PREVAILING REASONS WHY MOST VICTIMS WILL NOT PURSUE IN

FILING VAWC CASES

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Criminology
University of Cebu Lapu- Lapu and Mandaue Campus
Mandaue City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

Apa, Carl Anthony A.

Barong, Stephen G.
Baldoza, Jane Ann T.
Borlasa, Ian Kenneth O.
Caingles, Reyah O.
Cañete, Allysa Jane I.

July 2023
 i

APPROVAL SHEET

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Criminology, this research entitled “THE PREVAILING REASONS WHY
MOST VICTIMS WILL NOT PURSUE IN FILING VAWC CASES”, prepared and
submitted by Carl Anthony A. Apa, Stephen G. Barong, Jane Ann T. Baldoza, Ian
Kenneth O. Borlasa, Reyah O. Caingles and Allysa Jane I. Cañete has been
examined, accepted and approved for ORAL DEFENSE.

PLT COL WILBERT B. PARILLA

Adviser

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

DR. PAULINO V. PIOQUINTO

Dean, College of Criminology

APPROVED by the tribunal at Oral Examination with the grade of PASSED.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

DR. PAULINO V. PIOQUINTO

Chairman

APPLE ROSE C. LEDESMA ENGR. ROLAND FERNANDEZ

Member 1 Member 2

APPLE ROSE C. LEDESMA

Program Research Coordinator

DR. PAULINO V. PIOQUINTO ROEL A. MONSANTO, Ph.D.

Dean, College of Criminology Research Director

Date: February 20, 2023

 ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research would not have been possible without the assistance and guidance
of the people who served as an inspiration for the research. The researchers would like to
express their heartfelt appreciation to the following people:
To PLT. COL Wilbert B. Parilla, Research Adviser, the researchers were
fortunate to have him as an adviser because of the time he had spared despite his hectic
schedule, as well as the lessons, guidance, and pieces of advice he bestowed upon them.
He encouraged them to work on this project efficiently.
To PCOL Elmer S. Lim, City Director, Lapu-Lapu CPO, for the approval and
support in conducting the study.
To Dr. Paulino V. Pioquinto, Dean in College of Criminology, for the guidance in
improving the study. Giving them all of his time to explain and share his personal
experiences as a researcher also motivated them to work harder in accomplishing this
study.
To the respondents, who gave up their valuable time despite their hectic schedules
to answer the survey questionnaire and provide the researchers with all the necessary
information.
To their families, who provided emotional and financial assistance.
To our Almighty God for keeping them all safe always, this study would not be
possible without His grace and blessings.

THE RESEARCHERS
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i

DEDICATION

This study is wholeheartedly dedicate to God Almighty our creator, our strong

pillar, our source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been

the source of my strength throughout this study.

To our research adviser, instructor, classmates, and friends who willingly

extended their hands and shared words of advice and encouragement to help me

complete this study.

To my beloved parents, who have been my inspiration and source of strength

during those sleepless nights, and when those times that I thought I was going to give

up. They never failed to shower me with their moral, spiritual, emotional, and

financial support.

Lastly, I dedicate this study to future researchers wherein this study would

serve as their reference in the future.

IAN KENNETH O. BORLASA

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to almighty God who gives me

strength, knowledge, wisdom, guidance and protection while doing this study.

To my beloved parents who give utmost support and inspired me in

conducting this study.

To our research adviser, instructor, friends who are behind in making this

research possible through guiding the researchers to complete this study.

CARL ANTHONY A. APA

 i
v

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar,

my source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the
source of my strength throughout this program and on his wings only have I soared.

I dedicated this to my family and friends as well. A special feeling of gratitude

to my loving family, especially my mother whose words of encouragement and push
for tenacity ring in my ears. My sister who have never left my side and is always very
supportive from the very beginning.

As well as to all the people who have worked hard to help us complete this
study especially to the teachers who helped and guided us to successfully complete
this work.

STEPHEN G. BARONG

This study is heartily dedicated first to our Almighty God, who has guided us
throughout this research journey and has given us strength and good health in order to
fulfill our desires and responsibilities.

To my family, who are giving us non-stop support, both financially and

emotionally. For always inspiring us to do our very best.

To our research advisor, institution, and co-researchers who are also behind
this research, thank you for giving us so much patience and advice that helped us
throughout. For the helping hands that make work easier. This will not be done
without your help.

Lastly, for future researchers who can benefit from this study. You can do it as
much as we do.

JANE ANN T. BALDOZA

 v

This research paper is dedicated to the parents of researchers who gives their utmost
support, and never-ending inspiration throughout the study. They are the one who
provide the resources that needed in the making of this study. It also dedicated the
teachers who are behind in making this research possible through guiding the
researcher to complete this study.

The researchers also dedicated to the school who gives opportunity the
researchers to nurture, test their skills, and cooperation to build this study.

I look up and dedicated this whole study to our Almighty God who gave the
strength, knowledge, wisdom, protection and will to continue and keep positive to
continue this research.

REYAH O. CAINGLES

This study is wholeheartedly dedicate to god almighty our creator, our strong
pillar, our source of inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been
the source of our strength throughout this study.
To our research adviser, instructor, classmates, and friends who voluntarily
extended their hands and share their words of advice and encouragement to finish this
study.
To my beloved parents, who have been my inspiration and supported me
financially.
I dedicate this study to the future researchers wherein this study would serve
as their reference in the future.

ALLYSA JANE I. CAÑETE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Approval Sheet i
Acknowledgement ii
Dedication iii
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Abstract xi
Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study 1
Theoretical Background 2
Review of Related Literature 4
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem 9
Significance of Study 9
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 11
Research Environment 12
Research Respondents 13
Research Instrument 15
Research Procedure 15
Data Gathering 15
Treatment of Data 15
Data Analysis 16
DEFINITION OF TERMS 17
 vii

2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND

INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Profile of the Respondents 18
The Common Reasons Encountered by the Group 28
of Respondents during the Process of Filing VAWC
complaint
Summarized Data on The Common Reasons Why 34
Most Victims Will not Pursue in Filing the Case
3 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION,
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 38
Findings 39
Conclusion 40
Recommendation 40
4. Proposed Action Plan 43
 v
ii
i
REFERENCES 45
APPENDECIES 50
A Transmittal Letter 50
B Research Instrument 52
C Statistical Results 57
D Grammarly Result 60
E Location Map 61
CURRICULUM VITAE 62
 ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

1 Distribution of Respondents 14
2 Profile of Respondents 18
Age 18
Gender 19
Marital Status 19
Educational Attainment 19
Classification of Respondents 19
Length of Service 19
3 Physical Aspects 28
4 Emotional Aspects 29
5 Financial Aspects 31
6 Social Aspects 32
7 Summarized Data on The Common Reasons Encountered by the 34
Groups of Respondents during the Process of Filing VAWC complaints

8 Significant difference between VAWC victims ratings 36

 x

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Research Flow Chart 11
 xi

ABSTRACT

Title: Prevailing Reasons Why Most Victims Will Not Pursue in Filing VAWC
Cases.
Researcher : Apa, Carl Anthony A.
Barong, Stephen G.
Baldoza, Jane Ann T.
Borlasa, Ian Kenneth O.
Caingles, Reyah O.
Cañete, Allysa Jane I.
Degree : Bachelor of Science in Criminology
School : University of Cebu Lapu – Lapu and Mandaue
Adviser : PLT COL Wilbert B. Parilla
Date Completed : July 2023

VAWC or the Anti-Violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, is a
law passed to protect women and children from violence also known as RA 9262, the law
is in keeping with the provisions on human rights enshrined in the Philippine
Constitution. Violence against women and children (VAWC) appears as one of the
country’s pervasive social problems.
This study aims to determine the Prevailing Reasons Why Most Victims of
VAWC Will Not Pursue in Filing Cases. Descriptive type of research was utilized; data
were gathered through survey-made questionnaire as the main instrument in data
gathering for the respondents from Lapu-Lapu City. The study revealed that the majority
of the respondents were aged 37-40 years old and were from Barangay VAWC and
WCPD investigators, were married, and the educational attainment mostly is bachelor's
degree. A convenience sampling technique was used when the respondents were selected
based on their availability and willingness to participate in the study. The main
instrument used had undergone content validation to ascertain their functionality and
reliability. Data Analysis was done using frequency, percentage, and weighted mean. The
findings revealed that physical, emotional, financial, and social aspects serve as a way for
 xii

a researcher in determining the most common reasons why most victims will not pursue
filing cases. Based on the results, in financial aspects, most of the victims will not pursue
filing a case as they did not have enough money to file.

Keywords: VAWC victims, physical aspects, emotional aspects, financial aspects, social
aspects, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, Philippines
 1

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the Study
Violence affects millions of women and children around the world. Those living
in poverty are some of the most vulnerable to a range of everyday forms of violence—
including sexual violence and domestic violence. Nearly 736 million women have
experienced physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime. Worldwide, up
to 50% of sexual assaults are committed against girls under 16 years old. Nearly 1 in 5
girls is sexually abused at least once in her life (International Justice Mission, 2022).
As stated in the report of United Nations (2023), a woman’s right to live free from
violence is upheld by international agreements such as the Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the 1993 UN Declaration on the
Elimination of Violence against Women. For more than 10 years, UN Women’s global
initiative, Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces, has worked to prevent and respond to
sexual harassment against women and girls in public spaces, and since 2017 we have also
been a key member of the EUR 500 million Spotlight Initiative that deploys targeted,
large-scale investments in ending violence in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America,
and the Pacific.
It is this light that the Philippine Constitution's human rights enshrined are upheld
by the VAWC Anti-Violence against Women and Their Children Act of 2004, commonly
known as RA 9262, which was created to protect women and children from violence.
Republic Act No. 9262, also known as the "Anti-Violence against Women and
Their Children Act of 2004," is a landmark legislation enacted in the Philippines to
address the pervasive issue of violence against women and children within familial or
intimate partner relationships. The law aims to protect the rights and welfare of women
and children who are victims of domestic violence. Thus, Republic Act No. 9262 seeks to
combat violence against women and children by addressing its root causes, ensuring
protection and assistance for victims, and holding offenders accountable for their actions
(Attorney.org, 2023).
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This study sought to determine the reasons why most victims will not pursue
filing VAWC cases. The following factors make it challenging for women to report
violence and follow legal actions: fear for their safety and the safety of their children;
fear of their children being taken away by their husband; the extended family pressure,
emotional ties to and loyalty to the abuser, low self-esteem and self-blame, religious
principles or social pressure economic dependency on the abuser; and lack of information
on their legal rights. On the other hand, one of the reasons is that authorities of the
assaulted woman fail to report the incident (Violence against women in relationships:
information bulletin for police 2006). Some people think police action is always
characterized by distrust and tension (Sandusky, 2001). Police officers always demand
the battered woman to give factual information through a thorough investigation to
pursue the case. This is because once the case is filed in court dropping off the case
would no longer be possible. This put the abused woman in significant dilemmas as they
weigh the consequences of their actions (Sadusky 2001).

