Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF SLABS
4.1 ONE WAY RIBBED SLAB
In one way ribbed slab, the supporting beams called joists or ribs are closely spaced. The
ribbed floor is formed using temporary or permanent shuttering (form work) while the
hollow block floor is generally constructed with block made of clay tiles or with concrete
containing light weight aggregate. This type of floor is economical for buildings where
there are long spans and light or moderate live loads such as in hospitals and apartment
buildings.

General requirements:
 Because joists are closely spaced, thickness of slab (topping), t slab ≥ 40 mm
or 1/10 clear distance between ribs.
 The topping shall be provided with a reinforcement mesh providing in each
direction a cross sectional area not less than 0.001 of the section of the slab.
 Unless calculation requires, minimum reinforcement to be provided for joists
include two bars, where one is bent near the support and the other straight.
 Rib width bw ≥ 70 mm, and overall depth Dj ≤ 4 bw,joist , excluding tslab
 Rib spacing is generally less than 1 m.
 In case of rib spacing larger than 1 m, the topping need to be designed as if
supported on ribs (i.e. as one way solid slab between the ribs).
 If the span of the ribs exceeds 6 m, transverse ribs may be provided.
 When transverse ribs are provided, the center to center distance shall not exceed 20
times the overall depth of the ribbed slab.
 The transverse ribs shall be designed for at least half the values of maximum
moments and shear force in the longitudinal ribs.
 The girder supporting the joist may be rectangular or T-beam, with the flange
thickness equal to the floor thickness.

Procedure for design of a floor system of ribbed slab:

1. Thickness of topping and ribs assumed based on minimum requirements.
2. Loads may be computed on the basis of center line of the spacing of joists.
3. The joists are analyzed as continuous T-beams supported by girders.
4. Shear reinforcement shall not be provided in the narrow web of the joists thus a
check for the section capacity against shear is carried out. The shear capacity may
be approximated as 1.1 Vc of regular sections.
5. Determine flexural reinforcement and consider minimum provision in the final
solution.
6. Provide the topping or slab with reinforcement as per temperature and shrinkage
requirement.
7. Design the girder as a beam.

______________________________________________________________________ 1
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

EBCS 2 - provisions
4.5.5 Web-Flange Connections

______________________________________________________________________ 2
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Eg: A typical interior panel of a hotel floor with arrangements for dining is to be built as
ribbed floor using hollow blocks, specially fabricated for this purpose. The joists are to be
supported at the ends on RC girder as shown in the figure. The span of the girder is 7 m
and center to center girder spacing = 5.5 m. The joists are spaced at 550 mm. The toppings
are 50 mm thick and the joists depth below toppings may range between 220 mm to 230
mm. The loads include LL = 3 kN/m2, superimposed DL from partitions, finishing and
blocks = 5 kN/m2. Materials used include C30 concrete and steel having characteristic
strength of 300 MPa with class I works. Assume bwj = 150 mm, bwg = 400 mm and column
size = 400 mm × 400 mm. Design the typical interior panel. For the joists of such a
interior panel, consider maximum support moment as wl2/11 and maximum mid span
moment as wl2/16 for simplicity to reduce the work of analysis part.

Solution: Design of joists and topping:

Effective depth of joist or rib

 0.6 f yk  Le

dj   0.4  
 400  a
Here Le = span of the joist = 5.5 m
βa can be taken similar to flat slab = 24

dj  0.85  0.85
Le 5500
 195mm
a 24
Overall depth of the joist = Dj = 195 + 15 + 14/2 + 6 = 223 mm,

Provide Dj =225 mm

Overall depth of the joist Dj ≤ 4 bw, joist = 4(150) = 600 mm - Dj provided is OK.

Thickness of slab (topping), t slab ≥ 40 mm

or 1/10 clear distance between ribs.
= (550 – 150) / 10 = 40 mm
In our problem, t slab = 50 mm > 40 mm – OK
______________________________________________________________________ 3
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Loads on the joists

DL = (0.05 * 0.55 * 25) + (0.225 * 0.15 * 25) = 1.53 kN/m
DL from partitions etc = 5 * 0.55 = 2.75 kN/m
LL given in the problem = 3 * 0.55 = 1.65 kN/m

Design load = 1.3(1.53 + 2.75) + 1.6(1.65) = 8.2 kN/m

For interior spans of continuous joists,

Mmax at support = wl2/11 = (8.2 * 5.52)/11 = 22.55 kN-m.

Mmax at mid span = wl2/16 = (8.2 * 5.52)/16 = 15.5 kN-m.
Vmax = wl/2 = (8.2 * 5.5) / 2 = 22.55 kN.

Effective depth check:

Mu 22.55 * 106
d = = = 193.5 mm < the depth
0.2952bfcd 0.2952* 150 * 13.6
provided, Hence ok.

