6. Assembly Tools: Wrenches, screwdrivers, and level tools for
assembly and alignment.

8. Safety Precautions

8.1 Equipment Handling

• Protective Equipment: Operators should wear safety glasses,

gloves, and steel-toed boots when handling metal sheets and using heavy
equipment.
• Machine Safety: Ensure guards and emergency stop buttons
are in place on all cutting, bending, and welding equipment.

8.2 Welding Safety

• Ventilation: Work in a well-ventilated area when welding, and

use fume extractors to minimize exposure to fumes.
• Eye Protection: Use welding helmets with appropriate filters to
protect against UV and IR radiation.

8.3 Chemical Handling for Coating

 • Protective Gear: Wear gloves, masks, and protective clothing
when working with powder coating materials or chemicals for galvanization.
• Spill Control: Ensure spill containment measures are in place
for chemicals used in coating processes.

10. Conclusion

The construction of a metal shelf requires careful material selection,

precise cutting and shaping, and rigorous quality control to ensure strength,
durability, and longevity. Adherence to industry standards and safety
practices during fabrication and assembly contributes to a high-quality
product that meets consumer demands. With proper handling and
environmental considerations, manufacturers can efficiently produce metal
shelves suitable for a wide range of storage needs, from industrial
warehousing to household organization.

Chapter Nine.
Construction of a metal Door.
1. Introduction

Metal doors provide excellent security, resistance to wear, and durability,

making them a popular choice for buildings with high-security requirements
or those exposed to heavy use and environmental elements. Constructing
a metal door involves several steps, from selecting suitable materials to
shaping, assembling, and finishing the door. This report provides a
comprehensive overview of the technical process and best practices for
constructing a high-quality, durable metal door.

2. Product Specifications
2.1 Material Specifications

• Door Panel Material: Typically made from galvanized steel,

stainless steel, or aluminum, depending on required strength and
environmental resistance.
• Frame Material: Steel or aluminum, designed to fit the door
panel securely.
• Insulation Material (optional): Polyurethane foam or polystyrene
for thermal insulation and soundproofing.
• Hardware: Hinges, handles, locks, and other fittings, usually
made from corrosion-resistant materials.

2.2 Structural Specifications

• Thickness: Usually between 1.5 mm to 3 mm for door panels,

depending on security requirements.
• Dimensions: Customizable, with standard dimensions often
around 36 inches wide by 80 inches tall for residential doors.
• Finish: Powder-coated, painted, or stainless steel finish for
corrosion resistance.

3. Materials Required

1. Metal Sheets: Cold-rolled steel, stainless steel, or aluminum

sheets.
2. Insulation: Polyurethane or polystyrene foam for thermal and
acoustic insulation.
3. Protective Coatings: Powder coating or paint for weather and
corrosion resistance.
 4. Fasteners: Screws, bolts, and rivets for assembling the frame
and panel.
5. Hardware: Hinges, locks, handles, and mounting hardware.

4. Design and Planning

4.1 Structural and Load Considerations

• Load Analysis: Account for the door’s weight to ensure the

frame, hinges, and mounting points can support it.
• Weather Resistance: For exterior doors, ensure the door has
adequate insulation and weather stripping for energy efficiency and
protection against the elements.

5. Production Process

5.1 Process Overview

The construction process typically involves cutting and shaping metal

sheets, assembling the door panel and frame, adding insulation if
necessary, attaching hardware, and applying a protective coating.

5.2 Step-by-Step Production Procedure

Step 1: Material Cutting

• Metal Sheets: Cut metal sheets to the specified door

dimensions using a laser cutter or shearing machine.
• Precision: Ensure cuts are precise, as they affect the door’s fit
and finish.
Step 2: Drilling and Punching

• Holes for Hardware: Drill holes in the metal for locks, hinges,
and handles. Precision in positioning is critical for alignment and stability.

Step 3: Frame Construction

• Bending: Use a metal brake to bend metal sheets into a

U-shaped or L-shaped profile for the door frame.
• Welding: Weld frame components at the corners to ensure
rigidity and strength.