Theoretical Background
This study was anchored by Social Exchange Theory and supported by two
theories the Resource Theory, and Feminist Theory. All of these theories consider
confirming and explain violence against women and its emotional and psychological
impacts on its victim.
Social Exchange Theory theorizes that when engaging in social interactions,
people seek the most return with the least amount of work, according, to Kreager et al.
(2013), violence utilized when taking control is worth the effort and possible legal
consequences when it comes to violence against women (Resko, 2010). Despite the
existence of laws prohibiting abuse, does not always stop the abuse. Numerous factors
contribute to this when reporting abuse. Women experience re-victimization and are
blamed for putting themselves in that scenario (Vidales, 2012).
In addition to further harming the victim by holding her responsible for the
violent actions of another person, this attempt to legitimize gender-based violence also
motivates the perpetrator to commit more violent acts because society is condoning the
violence. The effort of violence costs nothing but provides the perpetrator dominance in
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the absence of cultural retaliation against the acts of violence. Additionally, legal
sanctions for violence are not always essential. Countless judges will reduce the
perpetrator's sentence if the victim stands her ground (Sage Publications, 2012).
Furthermore, many perpetrators are either released after being charged with a
crime or are sentenced to less time because they are; "first-time offenders" (Johnson,
2005). Many people believe that the shorter term is a modest price to pay for the violence
that they had the advantage in the relationship as a result; "Without societal or genuine
legislative support to punish those who abuse women violently, the abuse further
rewarded because the woman, after experiencing violence, is more likely to comply with
her partner's wishes as a way to prevent experiencing violence again, especially since it is
not handled appropriately by society (Resko, 2010)".
According to Kenny et al. (2019), the Resource Theory asserts that the use of
force or the threat of using force is the basis of all social relationships. According to this
theory, the more resources a person has, the greater the threat of force, but the less likely
it is that violence or intimidation will be employed in that relationship (Walters, Basile, &
Hall, 2013). It just means that no physical violence will be utilized; threats will still be
used to retain control. Instead, the violence a woman can encounter in this circumstance
is emotional violence rather than physical violence. However, when someone is short on
resources, their only option for maintaining control over the relationship is by force or
violence (Walters, Basile, & Hall, 2013), and the Feminist theory, according to Healey et
al. (1998), has been instrumental in raising the public consciousness about sex role
conditioning and how much can lead to belief systems that justify sexism, male privilege,
and gender socialization. Acts of domestic abuse involve the male partner imposing
forced subservience to the female partner will serve as a reflection of society's patriarchal
structure because of the transfer of these belief systems (ibid.)
These views on domestic abuse are in line with various feminist schools of
thought, especially radical feminism, which contend that the use of violence keeps
women subjugated in the home and society as a whole. The perpetrator is typically male,
and the victim is typically female, which highlights two fundamental parallels in crimes
including sexual assault, stalking, marital rape, and domestic abuse. All these acts also
helped to abuse and restrict women's sexual and social freedom to live equally within and
 4

outside the family. Since, these crimes target women and are most often committed by
males, it is easy to see the connection to feminist theory.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter includes the ideas of finished research studies, generalizations or
conclusions, and others. Those included in this chapter help familiarize relevant and
similar information to the present study. It consists of the related literature reviewed and
related studies reviewed.
The United Nations (2021), defines violence against women as "any act of
gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental
harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life."
National Academies Press (2011), reported that violence against women and
children is a serious public health concern, with costs at multiple levels of society.
Although violence is a threat to everyone, women and children are particularly
susceptible to victimization because they often have fewer rights or lack appropriate
means of protection. In some societies certain types of violence are deemed socially or
legally acceptable, thereby contributing further to the risk to women and children. In the
past decade research has documented the growing magnitude of such violence, but gaps
in the data still remain.
Victims of violence of any type fear stigmatization or societal condemnation and
thus often hesitate to report crimes. The issue is compounded by the fact that for women
and children the perpetrators are often people they know and because some countries lack
laws or regulations protecting victims. Some of the data that have been collected suggest
that rates of violence against women range from 15 to 71 percent in some countries and
that rates of violence against children top 80 percent. These data demonstrate that
violence poses a high burden on global health and that violence against women and
children is common and universal (National Library of Medicine, 2011).
Based on the research of Center for Global Development (2023), a year after the
World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, there is an increasingly
diverse set of new studies linking violence against women and children (VAW/C) to
 5

COVID-19 and associated pandemic response measures. A total of five papers have
assessed the effectiveness of response efforts thus far: a helpline campaign in Italy,
stimulus payments and differential firearm policies in the United States, alcohol
consumption policies in Mexico, and a youth empowerment program in Bolivia. The
findings are mixed. A ban on alcohol was found to have no impact on the number of calls
to seek domestic violence services during lockdown, while the awareness campaign in
Italy was associated with an increase in calls to a domestic violence helpline. Both of
these studies point to changes in help-seeking rather than changes in the prevalence in
VAW/C experience itself. In the United States, daily domestic violence calls decreased
significantly after stimulus payments were made, but remained high in areas with higher
concentrations of Hispanics and noncitizens (who may face higher barriers to accessing
the welfare system). More stringent gun laws also seemed to mitigate the increase in
domestic violence seen in the United States, however this finding may not translate to
other settings with lower numbers of firearms or existing firearm restrictions. The Bolivia
study is the first experimental evaluation of a targeted intervention during COVID-19,
and with promising impacts for adolescent girls specifically.
The Philippines ranks eighth place in the 2018 Global Gender Gap Report (World
Economic Forum, 2018). It is among the top 14 countries who have exceeded the goal to
close the gender gap by 80% in terms of Economic Participation and Opportunity, and is
part of the top five countries where women equally attain managerial positions. It ranks
among the first in Educational Attainment, where the gender gap is closed, and holds the
13th place for Political Empowerment. It also brags closing 80% of the overall gender
gap, with the rates as high as it has ever been for the country (World Economic Forum,
2018).
Physical violence is described as being hit, slapped, kicked, or physically hurt by
someone (Philippine Statistics Authority - PSA & ICF, 2018). The survey found that 17%
of women between the ages 15-49 have experienced physical violence. Younger women
(15-19) are less likely to have experienced physical violence compared to older women
(40-49). However, the difference is fairly small, as 13% of younger women have
experienced physical violence compared to the 18% of older women. Similar to the
results of spousal violence, women in the lower wealth quintile are more likely to
 6

experience physical violence compared to those with more wealth. Among currently or
previously married women, the most common perpetrators were the current or former
husband/partner. For the never-married women, the most common perpetrators for
physical violence were a parent or step-parent (Philippine Statistics Authority - PSA &
ICF, 2018).
The United Nations defines VAWC as “any” act of gender-based violence against
women, whether in public or private life, that causes or is likely to inflict physiological,
sexual, or psychological pain or suffering to women, including threats, coercion, or
arbitrary deprivation of liberty. Gender-based violence is any form of violence directed
towards women based on their sex (WHO, 2021). VAWC is a grave public health
concern with multiple impacts on women’s mental, physical, and reproductive health
(Boeckel et al., 2014; Devries et al., 2010; Devrieset al., 2013; Ellsberg et al., 2008;
Maman et al., 2000; Stöckl et al., 2013). It is any act of violence in intimate partner and
children that resulting to physical, sexual, psychological harm, and economic (United
Nations’ General Assembly Declaration of the Elimination of Violence against Women
resolution 48/104 of December 1993). According to the Daily Tribune Philippines
(2021), violence against women happens in one out of every four Filipinas (Antolin,
2021). In the province of Laguna, the VAWC cases increase from 539 in 2014, 581 in
2015, 446 in 2016 to 1,022 in 2017 (Mortel & Balahadia, 2019).
The government formulated and implemented the policies and legislation against
VAWC, and part of this is the Republic Act 9262. This law protects children and women
in these grave acts. R.A. 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence against Women and
Their Children Act of 2004, is a law that promotes the protection and prescribes penalties
of the abuses on women and their children by their intimate partners (Dulin, 2018).
On March 2004 the then President Macapagal-Arroyo signed R.A. 9262. It
defines VAWC as "any act or a series of acts committed by any person against a woman
who is his wife, former wife, or against a woman with whom the person has or had a
sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her child
whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result in or
is likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse
including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary
 7