Design of mid span section of an interior span as T beam

le 5500
be  bw   150   1250mm
5 5
C/c distance between the joists = 550 mm

Therefore, be = 550 mm

fck = 24 MPa; fcd = 13.6 MPa; fyk = 300 MPa; fyd = 260.87 MPa

Eff. depth of the T section = 195 + 50 = 245 mm

Assuming the NA to fall in the flange,

Mu = 0.8 x be fcd (d – 0.4x)

15.5 * 106 = 0.8x (550)(13.6)(245 – 0.4x)

Or x2 – 612.5x + 6475.6 = 0
On solving the above quadratic equation,
x = 10.76 mm
Therefore, NA falls within the flange
As = (0.8 x be fcd)/fyd
= (0.8 * 10.76 * 550 * 13.6)/260.87
= 246.82 mm2
Number of 14 mm dia rods = 246.82 / (π * 142/4) = 1.6

Provide 2 numbers of 14 mm dia rods in the mid-section of the interior span.

______________________________________________________________________ 4
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Design of support section of an interior span as a rectangular beam

Overall depth D = 275 mm; Effective depth d = 245 mm

Breadth b = 150 mm; Mmax = 22.55 kN-m
Mumax = 0.2952 fcd bd2 =
= 0.2952 * 13.6 * 150 * 2452 * 10-6
= 36.15 kN-m > 22.55 kN-m
The section is under reinforced.

 2 Mu  fcd  6 
ρ= 
1  1  =
 fyd 
1  1  2 * 22.55 * 10   13.6
 bd 2 fcd   150 * 2452 * 13.6  260.87
= 0.0107
As = ρ b d = 0.0107 * 150 * 245 = 393.23 mm2

Number of 14 mm dia rods = 393.16/(π * 142/4) = 2.55

Provide 3 numbers of 14 mm dia rods at the top in the support.

As f yd 393.16 * 260.87
Depth of NA x = =
0.8bf cd 0.8 *150*13.6
= 62.85 mm
Limiting value of depth of NA = 0.45 d
= 0.45 * 245 = 110.25 > 62.85 mm
Hence the section as under reinforced is confirmed

Shear reinforcement:
The critical section for shear is considered at ‘d’ distance from the face of the support, for
the interior span of the continuous beam.

18.901kN
22.55 kN

2.305 m

2.75 m

The critical section = {(5.5 – 0.4) / 2 } – 0.245

= 2.305 m from the mid span
Maximum shear force at the support = 22.55 kN
Shear force at the critical section (Vsd) = 18.901 kN
______________________________________________________________________ 5
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

VRD = 0.25 fcdbwd

= 0.25* 13.6 * 150 * 245 * 10-3
= 124.95 kN >> 18.901 kN → ok
2 2
0.21 f ck 3
3 0.21* (24)
fctd = = = 1.165 MPa
1 .5 1 .5
k1 = 1+50p = 1+50*0.0107 = 1.535≤ 2.0
k2 = 1.6 –d = 1.6-0.245 = 1.355 > 1.0
Vc = 0.25 fctdk1k2bwd
= 0.25*1.165*1.535*1.355*150*245*10-3
= 22.16 kN
Since Vsd < Vc→ provide minimum shear reinforcements
0 .4 0 .4
Minimum shear reinforcement = ρmin = = =0.00133
fyk 300
Consider 6 mm dia stirrups with 2 legs,
Av = 2 * 62 * π / 4 = 56.55 mm2
Av 56.55
S=   283.46mm
bw  min 150* 0.00133

But Smax = 0.5d = 0.5*245 = 122.5 mm

Use Ф6mm stirrup @ c/c 120 mm
Transverse reinforcement at topping.
Cross-section area of the topping
Ac = 50 * 1000 = 50000 mm2
Based on EBCS-2 , Ast = 0.001 Ac
Ast = 0.001*50000 = 50 mm2
Reinforcement in a unit width (i.e. 1m)
28.27 * 1000
Spacing of Ф6mm rods =  565.4mm
50
Use Ф6mm @ c/c 400mm in both directions (since secondary reinforcements shall not be
greater than 400mm spacing)
Longitudinal shear (page 45, article 4.5.5. EBCS 2)
Flange in compression
Compression under max. span moment
Mmax =15.5 kNm Maximum transverse Shear , Vsd = 22.55 kN

______________________________________________________________________ 6
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

x = 0.45 * 245 = 110.25

& Z = d – 0.4x = 245 – 0.4(110.25) = 200.9 mm
be = 550mm , bw = 150mm
Longitudinal shear for flange in compression,
 b  b V  550  150  22.55 *1000 N
vsd =  e w  sd   * mm
 2be  Z  2 * 550  200.9

vsd = 40.82 kN m

VRd 1 = 0.25 fcd hf = 0.25* 13.6* 50 = 170 kN m

VRd 1 = 170 kN m > 40.82 kN m  safe against failure by crushing of concrete.

Asf f yd
VRd 2 = 0.50 fctd hf +
Sf

0.21* 24
2 2
0.21 f ck 3 3
fctd =   1.165Mpa
1.5 1.5
Sf = Spacing of reinforcement in the topping perpendicular to the web-flange
interface = 400mm
Asf = Area of reinforcement per unit length perpendicular to the web-flange interface
A 6 *1000 28.27 *1000 2
Asf =   70.69 mm
Sf 400 m

70.69 * 260.87
VRd2 = 0.50 * 1.165 * 50 +  29.125  46.1
400

75.225 kN m > 40.82 kN m  safe.