Step 4: Insulation (Optional)

• Adding Insulation: Insert foam insulation between two metal

sheets if the door requires thermal or acoustic insulation.
• Sealing the Insulation: Use adhesives or rivets to secure the
inner and outer sheets with the insulation layer in between.

Step 5: Panel Assembly

• Welding or Riveting: Weld or rivet the outer and inner door

panels together if an insulation layer is used. Ensure a tight fit to prevent
any gaps.
• Reinforcement: Add internal reinforcements if needed for
security, especially near the lock and hinge areas.

Step 6: Surface Finishing

 • Cleaning: Remove any oils, dirt, or debris from the door surface
to prepare for coating.
• Coating: Apply a powder coating or paint finish for corrosion
resistance and aesthetic appeal. Powder coating is typically baked for a
durable finish.

Step 8: Quality Check and Final Inspection

• Alignment and Fit: Confirm that the door aligns well with the
frame and closes securely.
• Load Testing: Test the door’s hinges and locking mechanism
under load to ensure durability and functionality.

6. Equipment Used

1. Metal Cutting Tools: Laser cutters or shearing machines for

precise sheet cutting.
2. Drill Press: For accurately drilling holes for hardware.
3. Metal Brake: Used for bending metal sheets into frame
components.
4. Welding Equipment: For joining parts securely.
5. Powder Coating Machine: For applying a corrosion-resistant
finish.
6. Assembly Tools: Wrenches, screwdrivers, and clamps for fitting
hardware.

. Safety Precautions

8.1 Handling of Metal Sheets

 • Protective Gear: Wear gloves, eye protection, and steel-toed
boots to avoid injuries from sharp edges or heavy materials.
• Machine Safety: Operate cutting and drilling machines with
proper guarding and emergency stop controls.

8.2 Welding Safety

• Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation when welding to avoid

inhaling harmful fumes.
• Eye Protection: Use a welding helmet to protect against
harmful UV and IR radiation.

8.3 Coating Safety

• Protective Gear: Wear masks, gloves, and protective clothing

during powder coating or painting to avoid chemical exposure.
• Spill Control: Implement spill containment procedures for any
chemicals used in surface finishing.

10. Conclusion

The construction of a metal door requires careful attention to material

selection, fabrication, assembly, and finishing to ensure a durable,
high-quality product that meets security and aesthetic standards. Adhering
to best practices in manufacturing and quality control will result in a robust
door that can withstand both environmental elements and frequent use. By
following proper safety protocols and environmental practices,
manufacturers can produce metal doors that are reliable, secure, and
environmentally responsible.
Chapter Ten.

• ELETRICAL CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS

An electrical circuit connection refers to the physical linking or
joining of electrical components to create a complete pathway
for the flow of electric current. It involves connecting wires,
conductors, switches, and other components in a specific
arrangement to allow the electricity to flow from a power source
to the desired electrical devices or loads. Different types of
connections, such as series and parallel, can be used
depending on the desired functionality and requirements of the
circuit. The proper and secure connection of electrical
components is crucial to ensure the safe and efficient operation
of the circuit.
PRODUCTION OF ELETRICAL EXTENTION
An electrical extension, also known as a power extension cord
or simply an extension cord, is a flexible cable with a plug on
one end and one or more outlets on the other end. It is used to
extend the reach of an electrical device by providing additional
length to its power cord. Electrical extensions are commonly
used when the power outlet is located far from the device or
when multiple devices need to be connected to a single outlet.
They are designed to safely transmit electricity and should be
used in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines to
prevent overloading or other hazards.
Electrical extension can be used in different areas like: homes,
workplaces, e.t.c.