deprivation of liberty”. It includes, but is not limited to, physical violence, sexual
violence, psychological violence, and economic abuse (The LawPhil Project, n.d.).
The penalties to the perpetrators are imprisonment, paying a fine of not less than
one hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) but not more than three hundred thousand
pesos (300,000.00), and the perpetrators shall undergo mandatory psychological
counseling or psychiatric treatment and shall report compliance to the court (The LawPhil
Project, n.d.).
Although there is a law protecting the welfare of women and children, there is
always a question of the level of awareness regarding the content and implementation of
R.A.9262. According to the study of Santiago and Aya (2014), the selected homemakers
in the municipalities of Palawans were moderately aware of the provisions of RA 9262.
Moreover, in the study of Panerio and Albay, they found out that the City of Digos in the
province of Davao Del Sur is also moderately aware of the provisions of R.A.9262.
Additionally, some studies in the Philippines also measured the awareness of male
respondents on Republic Act 9262 and based on the survey of San Juan et al. (2017), the
male respondents in Tanay Rizal were "aware" of the general information of R.A. 9262
but lack in-depth understanding.
The 2017 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), a national
representative, cross-sectional survey of women and girls aged 15 to 49, provided the
information. Intimate Partner Violence was reported by 23.9 percent of those in current
relationships. 11.2 percent thought it was acceptable for a husband or partner to hit or
beat their wife. 10.5 percent said they could not say no to sex with their spouse, and 20.4
percent said they could not say no to sex with their partner (Yoskioka et al., 2020).
Many abused women give in to "pressure" from children who ask them not to file
complaints against their spouses, or these women are monetarily reliant on their
husbands, according to Socorro, President of GWAVE (Partlow, 2020). Majority of
women who were subjected to domestic violence claimed that their husbands were the
abusers (Sarkar, 2010)
“Fear of harming oneself and hurting members of the family” “I prefer to keep
quiet and keep it to myself.”, Ashamed to be the topic of conversation in the barangay”,”
Do not know who to approach for help” and “Afraid that the case will have an emotional
 8

impact on the children and that I cannot do anything”, with 50.28%, 47,75%, 24.16%,
21.62%, and 17.70%, respectively. Whereas; the least reason is statement number 6 “Do
not want to cause harm to the abuser.” with 7.10%. As the findings of Bernabe (2012) the
incidents of VAWC are often unreported due to the sensitivity of the issues and its
impacts on the women and their families which is same with the findings of this study.
The reasons why so many cases go unreported are both personal it might be
embarrassment, economic dependent, privacy of families and victim blaming attitudes
(Garcia, 2021).
In terms of reporting of abuses, the results from the respondents shows 70.5% that
they are not reporting the abuses they experience, followed by 10.39% who reported the
abused to their parents and relatives, 6.3% who reported to Barangay Officials, 4.49%
who shared to their friends, and 4.21% reported to Police officers.
In 2022, the number of cases of violence against women and children reported in
the Philippines reached about 7.42 thousand, indicating a decrease from the previous
year. The number of such violence cases in the country has been gradually declining in
the past seven years (Statista, 2023).
 9

THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
This study determined the prevailing reason why most victims of VAWC will not
pursue filing cases.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents?
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Marital Status
1.4 Educational Attainment
1.5 Classification of the respondents
1.6 Length of Service
2. What are the common reasons encountered by the group of respondent during
the process of filing VAWC complaints?
2.1 Physical Aspects
2.2 Emotional Aspects
2.3 Financial Aspects
2.4 Social Aspects
3. What are the significant difference between the ratings by the different groups
of
respondents?
4. Based on the findings of the study, what action plan can be proposed?

Significance of the Study

The study's findings will significantly benefit the following:
Barangay Council. The research results will help the barangay council to
comprehend and conceptualize the current situation of the victims to assess their support
and protection to them properly.
Barangay Violence against Women & their children. The study's findings will
help the barangay VAWC officers to have ideas on how to guide and solve the issue of
the respondents or the victims.
 10

Violence against Women & their children Victims. The study's findings will
help the VAWC Victims to be aware of the safety the Republic Act No. 9262 offers and
to prevent, as well as to stop the occurrence of physical, emotional, financial, and social
violence.
Women and Children's Protection Desk Investigator. The study's findings will
help the investigator have an idea on how should further research the facts behind the
complaint.
The Researchers. The study's findings will help the researchers know some of
the reasons why the victims did not pursue filing a VAWC case.
Future Researchers. The study's findings will help future researchers to utilize
the ideas presented as a source in conducting new research.
 11

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study used the descriptive survey method to collect descriptive data from the
research. Survey methodology studies simply, the survey approach, is the sampling of
quantities from a population and tactics including questionnaire construction and ways to
increase the number and precision of survey responses.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 The respondent’s
profile
 Quantitative
 The common Method of
reasons why Research
most victims did
not pursue in  Research
filing VAWC design
cases.  Proposed
 Data gathering
action plan
 The significant
 Figure
Data 1.
difference
processing
between the
ratings by the  Analysis and
different groups interpretation
of respondents. of data

Figure 1
Research Flow Chart
Figure 1 shows the flow of the research study. It served as the model for the
whole research. The primary part was the respondents' demographic profile, asking for
the common reasons why most victims will not pursue filing VAWC cases. The second
part includes developing a Descriptive Methodology, Data Gathering, data analysis, and
interpretation. The evaluated data and respondents' reviews were the basis for the
proposal of a movement to support the VAWC victims to pursue in filing the case.
 12

The data gathered using survey questionnaires representing the respondent’s

perception of why most victims will not pursue filing VAWC cases. The primary data-
gathering tools are questionnaires providing the survey to respondents, analysis of the
acquired data, and interpretation of the result from respondents. A questionnaire is
prepared to gather the necessary data and conduct a survey. The responses of the
respondents were analyzed and interpreted using quantitative methods.
Research Environment
Lapu-Lapu City is a first-class highly-urbanized city in the province of Cebu in
the Philippines. Formerly, known as the Municipality of Opon, The City of Lapu-Lapu
named after the first Filipino fighter who successfully defeated the Spanish invaders in
the Battle of Mactan, which led to the death of the Spanish Leader, Magellan. The city
occupies most of Mactan Island, located a few kilometers off the coast of Cebu Island, as
well as a small number of smaller islands all occupied by the city. The city has a total
lands area of 58.10 km2 (22.43 sq mi) occupied by a total population of 495,666 residents
as of 2022 (Census). Furthermore, Lapu-Lapu has 30 barangays, Agus, Babag, Basak,
Gun-ob, Calawisan, and many more.
Lapu-Lapu Police Station 2 is located at Proper Mactan St, Lapu-Lapu City which
is near at Mactan Liberty Shrine. The Mactan, Punta Engaño, Pajac, and Maribago are the
names of barangay under of this specific stations.
Lapu-Lapu Police Station 3, located at Hoopsdome Brgy Gun-Ob, Lapu-Lapu
City. There are seven barangays under this, namely barangay Pajo, Poblacion, Looc,
Gun-ob, Canjulao, Babag and Calawisan. There are 3 filed VAWC cases in the year
2021, mostly on physical violence, psychological abuse, and financial abuse.
Lapu-Lapu Police Station 4 is located at Bayswater Subdivision Clubhouse, Brgy
Marigondon, Lapu-Lapu City, There are four barangays under this station which are the
barangay of Basak, Marigondon, Agus and Subabasbas. The hotline numbers of this
station are 94-3055, 0998-598-6316. The estimated population of barangay Basak is
71,990, at Marigondon is 25,584. At Agus is 19,525 and at barangay Subbasba is 7,961.
Lapu-Lapu Police Station 5 is located at Barangay Pusok, Lapu-Lapu City. The
barangay of Pusok, Ibo, Buaya, and Bankal are under this station. The estimated
 13

population of Barangay Pusok as of March 31, 2022, is 32,791, at Ibo is 8,318, Buaya is
19,078 and lastly at barangay Bankal is 22,863.
The researchers utilized the quantitative study specifically in gathering data using
survey questionnaires on each of our respondents coming from four (4) police stations in
Lapu-Lapu City. The respondents were divided into three (3) groups which consist of the
VAWC victims, Barangay VAWC and Barangay WCPD to voluntarily take part in this
research study. The vulnerable participants in the study are the VAWC victims, to begin
with, the researchers asked for their consent to participate in the study. In this survey, the
researchers visited in the four police stations and places of the victims to conduct a
survey that they answered the given questions through our survey questionnaire during
their free and convenient time in their desired place. The questions in the survey
questionnaire was given to them and they asked for assistance from any of the researchers
if they have any concerns regarding the survey questions. Rest assured that the
information provided is confidential and no one else except the researchers have access to
a copy of the transcript, which will be destroyed after three months. To ensure that the
respondents able to have a full understanding of the purpose of the study, the researchers
was explain first the objectives of the study and the intended benefits of participating in
the study.
Research Respondents
The respondents of the study are the VAWC Victims, Barangay VAWC, and the
WCPD Investigators as the women's presently residing at Lapu- Lapu City.
According to Philippine Statistics Authority there are 30 barangays in Lapu-Lapu
City where the barangay Basak most populous among others. The researchers only
selected the 19 barangay coming from the four (4) station which are the station 2, 3, 4
and 5 since the mentioned stations above are having most VAWC cases. The statistician
suggested to have at least 30 VAWC victims and there are 2 WCPD Investigators in
every station with a total of 57 respondents for this study.
The researchers study involved a vulnerable population such as women who are
victims of violence. The study have specific procedures in place to protect the
participants, especially those vulnerable subjects that require additional protection. The
specific respondents in which the VAWC victims, specifically they were vulnerable and
 14

included in this study since they were the researcher's target respondents to gather
information about the VAWC cases and support the study to determine the actions
needed to help the victims in pursuing to file a cases. The respondents have to involve
them in the study to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to
developing knowledge in a field of study regarding VAWC cases here in the Philippines
and rest assured that the researchers followed and provided appropriate support to help
them make informed decisions about participating in this study.
In regards to the qualifications of participants, children may or may not
participate in our study just as stated in the study informed consent wherein they have the
option to participate or not. The study do not have children involve as respondents
because as stated in the study survey questionnaire in part of demographic profile of the
respondents the age started at 18 years and above. The researchers targeted 18 years old
and above victims who did file the case. In gathering data, this study do not have children
or minor participants since they were vulnerable and needed guidance from their parents.