Flange in tension
Tension under max. support moment, Mmax = 22.55 kNm
Maximum transverse shear, Vsd = 22.55 kN
z = 200.9
As = 3ф14 = 3*154 = 462 mm2
Asw = 2ф14 = 2*154 = 308 mm2
Longitudinal shear for flange in tension
A A  V  462  308  22.55 * 1000 18.7 kN
vsd =  s sw  * sd  * 
m
 2 As  z  2 * 462  200.9

______________________________________________________________________ 7
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

VRd 1 = 170 kN m > 18.7 kN m  safe

Asf f yd 70.69 * 260.87

VRd 2 =   46.1 kN
sf 400 m

VRd 2 = 46.1 kN m > 18.7 kN m  safe.

4.2 DESIGN OF ONE WAY SOLID SLABS

Design the floor slab system which consists of one way slab framed by beams.
The loads consists of LL=5kN/m2 and load from partition 3kN/m2. Material
used C-25 and steel having fyk=300MPa. Assume bw = 250mm.

Loading: DL=self-weight=1*0.15*25=3.75kN/m
Finishing = 0.04*1*25=1.00kN/m
Partition =1*3 =3kN/m
DL=7.75kN/m
Design load: Pd = 1.3DL + 1.6LL
=1.3(7.75) +1.6(5)
= 18kN/m

______________________________________________________________________ 8
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Analysis for moment using Moment Distribution Method

Distribution Factors, DF
At joint B
3 I I I I
K BA    ; K BC  ;  K  K BA  K BC 
4 3 4 4 2
K BA 1 K BC 1
DFBA   ; DFBC   .
K 2 K 2
At joint C
3 I 3I I 13I
K CD    ; K CB  ;
4 3.5 14 4
 K  K CB  K CD 
28

K CD 6 K CB 7
DFCD   ; DFCB   .
 K 13  K 13
1. For dead load only:
10kN/m

A B C D
3m 4m 3.5m
DF 1 0.5 0.5 0.54 0.46 1
4/9
FEM -7.5 7.5 -13.33 13.33 -10.21 10.21
CO 7.5 3.75 -5.11 -10.21
Bal. joints
Bal. joints 1.04 1.04 1.075 0.915
CO 0.538 0.52
Bal. joints -0.269 -0.269 -0.281 -0.281
CO 8.10 -0.14 -0.1345
Bal. joints 0.07 0.07 0.073 0.062
CO 0.0365 0.035
Bal. joints -0.018 -0.018 -0.019 -0.016
CO -0.009 -0.009
Bal. joints 0.0045 0.0045 0.0045 0.0045

Final end Moments 0 12.10 -12.10 14.50 -14.50 0

______________________________________________________________________ 9
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

2. For live load acting on spans AB and BC only (for max MB)
8kN/m

A B C D
3m 4m 3.5m
DF 1 0.5 0.5 0.54 0.46 1
4/9
FEM -6 6 -10.67 10.67 0 0
CO 6 3.0
Bal.
Bal. joints 0.83 0.83 -5.76 -4.91
joints CO -2.88 0.415
Bal. joints 1.44 1.44 -0.224 -0.191
CO 8.10 -0.112 0.72
Bal. joints 0.056 0.056 -0.389 -0.331
CO -0.1945 0.028
Bal. joints 0.097 0.097 -0.015 -0.013
Final end Moments 0 11.42 -11.42 5.45 -5.45 0

3. For live load acting on spans BC and CD only (for max MC)
8kN/m

A B C D
3m 4m 3.5m
DF 1 0.5 0.5 0.54 0.46 1
4/9
FEM 0 0 -10.67 10.67 -8.17 8.17
CO 0 -4.09 -8.17
Bal.
Bal. joints 5.335 5.335 0.8586 0.7314
joints CO 0.4293 2.6675
Bal. joints -0.2147 -0.2147 -1.4405 -1.2271
CO 8.10 -0.7203 -0.1074
Bal. joints 0.360 0.36 0.058 0.049
CO 0.029 0.18
Bal. joints -0.015 -0.015 -0.097 -0.084
Final end Moments 0 5.47 -5.47 12.77 -12.77 0

______________________________________________________________________ 10
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

4. For LL acting on spans AB and CD only (for max span M in AB&CD)

8kN/m 8kN/m

A B C D
3m 4m 3.5m
DF 1 0.5 0.5 0.54 0.46 1
4/9
FEM -6 6 0 0 -8.17 8.17
CO 6 3 -4.09 -8.17
Bal.
Bal. joints -4.5 4.5 6.62 6.62
joints CO 3.31 -2.25
Bal. joints -1.655 -1.655 1.215 1.035
CO 8.10 0.6075 -0.83
Bal. joints -0.304 -0.304 0.448 0.382
CO 0.224 -0.152
Bal. joints -0.112 -0.112 -0.082 -0.07
Final end Moments 0 2.41 -2.41 5.10 5.10 0

5. For live load acting on spans CD and BC only (for max Msp in span BC)
8kN/m

A B C D
3m 4m 3.5m
DF 1 0.5 0.5 0.54 0.46 1
4/9
FEM 0 0 -10.67 10.67 0 0
CO
Bal.
Bal. joints 5.335 5.335 -5.762 -4.908
joints CO -2.881 2.6675
Bal. joints 1.441 1.441 -1.4405 -1.2271
CO 8.10 -0.7203 0.7205
Bal. joints 0.360 0.36 - 0.39 -0.33
CO -0.195 0.18
Bal. joints 0.0975 0.0975 -0.097 -0.083
Final end Moments 0 7.23 -7.23 6.55 -6.55 0