MATERIAL
• 2.5mm wire (cable)
 • Patress box
• HDF ply board
• Drilling machine
• Socket
• Screw nail
• Screw driver
• Adhesive gum

PROCEDURE
The procedure in this construction of extension box consists of
two main stages.
These include the Mechanical stage and the Electrical stage.
Stage 1: Mechanical stage Jobs
• Arranging the patress boxes as shown on the diagram
above i.e. A, B & C.
• With your marking tools measure and mark 20mm mark
on the points ‘a & b’ of the patress boxes A & B.
• For patress box C repeat the procedure above, only on
point ‘a’ (i.e. no b).
• Using the drilling machine create 10mm hole on the point
marked ‘a & b’ on the patress boxes as marked above.
• With the aid of the screwdriver and screw nail, secure the
patress boxes properly as shown on the arrangement
above on the 86mm x 440mm HDF Ply board.
• Use the sandpapers to smooth round the HDF ply board if
need be.
• Apply a suitable quantity of adhesive gum on the outer
sides of the HDF ply board and patress boxes. Use the
 scraper to spread the gum evenly and allow to it dry for
some minutes.
• On the edging tape also apply the adhesive gum and
spread evenly. Allow to dry too for some minutes.
• Carefully wrap the secured boxes and the ply board with
the edging tape and press for firm grip of the tape on the
boxes and ply board.
• Trim off any excesses of the tape with the scraper.
• With the drilling machine, re-open point ‘a’ of patress box
‘A’ that was covered by the tape A
Stage 2: Electrical stage Jobs

• From 3.5m of cable, cut out two length of 300mm using

the side cutter.
• Remove the outer coverage of the cables cut above.
• Separate the cores, and strip off 10mm of the cable
insulation at both ends of each cable.
• Then pass the cables through the holes ‘b’ to ‘a’ of patress
box A&B, and “b to a” of patress box B&C.
• Remove 100mm outer coverage from one end of the
remaining flexible cable.
• Separate the cores and strip off 10mm of the cable
insulation of each cable.
• Pass the cable through point “a” of patress box A.
• Gently twist the strands, each half of the same colour, in
patress box A, B and C.
• Push the twisted live cable (red or brown), twisted neutral
cable (black or blue) and the twisted earth cable
(green/yellow) into the terminals marked “L”, “N” and “E”
of each of the sockets of patress box respectively.
• Tighten and check for firmness.
 • Use the 4mm BS screw nail to tighten each of the socket
to their patress boxes.
• Remove 50mm outer coverage of the other end of the
remaining flexible cable.
• Separate the core and ensure to tighten the cable on the
base of the plug.
• Cut off the excess to a suitable distance and strip off 5mm
of each cable insulation.
• Gently twist the strands of each cable.
• Push the twisted live cable (red or brown), twisted neutral
cable (black or blue) and the twisted earth cable
(green/yellow) into the terminals marked “L”, “N” and “E”
of the 13amps plug.
• Cover the plug and finally test your connection.
​
OBSERVATION
• I observed that the materials listed for the production of
the electrical extension were present and used.
• I observed that the patress box A/B was drilled two side a’
and b’ to create a hole, while the patress box C was
drilled at only one end a’.
• I also observed that the patress box was screwed to the
HDF ply board.
• I observed that a 2.5mm wire was used to carry out the
connection.

PRECAUTION ​
• I ensured I drill the holes on the patress box with a drilling
machines to enable the wires pass through
• I ensured that I sandpaper the HDF ply board, for the
patress box to fit in.
 • I ensured that my patress box was well labeled to avoid
putting them at the wrong side.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion we were able to construct an extension box with
the use of electrical circuit connection.

• INTERLOCKING
An interlocking is an arrangement of signal apparatus that
prevents conflicting movements through an arrangement of
tracks such as junctions or crossings.
INTERLOCKING BRICK
The interlocking block is different from conventional blocks or
bricks since they do not require mortar for its laying work.
Because of this characteristic, the process of building walls and
other structures are faster as the blocks are laid dry and lock
into place.
MATERIAL
• Sand
• Cement
• Water
• Granite
• Shovel
• Head pan
• Trowel
• Mould

PROCEDURE FOR CREATING INTERLOCK BRICKS

• Pour 4 head pan of sand on the ground

Add the cement to the sand and mix well

• Add your two-head pan of granite and mix properly

• Spread the mixture to make a well.