Table 1
Distribution of Respondents
Respondents N Percent
Classification
VAWC Victims 30 53%
Barangay VAWC 19 33%
WCPD Investigator 8 14%
Total 57 100%

Table 1 presents respondents’ numbers based on their classifications using a

non-probability sampling method used in data gathering. Specifically, the convenience
sampling technique in selecting the respondents to be conducted by the study. A
convenience sampling method collects data from those who are readily available to
respond or their willingness to respond to the research, and it simply includes the
respondents who were the most accessible during the research period.
 15

Research Instrument
The instrument we utilized in conducting the research is a researcher-made
questionnaire to determine the reasons why the victims will not pursue filing a VAWC
case. It gathers data faster than any method and it is the most convenient among all other
instruments. The questionnaire is composed of two major sections. Part 1 will ask about
the profile of the respondents in terms of their age, gender, marital status, educational
attainment, classifications of respondents, and length of service. Part II deals with open-
ended questions to determine the respondent's reasons will not pursue in filing a case
regarding physical, emotional, financial, and social aspects. The questions used a rating
scale questionnaire where the researchers used the 4 points Likert scale to get honest
information from the participants. It requires the participants to check on the four-point
scale, which consists of the responses: Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, and Strongly
Disagree.

Research Procedure
Gathering of Data. The researchers followed the necessary steps to obtain the
needed data according to the rules and regulations. First, the researcher prepared a study
transmittal letter for the Lapu-Lapu City Police Office approval. The researcher asked the
permission of the City of Director to administer the data gathering distribute the
questionnaire guide to its the chosen location and participants. The target groups of the
study were the VAWC victims, Barangay VAWC and WCPD Investigators. All of these
procedures completed at a convenient time for the participants to ensure that the
researcher does not disturb the participants' working hours.
Treatment of Data. The following statistical methods were applied to respond
the statement of the problem:
Simple percentage. computation helps to determine the summary and
analysis of the profile of the respondents.
Weighted mean. computations helps to determine the reasons why most
victims will not pursue in filing vawc cases in terms of physical, emotional,
financial and social aspects.
 16

ANOVA. was used to determine if there is significant difference between

the group of respondents.

Data Analysis. The responses to the questionnaires were tallied, and to interpret
the data accurately and effectively, the statistical analyses that the researchers used in this
research to facilitate the analysis and interpretation are frequency, percentage and
weighted mean. Frequency and Percentages were used to summarize and analyze the
respondent's profile. Weighted mean involves multiplying each data point in a set by the
value specified by some attributed of whatever contributed to the data point. The
weighted mean was used to calculate the common reasons why most victims will not
pursue filing VAWC cases.
 17

DEFINITION OF TERMS
The key terms in the study give the following definitions:
Common Reasons Encountered by the Group of Respondents during the
Process of Filing VAWC (Violence Against Women and Children) Complaints. In
this study it refers to a clear and specific description of the criteria or conditions used to
identify and categorize the frequent or typical challenges or obstacles faced by
individuals who have filed complaints related to violence against women and children.
Profile of the Respondents. In this study it refers to the categorization of the
individuals participating in a study in terms the characteristics, demographics, and
relevant information about the respondents.
Significant Difference between the Ratings by the Different Groups of
Respondents. In this study this involves specifying a method for quantitatively
determining whether the observed differences in ratings are statistically significant.
Proposed Action Plan. In this study it refers to a clear and specific description of
the actions, steps, or activities that need to be taken to achieve a particular goal or
objective. It outlines what needs to be done, who will be involved, how and when it will
be done, and how success will be measured.
 18

CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the data gathered from the VAWC victims, Barangay
VAWC and WCPD Investigator respondents at Lapu-Lapu City. The data are presented
in a tabular form with corresponding analysis and interpretation with their implications.
Presentation and Analysis of Data
This chapter contains two parts. The first part reveals the profile of the
respondents. The second part presents and summarizes the common reasons the VAWC
victims did not pursue filing the case.
Part I. Profile of the Respondents
This section shows the data about the assessment of the profile of the respondents,
such as their age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, classification of
respondents, and length of service. These mentioned profiles of the respondents are
presented.

Table 2

Profile of the Respondents

Variables VAWC VICTIMS BRGY VAWC WCPD

f % f % f %

Age

21-25 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

26-30 10 18% 0 0% 0 0%

31-36 11 19% 5 9% 2 4%

37 and above 9 16% 14 25% 6 11%

Gender

Female 30 53% 19 33% 8 14%

 19

Marital Status

Single 16 28% 4 7% 1 2%

Married 13 23% 14 25% 7 12%

Annulled 1 2% 1 2% 0 0%

Educational Attainment

Elementary Level 1 2% 0 0% 0 0%

High School level 3 5% 0 0% 0 0%

College Level 10 18% 5 9% 0 0%

High School Graduate 11 19% 0 0% 0 0%

SHS Graduate 3 5% 0 0% 0 0%

Bachelor’s Degree 2 4% 12 21% 8 14%

Vocational Degree 0 0% 2 4% 0 0%

Classification of Respondents

VAWC Victims 30 53% 0 0% 0 0%

Barangay VAWC 0 0% 19 33% 0 0%

WCPD investigator 0 0% 0 0% 8 14%

Length of Service

1-4 years 0 0% 6 11% 0 0%

5- 9 years 0 0% 8 14% 3 5%

10-14 years 0 0% 3 5% 5 9

15-19 years 0 0% 2 4% 0 0%
 20

Table 2 provides insightful data regarding the age distribution of VAWC

(Violence against Women and Children) victims, Barangay VAWC, and Women and
Children Protection Desk (WCPD) respondents. The information sheds light on the age-
related patterns and implications for understanding the dynamics of VAWC cases:
Age Distribution of VAWC Victims:
Based on the information provided from Table 2, which indicates that 19% of
victims of Violence against Women and Children (VAWC) fall within the age range of
31-36 years old. The data shows that a significant proportion of VAWC victims are in
their early thirties to mid-thirties. This suggests that individuals within this age range are
particularly vulnerable to experiencing violence in their relationships. Given that many
individuals in their early thirties to mid-thirties are likely to be in relationships, the
implication is that a substantial number of VAWC victims are dealing with abuse within
intimate partnerships (WHO, 2021). This insight underscores the importance of
addressing relationship dynamics, communication, and power imbalances in intimate
relationships during intervention and support programs.
Tailoring interventions and support services to the specific needs and challenges
faced by individuals in this age group is critical. This may involve focusing on
relationship counseling, empowerment programs, financial independence initiatives, and
legal education to help them understand their rights and options.
Public awareness campaigns and educational programs aimed at preventing
VAWC should target this age group specifically. Providing information about healthy
relationships, consent, conflict resolution, and recognizing signs of abuse can help
individuals in their early thirties to mid-thirties make informed decisions and seek
assistance if needed (National Library of Science, 2017).
SAMHSA (2019), reported that establishing support groups and counseling
services tailored to the needs of this age group can be highly beneficial. Providing a safe
space for them to share their experiences, seek guidance, and access mental health
support can aid in breaking the cycle of abuse and fostering healing and recovery.
 21

Understanding the prevalence of VAWC among individuals aged 31-36 years can
inform policy and legal reforms. Advocacy for stronger laws protecting victims,
accessible reporting mechanisms, and efficient legal procedures can contribute to better
protection and justice for victims in this age group (US Department of Justice, 1998).
In summary, recognizing the significant representation of VAWC victims within
the 31-36 age range allows for targeted and tailored interventions that address the unique
challenges faced by this demographic. This approach can enhance the effectiveness of
efforts to prevent and address violence against women and children.

Age Distribution in Barangay VAWC and WCPD Respondents:

The information provided highlights the age distribution of respondents involved
in handling Violence against Women and Children (VAWC) cases in both the Barangay
VAWC and Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD). The age range of 37 and
above years old represents a significant portion of the respondents, constituting 25% in
both groups.
Firstly, this age distribution suggests that a substantial number of individuals
engaged in addressing VAWC cases are older, more experienced professionals. This
older age group might have gained extensive experience and expertise in dealing with
VAWC cases, which is crucial in handling sensitive and complex issues related to
violence against women and children. Their years of service may have equipped them
with valuable insights and skills necessary for effective intervention and support for
victims (UNODC, 2010).
Furthermore, the fact that 11% of WCPD respondents fall within this age range
suggests that a notable proportion of these individuals have dedicated a significant
amount of time to long-term service specifically in managing various VAWC cases. This
longevity of service implies a deep commitment and dedication to addressing the
challenges associated with VAWC, potentially showcasing a passion for this area of work
and a desire to make a lasting impact on the community (UN Women, 2019).
The presence of experienced and dedicated professionals in both Barangay
VAWC and WCPD is beneficial for the community. Their extensive experience can lead
to improved handling of cases, better support for victims, and more effective prevention
 22

and intervention strategies. Additionally, their long-term commitment to addressing

VAWC signifies the importance placed on this issue and the continuous effort to
eradicate violence and create a safer environment for women and children within the
community.
Barangay VAWC Respondents:
The 25% of respondents in the age range of 37 and above who are actively
involved in addressing Violence against Women and Children (VAWC) issues in
barangay (a small administrative district in the Philippines) may imply a significant level
of experience and maturity within this segment of the community.
Experience in Community Dynamics: Older individuals in the community often
have a deeper understanding of the dynamics and history of the community. They may
have witnessed or been involved in addressing similar issues in the past, providing
valuable insights into the context and patterns of VAWC within the community (Verizon
Foundation, 2011).
Network and Community Connections: Over the years, individuals in this age
group have likely established a broader network within the community. These
connections can be instrumental in mobilizing support, collaborating with various
stakeholders, and engaging in outreach efforts to address VAWC effectively.
Maturity and Emotional Resilience: Maturity often brings emotional resilience
and a level-headed approach to handling sensitive and distressing issues like VAWC.
Mature individuals are more likely to manage their emotions, stay composed, and provide
steady support to victims, ensuring a more compassionate and empathetic response.
Conflict Resolution Skills: Years of life experience often equip individuals with
enhanced conflict resolution skills. They can mediate disputes, facilitate dialogue, and
work towards resolving conflicts related to VAWC, promoting a peaceful and
harmonious environment within the community.
Knowledge of Legal and Support Systems: Older individuals may possess a better
understanding of legal systems, support services, and available resources for VAWC
victims. This knowledge can be pivotal in guiding victims to the appropriate channels for
help, ensuring they receive the assistance and protection they need (National Academy
Press, 1998)
 23

Role Modeling and Mentorship: Their experience and maturity position them as
role models within the community. By actively participating in addressing VAWC, they
set an example for younger generations, encouraging them to also get involved and work
towards a safer and more supportive community.
Advocacy and Awareness Building: Mature individuals often have developed
strong communication and advocacy skills over the years. They can effectively raise
awareness about VAWC issues, educate the community on its detrimental effects, and
rally support for prevention and intervention efforts.
Long-term Commitment and Sustainability: Older individuals are more likely to
have a long-term commitment to community initiatives. Their stability and commitment
ensure the continuity and sustainability of efforts to address VAWC in the long run.
In summary, the involvement of individuals aged 37 and above in addressing
VAWC in barangay implies a wealth of experience, a deep-rooted understanding of
community dynamics, and the emotional maturity required to provide effective support
and advocacy for victims. Their involvement can significantly contribute to creating a
safer and more supportive community for those affected by VAWC.