______________________________________________________________________ 11
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Superimposing effects of DL and LL

i. Support moments;
 For support B, (1)+(2)=12.1+11.42=23.52kNm
 For support C, (1)+(3)=14.5+12.79=27.29kNm
ii. Span moments;
 For span AB; (1)+(4)=6+7.84=13.84kNm
 For span BC; (1)+(5)=6.72+9.08=15.80kNm
 For span CD; (1)+(4)=8.88+9.83=18.71kNm
Design constants: fcd=11.33MPa and fyd=260.87MPa
Mu 27.29 * 106
Design depth: d    90.33 mm
0.2952* b * f cd 0.2952 * 1000 * 11.33

<dprov, hence ok!

Reinforcement: b=1000mm
d=150-15-8=129mm

 2M u  f cd  2 * 27.29 * 106  11.33

  1  1    1  1    0.0068
 bd 2 f cd  f yd  1000 * 1292
* 11.33  260.87

As = ρbd = 0.0068 * 1000 * 129 = 880 mm2

bas 1000( * 122 /4)
Spacing of 12 mm dia rods = =  128.51mm
As 880
Provide 125mm c/c spacing
The table below shows the reinforcement provided for different sections.
Section Mu(kNm) Ρ As(mm2) S=bas/As(mm) Sprov (mm)
Support B 23.52 0.0058 748.90 Φ12=151.00 Φ12-c/c150
Support C 27.29 0.0068 880.00 Φ12=128.51 Φ12-c/c125
Span AB 13.84 0.0033 427.60 Φ10=183.70 Φ10-c/c180
Span BC 15.80 0.0038 491.00 Φ10=159.90 Φ10-c/c155
Span CD 18.71 0.0045 586.71 Φ10=133.90 Φ10-c/c130

______________________________________________________________________ 12
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

4.3 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLABS

Two way slabs are floor system whose individual panels are rectangular and are supported
in such a way that two way action results. When loaded, such slabs bend into a dashed
surface rather than cylindrical one. As the BMs are proportional to curvature, to resist these
BMs, the slab must be reinforced in both directions. Therefore, the slab must be designed to
take a proportionate share of the load in each direction.
Let’s consider a simply supported two way slab shown below, with Lx and Ly, shorter and
longer span, respectively.

1m

Let it be subjected to uniform load

Pd KN/m2
Evidently, part of the load is carried by one
1m 1m Ly set of strips and transmitted to one pair of
edge supports and the remainder by the
other.
1m
Lx

Let Pdx & Pdy be the share of Pd in x and y direction so that,

Pdx + Pdy = Pd ------------ (2.1)
Let kx & ky be constants for load share such that,
kxPd = Pdx and kyPd = Pdy
Since, the deflection at the center of the strip must be the same, one obtains,
4 4
5Pdx L4x 5Pdy L y Pdx L y
             ( 2. 2 )
384EI 384EI Pdy L4x
Lx Pdy
Let     4  Pdy   4 Pdx
Ly Pdx

But Pdx + Pdy = Pd  (4 + 1) Pdx = Pd

Knowing kxPd = Pdx  kxPd (4 + 1) = Pd
1 4
 kx  ky 
 1
4
4 1
One may see that the large share of the load is carried in the short direction.

______________________________________________________________________ 13
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

For instance, consider when

Ly/Lx = 1, 1.5, 2
kx = 0.5, 0.835, 0.941
ky = 0.5, 0.165, 0.059
If the span moments are required for such simple spans
Mxmax = kxPdLx2 / 8
Mymax = kyPdLy2/ 8
Analysis by Means of Coefficients
Slabs with side ratio less than 2 are treated as two way slabs and analysis can be made by
means of coefficients on the basis of the following assumptions and procedures.
- The slab is composed of rectangular panels, supported at all four edges by walls or beams,
stiff enough to be treated as an unyielding.
- Slabs are subjected to uniform load or concentrated load which can be converted to
equivalent uniform load not exceeding 20% of the total load.
Individual Moment Determination
Moments for each panels with edge either simply supported or fully fixed are calculated
from,
Mi = i Pd Lx2
Where Mi = design BM per unit width at point of reference.
i = Coefficient given in table A - 1, as a function of Ly/Lx
Pd = Design uniform load (KN/m2)
Lx , Ly = shorter and longer spans of the panel, respectively
Loads to Supporting Beams
The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angles
can be computed using,
Vx = vx Pd Lx
Vy = vy Pd Lx
Table A-3 gives values of load transfer coefficient vx and vy and the assumed distribution
of this loading is shown below.
Vi

Li/8 + 0.75Li + Li/8

Li
______________________________________________________________________ 14
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Moments in Continuous Slabs

General
The first stage of design is to determine support and span moments for all panels
individually by treating their edges as either simply supported or fully fixed. External edges
are generally considered as simply supported and continuous edges are considered as fully
fixed in this stage.
If the slab is connected with an external wall or if any of its edges is partly fixed and partly
simply supported, the following procedure may be adopted:
(a) The ratio of the actual support moment to the bending moment of fully fixed slab, or
the ratio of the width of fixed part to the width of the simply supported part of the
edge is evaluated.
(b) The bending moments of the slab are then computed by interpolating between different
support conditions.
For each support over which the slab is continuous, generally, there will be two different
support moments. The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of
the support to equalize their moments, as in the moment distribution method for frames.
Two methods of differing accuracy are given here for treating the effects of this
redistribution on moments away from the support.