• Pour water into the well and allow to soak, then

mix properly

• Apply condemn oil in the moulds

• Add liquid cement into the lubricated moulds

• Pour your mixture into the moulds

• Allow it to dry in a place of air and sunlight to

solidify

• Strike off after solidification

74 USES OF INTERLOCK BRICKS

There are several uses for interlock bricks. One of

the most common uses is in construction, where
they can be used to create strong and stable walls.
Interl often used in landscaping and garden design.
It can be used to create paths, walkways, and
borders. They can also be used walls and outdoor
seating areas. In addition, interlock bricks can be
used to cr Sculptures, and other decorative features.
They can also be used to create du attractive floors.
Finally, they can be used to make pavers.

• OBSERVATION
• I observed that the cement was added in to the sand
before mixing.
• I observed that granite was added in to the mixed sand
and cement before water was added into it.
• I observed that after the mixing the mixture was poured
into a mould.
• I also observed that this mixing toke place on the ground.

PRECAUTION
• I ensured that the sand was not more than that of the
required for that mixing.
• I ensure that I add water after mixing the sand, cement,
and granite.
• I ensured that I lubricate my mould before pouring in the
mixture in to it to avoid the mixture being stuck in the
mould after it has dry up.
• I never forgot to put on my personal protective equipment
during work.

CONCLUSION
In this training we concluded that interlock bricks can be made
by the mixing of sand, cement, granite and water.
 CHALLENGES / RECOMMENDATION

➢ During the welding training I discovered that the use of

one electrode made the work so slow were by we were

unable to close from training on time (I recommend that

more electrodes should be made available for welding to

enable our work move fast and smooth also).

➢ The challenge faced in the paint production training was

that the mixer was manually operated;in the sense that it

requires man power to function (I recommend the use of

automatic mixer for easy operation and smooth mixing).

➢ One of the main challenges faced was late provision of

materials and working equipment, this late provision of

equipment made us not to begin training on time.

Recommendation

I recommend that the students build something of their own

as this will propel them into solving real-life problems,

thereby making available solutions that are paramount to

the development of DSUST and Nigeria at large.

I recommend that the equipment needed during the

production of a particular project should be readily

available and enough in workshops to prevent the sharing

of an apparatus.

I also recommend that students are assigned other practical

works per group or individual.

Finally, the time frame of the training should be elongated

so that the quantity and quality of the experience gained

are augmented.
REFERENCES

Electrical workshop, Delta State University of Science and

Technology, Ozoro.

Carpentry and joining workshop, Delta State University of

Science and Technology, Ozoro.

PICTORALS / DIAGRAMS

PAINT

ELECTRICAL EXTENSION
 INTERLOCKING BRICK

BATTERY CAGE

WOODEN NOTICE BOARD

BURGLARY PROOF

​
 CONCLUSION
In conclusion this training carried out in the 2024 academic
section has given the students of Delta State University of
science and technology ozoro The opportunity to acquire
different skills Which is and we will be helpful now or future, In
this training the students involved were able to learn the
following skills:
Paint production, we all know what paint is used for it is actually
use for coating to prevent corrosion or beautification and
design.
Production of electrical extension which Can be used in
recharging electrical gadgets, in the other hand extension can
be used in different places in our homes, offices and were ever
it may be needed
Battery cage, which serves in birds farming apart from bird
farming there are some other places it can be used as well.
Interlocking bricks, which can be used for construction of
different structures, Buildings, road and also used for the
beautification of our environment.
Wooden notices board, which can be used to display
information in firms (organizations), our homes and other
places were necessary.
And lastly the burglary proof production, burglary proofs are
very essential it serves as a means of protection to our
properties, homes etc. we have burglary proof for windows,
doors and the rest of them.
I would also love to give a vote of thanks to God almighty who
has made it possible for me to take part in the 2024 Student
work experience program (SWEP) and also to my wonderful
parents Mr. mrs.OMONEFE for all the efforts they have made to
keep me going in my academic race. I would also love to give a
vote of thanks to the vice chancellor of Delta state university of
science and technology, the Dean of engineering faculty, The
Head of department (HOD) and staffs of marine engineering
department, my colleagues and lastly me for being me, may the
lord almighty bless and keep us all.