WCPD Respondents:
The 11% of respondents in the Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD)
survey who fall within the age range of 37 and above signify a notable concentration of
experienced personnel within this specialized unit. These individuals have likely spent a
considerable portion of their lives dedicated to the field of addressing violence against
women and children (VAWC). As they have amassed years of experience in this critical
area, they inherently possess a wealth of knowledge and expertise in effectively
managing VAWC cases.
Expertise and Specialization: The years spent working within the Women and
Children Protection Desk indicate a high level of specialization and expertise in handling
cases related to VAWC. This expertise is invaluable in providing effective assistance and
support to victims.
Understanding the Dynamics of VAWC: Experience equips these individuals with
a deep understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding violence against women and
 24

children. They are likely to have encountered a wide range of cases, each with its unique
circumstances, enabling them to better comprehend the various forms of abuse and the
underlying factors contributing to it.
Effective Case Management: Seasoned personnel are adept at efficiently
managing VAWC cases (US Department of Justice, 2016). They understand the
intricacies involved, from initial reporting and investigation to providing support and
ensuring the safety and well-being of victims. Their experience helps streamline
processes and responses, ultimately benefiting the victims.
Empathy and Sensitivity: Years of dealing with VAWC cases often lead to the
development of a heightened sense of empathy and sensitivity towards victims.
Experienced personnel are more likely to approach cases with the right balance of
compassion and professionalism, creating a safe and supportive environment for victims.
Mentoring and Training: Experienced individuals within the Women and Children
Protection Desk can act as mentors to younger or less-experienced colleagues. They can
pass on their knowledge, best practices, and effective strategies for handling VAWC
cases. This mentorship helps in the continuous development and improvement of the
team.
Policy and Procedure Advocacy: Their wealth of experience positions them well
to advocate for improved policies, procedures, and resources related to VAWC. They can
offer informed recommendations based on their years of dealing with cases, contributing
to the enhancement of the overall system (National Library of Medicine, 2019).
Public Awareness and Education: UN Women (2021) explained that seasoned
personnel can play a vital role in public awareness campaigns and educational programs
aimed at preventing VAWC. Their experience and credibility in the field make their
messages more impactful and credible, reaching a broader audience and potentially
effecting positive change.
In conclusion, the presence of a significant portion of experienced personnel
within the Women and Children Protection Desk is a clear indicator of the importance of
having individuals with a wealth of knowledge and expertise in managing VAWC cases
effectively. Their experience enhances the quality of assistance and support provided to
 25

victims, ultimately contributing to a safer and more informed society (National

Academies Press, 2021).
Understanding the age distribution among VAWC victims and those involved in
addressing VAWC cases is crucial for developing targeted strategies and programs aimed
at prevention, intervention, and support for both victims and those working to combat
VAWC within the community.
In addition, table 2 revealed that the majority of the respondents were female. In
specific categories, there were 30 female respondents who were VAWC victims, 19 in
the barangay VAWC category, and 8 in the Women and Children Protection Desk
(WCPD) category. This gender distribution indicates that the study primarily focused on
gathering data and insights from female individuals who have been affected by violence.
This choice of focus is crucial because it helps understand and address the unique
challenges and experiences that women face in violent relationships (National Library of
Medicine, 2008).
By concentrating on female victims of violence, the study aimed to shed light on
the prevalence, nature, and impact of violence within intimate relationships. This
information is essential for designing effective interventions, support systems, and
policies to protect and assist female victims of violence (National Library of Medicine,
2014).
The study gathered data from three main sources: VAWC victims, the barangay
VAWC office, and the Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD). These sources are
significant in understanding different aspects of violence against women:
a. VAWC Victims: Directly collecting data from VAWC victims allows for
insights into the experiences and perspectives of those who have faced violence,
providing a more personal and firsthand view.
b. Barangay VAWC Office: Involving the barangay VAWC office suggests a
community-oriented approach. This source could provide information on the support and
services available at the local level, as well as the role of the community in addressing
VAWC issues.
c. Women and Children Protection Desk (WCPD): This source represents a law
enforcement perspective. Gathering data from WCPD can provide insights into reported
 26

cases, law enforcement responses, and the role of authorities in addressing violence
against women and children.
In summary, the study's primary goal was to comprehensively understand and
address violence against women, focusing on female victims who have experienced
violence within intimate relationships. Gathering data from various sources ensures a
multifaceted understanding of the issue, incorporating victim experiences, community
perspectives, and law enforcement involvement (Office of Justice Programs, 1994).
Further, Table 2 showed that Violence against Women and Their Children
(VAWC) is a pervasive issue that affects individuals across various relationship statuses,
including those who are single but in live-in relationships. In the study, 28% of the
respondents (16 out of the total number of respondents) fall into this category, indicating
that they are not married but are cohabiting with a partner who is subjecting them to
abuse.
The data highlights that a significant portion of the VAWC victims are not legally
married but are in live-in relationships. This suggests that abuse is not limited to
formalized marriages but extends to informal relationships where the partners cohabit
without the legal contract of marriage (University of Chicago Legal Forum, 2004).
As reported by National Domestic Violence Hotline (2020), the abuse
experienced by these individuals may manifest in different ways, such as physical
violence, verbal or emotional abuse, control over finances or decision-making, sexual
coercion, or isolation from friends and family. The dynamics of abuse can be complex
and deeply damaging, regardless of the relationship status.
Abuse in live-in relationships often involves a power imbalance, where one
partner seeks to exert control and dominance over the other. This control can be achieved
through manipulation, threats, or actual acts of violence, all of which are aimed at
maintaining power and suppressing the victim (National Library of Medicine, 2014).
Addressing VAWC in this context requires a multi-faceted approach involving
education, awareness, legal support, and counseling. It's essential to raise awareness
about the prevalence of abuse in various relationship dynamics and ensure that
appropriate legal and social support systems are in place to protect victims and hold
perpetrators accountable.
 27

Additionally, challenging traditional gender roles and societal norms that

perpetuate power imbalances and contribute to violence is crucial. Encouraging open
dialogue about healthy relationships and consent can help shift attitudes and behaviors
that perpetuate abuse.
Understanding the prevalence of abuse within unmarried but cohabiting
relationships is crucial for designing effective interventions and support systems to help
these victims and prevent future instances of VAWC
Table 2 also revealed that most VAWC victims are high school graduates,
comprising 19% of the total respondents. This suggests that a significant portion of the
VAWC victims have completed their high school education.
On the other hand, the barangay VAWC and Women and Children Protection
Desk (WCPD) personnel are reported to hold bachelor’s degrees, likely due to their
positions as government employees. This information highlights the educational
qualifications often required or preferred for roles within the government sector,
specifically in positions related to handling cases of violence against women and
children.
Additionally, the data suggests a need for tailored support and interventions for
VAWC victims, considering their educational background and employment status.
Understanding the educational and employment profiles of VAWC victims can help in
crafting targeted strategies for empowerment, education, and employment opportunities
aimed at breaking the cycle of violence and improving their overall well-being (UN
Women, 2020).
In summary, the educational levels and employment patterns of VAWC victims,
along with the educational background of government personnel handling VAWC cases,
provide insights into potential areas for intervention, support, and policy development to
address violence against women and children effectively.
Table 2 also shows that in the VAWC victims, it has 30 respondents are
equivalent to 53% since they are the focus of the study to know and determine the
reasons why they did not pursue to file the VACW cases. On the other hand, the
Barangay VAWC and WCPD are included since they are the ones who handled the
 28

VAWC case and can definitely help the study to provide information about the reasons
why most of the victims did not file the case.

PART II. The Common Reasons Encountered by the Group of Respondents during
the Process of Filing VAWC complaints
This section shows the data about the common reasons encountered by the
VAWC victims in filing VAWC case, such as in terms of physical, emotional, financial
and social aspects. These mentioned variables above are vital in our finding.

Table 3

Physical Aspects

VAWC Victims Brgy. VAWC WCPD MEAN Interpretation

The victim may

have somatic
complaints
such as
headaches and
stomach aches.

3.40

3.26

3.13

3.32
 29

Strongly
Agree

The victim may

have bruising
and or scarring
on her body
parts.

3.60

3.68

3.38

3.60

Strongly Agree

The abuser
locked in the
victim to
avoid from
escaping.

3.77

3.05

3.13

3.44

Strongly
Agree
 30

The abuser
attempts to

cause
physical
harm to the
woman or her
child.