Method I
Method I may be used:
(a) When differences between initial support moments are less than 20 percent of the
larger moment, and
(b) Only for internal structures where the live load does not exceed 2.5 times the
permanent load (qk  2.5gk) or 0.8 times the dead load for external structures (qk 
0.8gk).
When Method I is used, dimensioning is normally, carried out either using:
(a) Initial moments directly, or
(b) Based on the average initial moment at the support.
After obtaining support and span moments for individual panels of the slab, you may have
support over which the slab is continuous but with two different support moments.
The difference may be distributed between the panels on either side of the support to
equalize their moments as in moment distribution.
______________________________________________________________________ 15
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

After distributing the unbalanced moment (only one balancing) appropriate adjustment for
the span are made as:
 If the support moment is moment is decreased, the span moment Mxf, Myf are
increased to allow for the change in support moment M in which the increase being
equal to the change of support moment multiplied by the factor given in Table A-2.
 If the support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span moment.
However, the average moment at support with no further adjustment may be made if
the differences between initial moments are less than 20% of the larger moment and
LL does not exceed 2.5 times the permanent load.
If the support moments decrease, span moments are to be increased by ∆Madj.
∆Madj can be determined by using coefficients given in Table A: 2 (EBCS-2/95)
∆Mxadj = Cx∆M
∆Myadj = Cy∆M
Then the design shall be made similar to beam design having b=1000mm.
Method II
In this method consideration of the effects of changes of support moments is limited to the
adjacent spans. Since no effects on neighbouring support sections need be considered, only
a simple balancing operation is required at each edge and no iterative process is involved.
The procedure for applying Method II, is as follows:
(a) Support and span moments are first calculated for individual panels by assuming each
panel to be fully loaded. This is done by using the coefficients given in Table A-1
(b) The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method. The
relative stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of
inertia divided by the smaller span.
(c) If the support moment is decreased, the span moments mxf and myf are then increased
to allow for the changes of support moments. This increase is calculated as being
equal to the change of the support moment multiplied by the factors given in Table A-
2. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span moments.

______________________________________________________________________ 16
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

______________________________________________________________________ 17
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

______________________________________________________________________ 18
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

______________________________________________________________________ 19
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Example: Design the floor slab shown in the figure. The clear height of floor to slab is 3m.
All external walls are 20cm HCB walls, and all internal walls (partition walls) are 10cm
HCB walls. The building is meant for residential purpose, with materials C25 and S-300.

Solution
Beams shall be made to span along all the grids as shown. Four slab panels shall be
considered column locations shall be taken as shown in the drawing.
Slab S1 size: 3mx3m
From serviceability d=[0.4+0.6fyk/400]Le/βa
Le=shorter span for two way slabs,Lx=3m
fyk=300MPa
d=[0.4+0.6(300/400)]Lx/βa = 0.85Lx/βa

To find βa S1 is to be considered as end span

Span ratio = Lx/Ly = 3/3 = 1, βa for Ly/Lx=1 is 40

Therefore, d= 0.85(3000)/40 = 63.75mm
Slab S2 size: 5mx3m
To find βa S2 is to be considered as end span

Span ratio = Lx/Ly = 5/3 = 1.6667, βa for Ly/Lx=1 is 40

=2 is 30
Therefore by interpolating βa from the above condition becomes, βa= 33.333
Therefore, d= 0.85(3000)/33.333 = 76.5mm

______________________________________________________________________ 20
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Slab S3 size: 3mx4m

To find βa S3 is to be considered as end span

Span ratio = Lx/Ly = 4/3 = 1.333, βa for Ly/Lx=1 is 40

=2 is 30
Therefore by interpolating βa from the above condition becomes, βa= 36.6667
Therefore, d= 0.85(3000)/36.6667= 69.5mm
Slab S4 size: 4mx5m
To find βa S4 is to be considered as end span

Span ratio = Lx/Ly = 5/4 = 1.25, βa for Ly/Lx=1 is 40 and for Ly/Lx =2 is 30

Therefore by interpolating βa from the above condition becomes, βa= 37.5

Therefore, d= 0.85(4000)/37.5= 90.5mm
Take d=100mm for all the slabs
Consider 15mm cover, 8mmϕ rebars in both directions.
Overall depth D= d+cc+ϕ = 100 + 15 + 8 = 123mm
Provide overall depth, D = 130mm
Load Calculation for Floor Slab
130mm RC slab: 0.13*25= 3.25kN/m2
30mm cement screed: 0.03*23=0.69kN/m2
6mm ceramic tiles: 0.006*16=0.096kN/m2
15mm ceiling plaster: 0.015*23=0.345kN/m2
Total = 4.381kN/m2
Live load on the slab = 2kN/m2 for resdential purpose building.
In S2 there is a partition wall for a length = 3m
weight per m2 of the partition wall = 0.1*10 +2(0.015*23) = 1.69kN/m2
The total weight of partition = 3*3*1.69 = 15.21kN
Percentage of partition load in partiotion load = [1.3*15.21/1.3(15.21+(4.381*5*3)]100
= 12.9% < 20%, Hence this load can be
distributed on the slab; 15.21/5*3= 1.014kN/m2
Design Loads
For S1, S3 and S4: 1.3*4.381 + 1.6*2 = 8.9kN/m2
For S2: 1.3(4.381+ 1.014) + 1.6*2= 10.2kN/m2