3.57

3.16

3.13

3.37

Strongly
Agree

The abuser
places the
woman or
child in fear
of imminent
physical harm. 3.83 3.26 3.00 3.53 Strongly Agree

Aggregate Mean 3.63 3.28 3.15 3.45 Strongly Agree

Table 3 revealed that the highest mean is 3.60, which the respondents find that
the victim may have bruising and or scarring on her body parts. This analysis implies that
the majority of the respondents strongly agree that they find victims may have bruising
and or scaring on their body parts the reason why they did not pursue filing the case. The
presence of physical injuries can be evidence in a VAWC case. Thus, the pain and
discomfort experienced by victims may deter them from pursuing legal action. It is
 31

essential to have a holistic approach to address the complex issue of VAWC, considering
both the physical aspect. Collaborative efforts involving legal, healthcare, social, and
advocacy sectors are vital to create an environment where victims feel supported and
empowered to take the necessary steps to seek justice (NCJRS, 2019).

Table 4

Emotional Aspects

VAWC Victims Brgy. VAWC WCPD MEAN Interpretation

The abuser threatened

the victim. 3.80 3.47 3.75 3.68 Strongly Agree

The victim is afraid

that her partner will
go to jail. 3.53 3.63 3.13 3.51 Strongly Agree

The victim felt

worried that her
family would
destroy. 3.73 3.68 3.50 3.68 Strongly Agree

The victim is
nervous that the
abuser will not tell
the truth. 3.63 3.32 3.25 3.47 Strongly Agree

The victim is no
longer willing to
spend either time
or effort in
prosecuting the
 32

abuser. 3.70 3.63 3.13 3.60 Strongly Agree

Aggregate Mean 3.68 3.55 3.35 3.59 Strongly Agree

Table 4, showed that the highest mean is 3.68, which the respondents find that
the abuser threatened the victim and the victim felt worried that her family would be
destroyed. This analysis implies that the majority of the respondents strongly agree that
the reasons why they did not pursue filing the case are that they find that the abuser
threatened the victim and the victim felt worried that her family would be harmed as well.
Victims of violence against women and children (VAWC) often face complex emotional
and psychological challenges that can deter them from filing a case against their abuser.
The decision to not report such cases is deeply rooted in a combination of fear, threats,
and concerns about the stability and well-being of their family unit.
Makin Wellness (2021) reported that abusers often use fear as a powerful tool to
maintain control over their victims. Threats can range from physical harm or harm to
loved ones to damage to property or reputation. These threats create a sense of impending
danger, making the victim anxious and fearful about what might happen if they take
action against the abuser.
Victims, especially those in intimate relationships or family structures, may worry
about the repercussions of reporting the abuse on their family members. They fear that
involving legal authorities might bring shame, stigma, or additional harm to their family,
particularly children, parents, or siblings. This concern for the family's overall well-being
often outweighs the desire to seek justice for the individual victim (Makin Wellness,
2021).
Makin Wellness (2021) also emphasized that many victims have a strong desire to
maintain the semblance of a complete and unified family. They may believe that
reporting the abuse and initiating legal proceedings could potentially lead to the breakup
of the family, separation from their partner or spouse, and disruption in the lives of their
children. This fear of disintegration can dissuade them from taking legal action.

Table 5
 33

Financial Aspects

VAWC Victims Brgy. VAWC WCPD MEAN Interpretation

The victim does

not have enough
money to file
the case. 3.80 3.63 3.63 3.72 Strongly Agree

The abuser
offered to pay the
victim to
withdraw the case.

3.97

3.47

3.00

3.67

Strongly Agree

The victim has

no sufficient
income to
provide the
expenses of
pursuing the case. 3.77 3.63 3.50 3.68 Strongly Agree

The victim
 34

experienced
financial stress
in dealing with
filing the case. 3.63 3.53 3.13 3.51 Strongly Agree

The victim finds

that pursuing the
case is a financial
burden. 3.67 3.53 3.25 3.56 Strongly Agree

Aggregate Mean 3.77 3.56 3.30 3.63 Strongly Agree

In Financial Aspects as shown in table 5, the highest mean is 3.72, which the
respondents find that the victims do not have enough money to file the case. The data
implies that victims who are financially dependent on their abusers may feel trapped and
unable to escape the abusive situation. Fear of losing financial support, housing, or access
to basic necessities can be a powerful deterrent from reporting the abuse and seeking
legal assistance (NCADV 2022).

Table 6

Social Aspects

VAWC Victims Brgy. VAWC WCPD MEAN Interpretation

The victim feels

ashamed to file a
case due to her
experiences with
the abuse. 3.80 3.26 2.88 3.49 Strongly Agree

The victim finds

that pursuing
to file a case can
lower their
social status. 3.63 3.37 3.13 3.47 Strongly Agree
The victim isolates
 35

herself from her

family and friends
or excessive social
involvement to
avoid the feeling
of pity and
discrimination. 3.83 3.37 3.50 3.63 Strongly Agree

The victim is aware

that society is most
likely to blame the
victim, especially
in a violence cases. 3.57 3.11 3.13 3.35 Strongly Agree

The victims find

that the WCPD
in charge is not
trained enough
to provide
comprehensive
services in
responding to
their needs
holistically and
empathetically. 3.17 2.26 1.00 2.04 Disagree

Aggregate Mean 3.60 3.07 2.73 3.20 Agree

As shown in table 6, the highest mean is 3.63, which the respondents find that
the victim isolates herself from her family and finds excessive social involvement to
avoid the feeling of pity and discrimination.
National Library of Medicine (2013) reported that societal norms and cultural
expectations can play a significant role in influencing a victim's decision to remain silent.
Some societies stigmatize individuals who expose family issues, especially domestic
 36

abuse, which can lead victims to suppress their pain and suffering to avoid being judged,
ostracized, or isolated by their community.
Victims of VAWC often experience isolation, either through physical seclusion or
emotional detachment from support networks. This isolation can make it difficult for
them to reach out for help, share their experiences, or gather the courage to take legal
action (National Library of Medicine, 2013).

In summary, victims of VAWC face a complex interplay of fear, concern for

their family's well-being, societal pressures, financial dependency, and isolation, all of
which contribute to their decision to remain silent and endure the abuse, hoping for a
resolution that preserves the unity of their family. Addressing these emotional aspects
and providing comprehensive support systems are crucial steps in empowering victims to
break the cycle of abuse and seek the help they need.

Table 7

Summarized Data on the Common Reasons Encountered by the Group of

Respondents during the Process of Filing VAWC Complaints

Variables Weighted Mean Interpretation

A. Physical Aspects 3.45 Strongly Agree
B. Emotional Aspects 3.59 Strongly Agree
C. Financial Aspects 3.63 Strongly Agree
D. Social Aspects 3.20 Agree

Physical Aspects. The aggregate means of 3.45 which respondents strongly

agree with physical aspects. The findings agree with another article by Statistics Canada,
Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Incident-based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey
2011, injuries most often caused by physical force rather than weapons, were more often
used to cause or threaten injury to female victims of police-reported violent crime. In
2011, 87% of female victims injured were harmed by physical force, such as being
 37

punched or kicked. Knives or other cutting instruments caused injury in 3% of female

victims, blunt instruments in 2% of victims, and other weapons in 9%.
Emotional Aspects. The aggregate means of 3.59 which respondents strongly
agree with emotional aspects. These findings agree with another study (Cultura, A., 2017)
the researchers believed that the reason for this is the victims are afraid because they
were threatened that if she will file a complaint, she will be smitten. And likewise, the
victim is still in a state of shock so she cannot reveal information as to the true facts. This
was confirmed by the researchers during an interview with one of the victims of violence.
Financial Aspects. The aggregate means of 3.63 which the respondents strongly
agree with financial aspects. The findings agree with another study ( Jumco, M., 2014)
many poor women do not report violence for fear of their abusers aside from their lack of
independent means of income, hence, we cannot conclude from the number of reported
cases that there is an increase in the incidence of domestic violence.
Social Aspects. The aggregate means of 3.20 with the respondents agreeing on
financial aspects. The findings agree with another study (Claus, D., 2017) entitled The
Effects of Violence against Women that victims sensed being distant from their friends
and relatives because of what they have suffered from their abusers. Victims experienced
poor social functioning skills and social isolation and marginalization; lost workdays,
lower productivity, and lower-income; and overall reduced or lost educational,
employment, social, or political participation opportunities.

PART III. Significant difference between the ratings by the different groups of
respondents.
This section shows the data of the assessment of the significant difference
between the ratings by the different group of respondents. The relationship between these
variables is vital in our findings and presented.

Table 8
Significant difference between VAWC Victims Ratings
 38

ANOVA Result P-Value Interpretation

Difference between the Rating of the different

0.000141968 Significant
groups of repondents
Anova: Single
Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
VAWC Victims 30 108.6 3.62 0.040793103
Brgy VAWC 19 63.95 3.365789474 0.144459064
WCPD 8 25 3.125 0.133571429

This analysis implies that there is a significant difference between the vawc
victims ratings with having the highest average rating of 3.62 which means they strongly
agree on the mentioned common reasons why most victims will not pursue filing vawc
cases since they are victims of VAWC.

Significant difference between Brgy VAWC ratings

This analysis implies that there is a significant difference between the Brgy
VAWC ratings which means they agree on the mentioned common reasons why most
victims will not pursue filing VAWC cases since they just encountered or handles a vawc
case but not one of the victims of abuse.

Significant difference between WCPD ratings

This analysis implies that there is a significant difference between the WCPD
ratings which means they agree on the mentioned common reasons why most victims will
not pursue filing VAWC cases since they handled VAWC
cases and encountered some of the victims reasons for not pursuing to file the case.

CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 39

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations

of the study.

Summary
This study determined the prevailing reason why most victims of VAWC will not pursue
filing cases.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents?
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Marital Status
1.4 Educational Attainment
1.5 Classification of the respondents
1.6 Length of Service
2. What are the common reasons encountered by the group of respondents during
the process of filing VAWC complaints?
2.1 Physical Aspects
2.2 Emotional Aspects
2.3 Financial Aspects
2.4 Social Aspects
3. What are the significant difference between the ratings by the different groups
of respondents?
4. Based on the findings of the study, what action plan can be proposed as a
movement to support the VAWC victims to pursue in filing the case. This study
used a researcher-made survey questionnaire as the primary tool in data gathering.
The study was conducted in Lapu-Lapu City with a total of 57 respondents.