______________________________________________________________________ 21
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Panel Moments
Support condition 4 from Table A-1
Ly/Lx = 3/3 = 1.0
αys = 0.047 αxs = 0.047
αxf = 0.036 αyf = 0.036
Mi = [Link].Lx2
Mxs = 0.047*8.9*3.02 = 3.7647 KNm/m
Mys = 0.047*8.9*3.02 = 2.8836 KNm/m
Mxf = 0.036*8.9*3.02 = 3.7647 KNm/m
Myf = 0.036*8.9*3.02 = 2.8836 KNm/m

Support condition 4 from Table A-1

Ly/Lx = 5/3 = 1.667
Ly/Lx=1.5, αxs = 0.078
Ly/Lx=1.75, αxs = 0.087
By interpolating for Ly/Lx=1.667,
αxs = 0.084
Ly/Lx=1.5, αxf = 0.059
Ly/Lx=1.75, αxf = 0.065

By interpolating for Ly/Lx=1.667, αxf= 0.063

Similarly for Ly/Lx=1.667, αys = 0.047 and αyf = 0.036
Mxs = 0.084*10.2*3.02 = 7.7112 KNm/m
Mys = 0.047*10.2*3.02 = 4.3146 KNm/m
Mxf = 0.063*10.2*3.02 = 5.7834 KNm/m
Myf = 0.036*10.2*3.02 = 3.3048 KNm/m

______________________________________________________________________ 22
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Support condition 4 from Table A-1

Ly/Lx = 4/3 = 1.333
Ly/Lx=1.3, αxs = 0.069
Ly/Lx=1.74, αxs = 0.074
By interpolating for Ly/Lx=1.333,
αxs = 0.0707
Ly/Lx=1.3, αxf = 0.051
Ly/Lx=1.4, αxf = 0.055
By interpolating for Ly/Lx=1.333, αxf= 0.0523
Similarly for Ly/Lx=1.333, αys = 0.047 and αyf = 0.036
Mxs = 0.0707*8.9*3.02 = 5.6631 KNm/m Mxf = 0.0523*8.9*3.02 = 4.1918 KNm/m
Mys = 0.047*8.9*3.02 = 3.7647 KNm/m Myf = 0.0360*8.9*3.02 = 2.8836 KNm/m

Support condition 4 from Table A-1

Ly/Lx = 5/4 = 1.25
Ly/Lx=1.2, αxs = 0.063
Ly/Lx=1.3, αxs = 0.069
By interpolating for Ly/Lx=1.25, αxs = 0.066
Ly/Lx=1.2, αxf = 0.047
Ly/Lx=1.3, αxf = 0.051
By interpolating for Ly/Lx=1.333, αxf= 0.049

Similarly for Ly/Lx=1.333, αys = 0.047 and αyf = 0.036

Mxs = 0.066*8.9*4.02 = 9.3984KNm/m Mxf = 0.049*8.9*4.02 = 6.9776 KNm/m
Mys = 0.047*8.9*4.02 = 6.6928KNm/m Myf = 0.0360*8.9*4.02 = 5.1264 KNm/m

______________________________________________________________________ 23
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Adjustment of Support Moments

Consider span S1 and S2

Mxf=2.8836 Myf=3.3048 3m
S1 S2
Mxs=3.7647 Mys=4.3146

3m 5m
Moment in S1=Mxs=3.7647kNm
Moment in S2=Mys=4.3146kNm
4.3146  3.7647
%ge difference in moments= x100=12.75 %< 20%
4.3146
Consider span S3 and S4

Mxf=4.1918 Myf=5.1264 4m
S3 S4
Mxs=5.6631 Mys=6.6928

3m 5m
6.6928  5.6631
%ge difference in moments= x100=15.39 %< 20%
6.6928
Consider span S1 and S3

S1
3m In these panels, the moment along the common support
Mxf
Mys=3.7647 on either side of it is the same. No adjustment required.

Mys=3.7647

4m Myf

S2
3m

______________________________________________________________________ 24
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Consider span S2 and S4

S1
3m
Mxf
Mxs=7.7112

Mxs=9.3984

Myf
4m
S2
5m
9.3984  7.7112
%ge difference in moments= x100=17.95 %< 20%
9.3984
In the adjustments for support moments it is seen that the percentage difference in moments
along the common supports between S1 and S2, S3 and S4 and between S2 and S4 is less
than 20%. So, to find the final support moment along these common support, simple
averaging has to be done.
Finalized Support Moments
4.3146  3.7647
Support moment between S1 and S2:  4.04kNm
2
6.6928  5.6631
Support moment between S3 and S4:  6.178kNm
2
9.3984  7.7112
Support moment between S2 and S4:  8.555kNm
2
Moment diagram along panels S1 and S2

For panel S1, as there is a decrease in field moment. Therefore adjustment is not necessary.
For panel S2, the span moment increases after determining the final support moment. Here
adjustment has to be done.