Findings
The following are the important findings of the study:
 40

1. On the demographic profile of the respondents, the findings of the study

revealed that the respondents are female and the number of respondents in Lapu-Lapu
aged 37 years old and above. Further, the findings also reveal that the vast majority of the
respondents' status are single and as for educational attainment, most of the respondents
are Bachelor’s Degrees for the Barangay VAWC and WCPD investigator. Most of the
respondents were VAWC victims and as for the length of service, the victims answered
none since they are not government employees.
2. On the prevailing reasons why most victims will not pursue filing VAWC cases
in Lapu-Lapu City, the findings revealed:
2.1. For physical aspects, the findings revealed that the respondents strongly
agree that the victim may have bruising and or scarring on her body parts.
2.2 For emotional aspects, the findings revealed that the respondents strongly
agree that the abuser threatened the victim and the victim felt worried that her family
would be destroyed.
2.3. For financial aspects, the findings revealed the respondents strongly agree
that the victim does not have enough money to file the case.
2.4. For social aspects, the findings revealed the respondents strongly agree that
the victim isolates herself from her family and friends or excessive social involvement to
avoid the feeling of pity and discrimination.
3. The significant difference between the ratings by the different group of respondents,
the results revealed:
3.1. The significant relationship between the VAWC victims’ ratings, the results
revealed that there is a significant difference between the VAWC victims’ ratings with
having the highest average rating of 3.62 which means they strongly agree on the
mentioned common reasons why most victims will not pursue filing VAWC cases since
they are victims of VAWC.
3.2. The significant relationship between the Brgy VAWC ratings, the results
revealed that there is a significant difference between the Brgy VAWC ratings which
means they agree on the mentioned common reasons why most victims will not pursue
filing VAWC cases since they just encountered or handles a VAWC case but not one of
the victims of abuse.
 41

3.3. The significant relationship between the WCPD ratings, the results revealed
that there is a significant difference between the WCPD ratings which means they agree
on the mentioned common reasons why most victims will not pursue filing VAWC cases
since they handled VAWC cases and encountered some of the victims reasons for not
pursuing to file the case

Conclusion
Violence against women and children has negative effects on society at all levels
and is a serious public health concern. Everyone is at risk from violence, but women and
children are highly vulnerable because they commonly have fewer rights or less
protection. The VAWC victims did not pursue in filing cases in some aspects including
physical, emotional, financial and social.
The variables help the researchers to understand or determined on common
reasons why most victims did not pursue in filing a case. Based on the findings of this
study, in relation to physical aspect the respondents finds that the victim may have
bruising and or scarring on her body parts the reason why they did not pursue in filing a
case. However, in emotional aspects the victims cannot file a case because of the abuser
threatened them. In relation to financial aspects the respondents strongly agree that the
victims does not have enough money while in social aspects the victims isolates herself
from her family and friends or excessive social involvement to avoid the feeling of pity
and discrimination their reasons why they did not pursue in filing a case. Therefore, all
the variables used in this study help the researcher to determine the prevailing reasons
why most victims will not pursue in filing VAWC cases. In line with this, the researchers
recommend the proposed action plan as a movement to support the VAWC victims to
pursue in filing the case.
Recommendations
Studying the prevailing reasons why most victims of violence against women
and children (VAWC) do not pursue filing cases is a critical and sensitive research area
that requires a comprehensive and empathetic approach. Understanding these reasons can
inform policy, legal, and social interventions aimed at addressing barriers to reporting
 42

and seeking justice. The following are some research recommendations to conduct a
study on this topic:
1. Literature Review and Synthesis:
Conduct an extensive literature review to gather existing research, studies, and
publications related to reasons why victims do not pursue filing VAWC cases. Synthesize
the findings to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge in this area.
2. Qualitative Interviews and Focus Groups:
Conduct in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with survivors of
VAWC who did not pursue legal action. Obtain qualitative insights into their
experiences, reasons for not filing cases, perceptions of the legal system, and barriers
encountered. Analyze the narratives to identify common themes and patterns.
3. Surveys and Questionnaires:
Develop surveys and questionnaires to gather quantitative data from a larger
sample of survivors or potential survivors. Include questions about their knowledge of
legal options, perceptions of the justice system, fear of retaliation, societal pressures, and
other potential barriers to filing VAWC cases.
4. Legal System Analysis:
Collaborate with legal experts to analyze the legal processes and procedures
involved in filing VAWC cases. Identify potential legal complexities, costs, delays, and
any factors that may discourage victims from pursuing legal action.
5. Community and Societal Factors:
Investigate community and societal factors that contribute to victims' reluctance to
file cases. These factors may include cultural norms, societal stigma, lack of support from
the community, and fear of retaliation or ostracization.
6. Service Provider Interviews:
Interview professionals from NGOs, law enforcement, healthcare, and social
services who interact with victims. Understand their experiences in assisting victims, the
challenges they face, and how they perceive victims' reluctance to file cases.
 43

7. Policy and Legal Analysis:

Analyze existing policies and laws related to VAWC and their impact on victims'
decision-making regarding pursuing legal action. Evaluate the adequacy and
effectiveness of current legal provisions and recommend potential policy improvements.
8. Comparative Analysis:
Conduct a comparative analysis with countries or regions where reporting rates
and legal actions in VAWC cases are comparatively higher. Identify successful strategies
and best practices that can be implemented to encourage victims to pursue legal action.
9. Longitudinal Study:
Consider a longitudinal study to track victims' decisions and experiences over
time, examining how these evolve and are influenced by various factors such as social
support, legal reforms, and awareness campaigns.
10. Interdisciplinary Approach:
Collaborate with experts from various disciplines such as psychology, sociology,
law, and gender studies to gain a multidimensional understanding of the reasons behind
victims' hesitancy to file VAWC cases.
By conducting a thorough and multifaceted study incorporating these research
recommendations, you can contribute valuable insights to the field and help devise more
effective strategies to support victims of violence and promote justice.
 44

PROPOSED ACTION PLAN

Rationale
This action plan is based from the findings of the study entitled, “Prevailing
Reasons Why Most Victims Will Not Pursue in Filing VAWC Cases”
Addressing the reasons why most victims do not pursue filing Violence against
Women and Children (VAWC) cases is crucial for ensuring justice and support for
survivors. Developing an action plan to address this issue involves a multi-faceted
approach that focuses on awareness, legal support, victim empowerment, and community
involvement. Here is a proposed action plan:

1. Public Awareness and Education:

a. Conduct public campaigns to raise awareness about VAWC laws, legal rights,
and available support services.
b. Collaborate with schools, universities, and community organizations to
integrate education on VAWC into their curriculum and programs.
2. Strengthening Legal Support:
a. Establish legal aid clinics or hotlines that provide free legal advice and
assistance to potential victims of VAWC.
b. Train legal professionals, law enforcement, and court personnel on handling
VAWC cases sensitively and effectively.
3. Enhancing Victim Support Services:
a. Expand and improve access to counseling, therapy, and mental health support
for survivors of VAWC.
b. Create safe spaces and shelters for survivors, providing them with a secure
environment and resources to rebuild their lives.
4. Empowerment Programs:
a. Implement programs that enhance the economic empowerment of survivors,
including skills training and job placement initiatives.
b. Offer empowerment workshops to boost survivors' self-esteem, self-awareness,
and decision-making skills.
 45

5. Community Involvement and Support:

a. Engage community leaders and organizations in anti-VAWC campaigns to
foster a collective responsibility for ending violence.
b. Encourage bystander intervention training to equip community members with
the knowledge and skills to identify and respond to instances of violence.
6. Data Collection and Research:
a. Conduct research to understand the specific barriers that prevent victims from
filing VAWC cases.
b. Utilize the collected data to tailor interventions and strategies to address the
identified barriers effectively.

7. Government Policies and Legislation:

a. Advocate for the enhancement of laws and policies that protect victims and
punish perpetrators of VAWC, ensuring they are comprehensive, fair, and easy to
access.
b. Collaborate with lawmakers and advocacy groups to push for stricter
enforcement of existing VAWC laws.
8. Partnerships and Collaboration:
a. Foster collaboration among various stakeholders, including government
agencies, non-profits, civil society, and private sectors, to pool resources and
expertise in tackling VAWC.
b. Establish a national or local task force to oversee the implementation and
evaluation of this action plan, ensuring its effectiveness and adaptability.
Regular evaluation and feedback mechanisms should be incorporated into this
action plan to track progress, identify areas for improvement, and adapt strategies to
effectively address the reasons preventing victims from pursuing VAWC cases.
 46

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help-end-violence-against-women
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devastatingly-pervasive-1-in-3-women-globally-experience-violence

APPENDIX A- Transmittal Letter

51
52
 53

APPENDIX B- Research Instrument

Dear Respondents,

We are the students at the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue students, taking
up a Bachelor of Science in Criminology. We are currently conducting a study entitled:
“Prevailing Reasons Why Most Victim Will Not Pursue in Filing VAWC Cases”. In line
with this, we would highly appreciate it if you take a few minutes of your valuable time
to answer this questionnaire. Rest assured that the responses you provided will not be
used in any other material and kept private and confidential.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

Apa, Carly Anthony

Baldoza, Jane Anne
Barong, Stephen
Borlasa, Ian Kenneth
Caingles, Reyah
Cañete, Allysa Jane
 54

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

General Directions: Please put a checkmark (✓) on the box provided, Check only the box
that corresponds to your honest answer.
PART I: DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
1. Age
18 -20 26-30 37 and above
21-25 31-36

Gender Male Female Others

2. Marital Status
Single Married Annulled

3. Educational Attainment
Elementary Level Senior High School Graduate

High School Level Bachelor’s Degree

College Level Vocational Degree

Elementary Graduate Post-graduate Degree

High School Graduate
 55

5. Classification of Respondents
Victims Barangay VAWC WCPD Investigator
6. Length of Service
0-4 years 15-19 years None

5-9 years 20-24 years

10-14 years 25 and above years

PART II. THE COMMON REASONS ENCOUNTERED BY RESPONDENTS

DURING THE PROCESS OF FILING VAWC COMPLAINTS
4= Strongly Agree (SA)- It means that the respondents strongly agrees with the
statement about the common reasons encountered during the process of filing VAWC
complaints.