______________________________________________________________________ 25
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Adjustment of Span Moment

Ly/Lx for slab S2=5/3=1.6667
∆Mys=4.3146-4.04=0.2746kNm
From table A-2 select diagram that is appropriate:

Ly/Lx Cx Cy
1.6 0.295 0.083
1.7 0.285 0.074
1.6667 0.2883 0.077 (By interpolation)
∆Myf=Cy∆Mys = 0.077(0.2746)= 0.0211kNm
∆Mxf=Cx∆Mys = 0.2883(0.2746)= 0.0792kNm
Moment diagram along panels S3 and S4

For panel S3, adjustment is not required. For panel S4, the span moment increases after
determining the final support moment. Here adjustment has to be done.
Adjustment of Span Moment
Ly/Lx for slab S2=5/4=1.25
∆Mys=6.6928-6.178=0.5148kNm
From table A-2 select diagram that is appropriate:

Ly/Lx Cx Cy
1.2 0.338 0.172
1.3 0.325 0.135
1.25 0.3315 0.1535 (By interpolation)
∆Myf=Cy∆Mys = 0.1535(0.5148)= 0.079kNm
∆Mxf=Cx∆Mys = 0.3315(0.5148)= 0.1707kNm

______________________________________________________________________ 26
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Moment diagram along panels S1 and S2

For panel S2, adjustment is not required. For panel S4, the span moment increases after
determining the final support moment. Here adjustment has to be done.
Adjustment of Span Moment
Ly/Lx for slab S2=5/4=1.25
∆Mxs=9.3984-8.555=0.8434kNm
From table A-2 select diagram that is appropriate:

Ly/Lx Cx Cy
1.2 0.344 0.364
1.3 0.373 0.350
1.25 0.3585 0.357 (By interpolation)
∆Mxf=Cx∆Mxs = 0.344(0.8434)= 0.3023kNm
∆Myf=Cy∆Mxs = 0.357(0.8434)= 0.3011kNm
Finalized field (0r Span) Moments
Panel S1: Mxf=2.8836kNm
Myf=2.8836kNm
Panel S2: Mxf=5.7834+0.0792=5.8626kNm
Myf=3.3048+0.0211=3.3259kNm
Panel S3: Mxf=4.1918kNm
Myf=2.8836kNm
Panel S4: Mxf=6.9776+0.1707+0.3023=7.451kNm
Myf=5.1264+0.079+0.3011=5.507kNm

______________________________________________________________________ 27
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Depth check for maximum moment i.e. Mmax=8.555kNm

M max 8.555* 106

d   50.57 mm <dprov=100mm, Hence Ok!
0.2952 * b * f cd 0.2952* 1000* 11.33

 2 M max  fcd
Reinforcement: ρ = 
1  1 
 fyd
 bd 2 fcd 

 2 * 8.555* 106  11.33


= 1 1  = 0.00341
 1000 * 100 2
* 11.33  260.87
 
0.5 0.5
rmin=   0.0016  0.00341
fyk 300
As = ρ b d = 0.00341 * 1000 * 100 = 341mm2
Spacing of 8mm ϕ rods
as 50.27
S= .b  .1000  147.41mm
AS 341
Provide a spacing of 145mm c/c spacing shall not exceed 2h or 350mm
2h=2.130=260mm and 145<2h and 350mm
Similarly, the other portion of the slab is designed for their corresponding moments as
shown in the figure above.
Load Transfer on Beams
For beams bounding S1
B1 and B2 are beams along short span direction
B3 Load on B1 and B2=βvx (gd+qd) Lx
Load on B3 and B4= βvy (gd+qd) Lx
B1 B2
B4
______________________________________________________________________ 28
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

4.4 SERVICEABILITY
Serviceability Limit States, as per EBCS 2

Limit State of Deflection

1) The deflection of a structure or any part of the structure shall not adversely affect
the proper functioning or appearance of the structure
2) This may be ensured either by keeping calculated deflections below the limiting
values or by compliance with the requirements for minimum effective depth.
Factors attributing to large deformations include:

- Magnitude and distributions of variable load

- Span and type of end restraints.
- Cross-sectional properties
- Types of concrete grade
- Stress in steel reinforcement

Limits on Deflection

1) The final deflection including the effect of temperature, creep and shrinkage) of all
horizontal members shall not, in general, exceed the value.
L
  e
200
Where, Le = the effective span

2) For roof or floor construction supporting or attached to non structural elements (e.g.
partitions, and finishes) likely to be damaged by large deflections, that part of the
deflection which occurs after the attachment of the non-structural elements shall not
exceed the value.
L
  e  20mm
350
3) In any calculation of deflections, the design properties of materials and the design
loads shall be those defined for serviceability limit state (see chapter two).