3= Agree (A)- It means that the respondents agrees with the statement about the common
reasons encountered during the process of filing VAWC complaints.

2= Disagree ( D)- It means that the respondents disagrees with the statement about the
common reasons encountered during the process of filing VAWC complaints.

1= Strongly Disagree (SD)- It means that the respondents strongly disagrees with the
statement about the common reasons encountered during the process of filing VAWC
complaints.
2.1 Physical Aspects
4 3 2 1
The victim may have somatic complaints such as
headaches and stomach aches.

The victim may have bruising and or scarring on her body

parts.
 56

The abuser locked in the victim to avoid from escaping.

The abuser attempts to cause physical harm to the woman

or her child.

The abuser places the woman or child in fear of imminent

physical harm.

2.2 Emotional Aspects

4 3 2 1

The abuser threatened the victim.

The victim is afraid that her partner will go to jail.

The victim felt worried that her family would destroy.

The victim is nervous that the abuser will not tell the
truth.
The victim is no longer willing to spend either time or
effort in prosecuting the abuser.

2.3 Financial Aspects

4 3 2 1

The victim does not have enough money to file the case.

The abuser offered to pay the victim to withdraw the

case.
The victim has no sufficient income to provide the
expenses of pursuing the case.
The victim experienced financial stress in dealing with
filing the case.
 57

The victim finds that pursuing the case is a financial

burden.

2.4 Social Aspects

4 3 2 1
The victim feels ashamed to file a case due to her
experiences with the abuse.
The victim finds that pursuing to file a case can lower
their social status.
The victim isolates herself from her family and friends or
excessive social involvement to avoid the feeling of pity
and discrimination.
The victim is aware that society is most likely to blame
the victim, especially in a violence cases.

The victims find that the WCPD in charge is not trained

enough to provide comprehensive services in responding
to their needs holistically and empathetically.
 58

APPENDIX C- Statistical Results

Profile of Respondents
VAWC Victims Brgy VAWC WCPD
Variables
f % f % f %
Age
21-25 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
26-30 10 18% 0 0% 0 0%
31-36 11 19% 5 9% 2 4%
37 and above 9 16% 14 25% 6 11%
Total 30 53% 19 33% 8 14%
Gender
Female 30 53% 19 33% 8 14%
Total 30 53% 19 33% 8 14%
Marital Status
Single 16 28% 4 7% 1 2%
Married 13 23% 14 25% 7 12%
Annulled 1 2% 1 2% 0 0%
Total 30 53% 19 33% 8 14%
Educational Attainment
Elementary Level 1 2% 0 0% 0 0%
High School Level 3 5% 0 0% 0 0%
College Level 10 18% 5 9% 0 0%
High School Graduate 11 19% 0 0% 0 0%
Senior High School Graduate 3 5% 0 0% 0 0%
Bachelor's Degree 2 4% 12 21% 8 14%
Vocational Degree 0 0% 2 4% 0 0%
Total 30 53% 19 33% 8 14%
Classification of Respondents
VAWC Victims 30 53% 0 0% 0 0%
Barangay VAWC 0 0% 19 33% 0 0%
WCPD Investigator 0 0% 0 0% 8 14%
Total 30 53% 19 33% 8 14%
Length of Service
1-4 years 0 0% 6 11% 0 0%
5-9 years 0 0% 8 14% 3 5%
10-14 years 0 0% 3 5% 5 9%
15-19 years 0 0% 2 4% 0 0%
Total 0 0% 19 33% 8 14%
 59

PART 2: Common Reasons encountered by the group of respondents during the process of filing VAWC complaints
VAWC Brgy
Physical Aspects WCPD Mean Interpretation
Victims VAWC
The victim may have somatic complaints such as headaches and stomach aches. 3.40 3.26 3.13 3.32 Strongly Agree
The victim may have bruising and or scarring on her body parts. 3.60 3.68 3.38 3.60 Strongly Agree
The abuser locked in the victim to avoid from escaping. 3.77 3.05 3.13 3.44 Strongly Agree
The abuser attempts to cause physical harm to the woman or her child. 3.57 3.16 3.13 3.37 Strongly Agree
The abuser places th woman or child in fear of imminent physical harm. 3.83 3.26 3.00 3.53 Strongly Agree
AWM 3.63 3.28 3.15 3.45 Strongly Agree
VAWC Brgy
Emotional Aspects WCPD WM Interpretation
Victims VAWC
The abuser threatened the victim. 3.80 3.47 3.75 3.68 Strongly Agree
The victim is afraid that her partner will go to jail. 3.53 3.63 3.13 3.51 Strongly Agree
The victim felt worried that her family would destroy. 3.73 3.68 3.50 3.68 Strongly Agree
The victim is nervous that the abuser will not tell the truth. 3.63 3.32 3.25 3.47 Strongly Agree
The victim is no longer willing to spend either time or effort in prosecuting the abuser. 3.70 3.63 3.13 3.60 Strongly Agree
AWM 3.68 3.55 3.35 3.59 Strongly Agree
VAWC Brgy
Financial Aspects WCPD WM Interpretation
Victims VAWC
The victim does not have enough money to file the case. 3.80 3.63 3.63 3.72 Strongly Agree
The abuser offered to pay the victim to withdraw the case. 3.97 3.47 3.00 3.67 Strongly Agree
The victim has no sufficient income to provide the expenses of pursuing the case. 3.77 3.63 3.50 3.68 Strongly Agree
The victim experienced financial stress in dealing with filing the case. 3.63 3.53 3.13 3.51 Strongly Agree
The victim finds that pursuing the case is a financial burden. 3.67 3.53 3.25 3.56 Strongly Agree
AWM 3.77 3.56 3.30 3.63 Strongly Agree
VAWC Brgy
Social Aspects WCPD WM Interpretation
Victims VAWC
The victim feels ashamed to file a case due to her experiences with the abuse. 3.80 3.26 2.88 3.49 Strongly Agree
The victim finds that pursuing to file a case can lower their social status. 3.63 3.37 3.13 3.47 Strongly Agree
The victim isolates herself from her family and friends or excessive social
3.83 3.37 3.50 3.63 Strongly Agree
involvement to avoid the feeling of pity and discrimination.
The victim is aware that society is most likely to blame the victim, especially in a
3.57 3.11 3.13 3.35 Strongly Agree
violence cases.
The victims find that the WCPD in charge is not trained enough to provide
3.17 2.26 1.00 2.04 Disagree
comprehensive services in responding to their needs holistically and empathetically.
AWM 3.60 3.07 2.73 3.20 Agree
 60

PART 2 AWM Interpretation

Physical Aspects 3.45 Strongly Agree
Emotional Aspects 3.59 Strongly Agree
Financial Aspects 3.63 Strongly Agree
Social Aspects 3.20 Agree

Range Interpretation

1.00-1.75 Strongly Disagree

1.75-2.50 Disagree
2.51-3.25 Agree
3.26-4.00 Strongly Agree

ANOVA Result P-Value Interpretation

Difference between the Rating of the different groups of respondents 0.000142 Significant

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
VAWC Victims 30 108.6 3.62 0.040793103
Brgy VAWC 19 63.95 3.36578947 0.144459064
WCPD 8 25 3.125 0.133571429
 61

APPENDIX D- Grammarly Result

 62

APPENDIX E- Location Map

 63

CURRICULUM VITAE

CARL ANTHONY A. APA

Cabahug, Tingo Lapu-Lapu City
09260717624
[email protected]
Personal Data:
Birthdate: February 19, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino

Educational Attainment:

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Tertiary School

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Senior High School

Nemesio Efipania Taneo Memorial High School

Junior High School

Tingo Elementary School

Elementary School
 64

CURRICULUM VITAE

JANE ANN T. BALDOZA

Pacific Grande 1, Carajay Gun-ob, LLC City
09506843357
[email protected]
Personal Data:
Birthdate: August 25, 1999
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino

Educational Attainment:

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Tertiary School

Babag National High School

Senior High School

Guiwanon National High School

Junior High School

Kabatuan Elementary School

Elementary School
 65

CURRICULUM VITAE

STEPHEN G. BARONG
A. Tumulak St. Gun-ob Lapu-Lapu City
09459880219
[email protected]
Personal Data:
Birthdate: May 14, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino

Educational Attainment:

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Tertiary School

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Senior High School

Gun-ob National High School

Junior High School

Gun-ob Elementary School

Elementary School
 66

CURRICULUM VITAE

IAN KENNETH O. BORLASA

Ibabao-Estancia, Mandaue City
09770660425
[email protected]
Personal Data:
Birthdate: March 23, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino

Educational Attainment:

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Tertiary School

Holy Child Academy

Senior High School

Holy Child Academy

Junior High School

Pang-pang Elementary School

Elementary School
 67

CURRICULUM VITAE

REYAH O. CAINGLES
Canjulao, Lapu-lapu City
09239468904
[email protected]
Personal Data:
Birthdate: June 12, 2001
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino

Educational Attainment:

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Tertiary School

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Senior High School

Saint Dominic Savio International School

Junior High School

Mactan Air Base Elementary School

Elementary School
 68

CURRICULUM VITAE

ALLYSA JANE I. CANETE

Sangi New Road, Pajo, Lapu-lapu City
09561391641
[email protected]
Personal Data:
Birthdate: December 3, 1999
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino

Educational Attainment:

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

Tertiary School

Mayor Tomas V. Rivera National High School

Senior High School

Mayor Tomas V. Rivera National High School

Junior High School

Itombato Elementary School

Elementary School