Requirements for Effective depth

1) The following minimum effective depth shall be provided unless computation of

deflection indicates that smaller thickness may be used without exceeding the above
limits on deflections.
f yk Le
d  (0.4  0.6 )
400  a
Where: fyk is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement (MPA)
Le is the effective span; and for two way slabs, the shorter span
βa is the appropriate constant from the following Table and for slabs
150
carrying partitions walls likely to crack, shall be taken as  a 
Lo
______________________________________________________________________ 29
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Lo is the distance in m between points of zero moments; and for a

cantilever, twice the length to the face of the support.

Table 6.1 Values of βa

Member Simply End Interior Cantilevers
Supported Spans Spans
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
(a) Span ratio = 2:1 25 30 35 12
(b) Span ratio = 1:1 35 40 45 10
Flat slabs ( based on longer span) 24 -

Note: for slabs with intermediate span ratios interpolate linearly.

Calculation of deflections
Immediate Deflections

1) Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, deflections which

occur immediately on application of load shall be computed by the usual elastic
methods as the sum of two parts, δi and δii but not more than δmax as given by the
following equations.
M
 i   L2 cr
Ecm I i

M k  M cr
 ii  L2
0.75Es As z (d  x)

Mk
 max  L2
Es As z (d  x)


x   n  (n )2  2n d 
( As  As )
'
x
Where,   , z  d  and n=10
bd 3
2) Unless the theoretical moment which causes cracking is obtained by more
comprehensive method, it shall be computed by

M cr  1.70 f ctk Z
Where δi is the deflection due to the theoretical cracking moment Mcr acting on the
uncracked transformed section.
δii is the deflection due to the balance of the applied moment over and
above the cracking value and acting on a section with an equivalent
stiffness of 75% of the cracked value
δmax is the deflection of fully cracked section
As is the area of tension reinforcement
Ecm is the short term elastic modulus (tangential modulus of the concrete
______________________________________________________________________ 30
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Es is the modulus of elasticity of steel

Ii is the moment of inertia of the uncracked transformed concrete section.
Mk is the maximum applied moment at mid span due to sustained
characteristic loads; for cantilevers Mk is the moment at the face of the
support
Z is the section modulus
d is the effective depth of the section
x is the neutral axis depth at the section of maximum moment
z is the internal lever arm at the section of maximum moment
β is the deflection coefficient depending on the loading and support
conditions
(e.g. β = 5/48 for simply supported span subjected to uniformly
distributed load)
Note: the value of x and z may be determined for the service load condition
using a modular ration of 10, or for ultimate load condition

Long Term Deflections

1) Unless values are obtained by more comprehensive analysis, the additional long
term deflection of flexural members shall be obtained by multiplying the immediate
deflection caused by sustained load considered by the following factor.
 As 
'

 2  1.2   0.6
 As 
Where As’ is the area of compression reinforcement
As is the area of tension reinforcement.

Limit States of Cracking

1) For reinforced concrete, two limit states of cracking: the limit state of crack
formation and the limit state of crack width are of interest.
2) The particular limit stare to be checked is chosen on the basis of the requirements
for durability, and appearance. The requirements for durability depend on the
conditions of exposure and sensitivity of the reinforcement to corrosion
All reinforced concrete beams crack generally starting at loads well below service level.
Consequently it is necessary to study its cracking behavior and control the width of flexural
cracks.
Factors attributing to cracks are:
- Surface characteristics of reinforcing steel. Generally, smooth bars result in small
number of wide cracks and deformed bars will result in large number of very fine
cracks.
- Stress in reinforcing steel. Crack width is proportional to stress in the steel
- Concrete cover
- Diameter and spacing of reinforcement. Generally, to control cracking , it is better
to use a large number of small diameter bars to provide the required are of steel

______________________________________________________________________ 31
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

than to use the minimum number of larger bars. More over bars should be well
distributed over the tension zone of the concrete.

Limit State of Crack Formation

1) The maximum tensile stresses in the concrete are calculated under the action of
design loads appropriate to the serviceability limit state and on the basis of
geometric properties of the transformed uncracked concrete cross section.
2) The calculated stress shall not exceed the following values:
ζct = 1.70fctk , for flexure
ζct = fctk , for direct tension
3) In addition to the above minimum reinforcement in accordance with chapter 5 shall
be provided for the control of cracking

Limit State of Crack widths

1) Adequate protection against corrosion may be assumed provided that the minimum
concrete covers as per EBCS 2 are complied with and provided further that the
characteristic crack width Wk do not exceed the limiting values given in the
following Table.

Table 6.2 Characteristic Crack Width for Concrete Members

Type of Dry environment: Humid Environment: Sea water and/or
exposure Interiors of Interior aggressive chemical
buildings of components(e.g. environment:
normal habitation laundries); exterior Components completely
or offices components; and partially submerged in
components in non- sea water; components in
(Mild) aggressive soil and/or saturated salt air;
water aggressive industrial
atmosphere
(Moderate)
(Sever)
Characteristic
crack width, Wk 0.4 0.2 0.1
(mm)

2) Checking of the limit state of flexural crack widths is generally not necessary for
reinforced concrete where
a) at least then minimum reinforcement given by Art.5.3.2, EBCS 2 is
provided
b) the reinforcement consists of deformed bars
c) their diameter dos not exceed the maximum values given in the
following Table.

______________________________________________________________________ 32
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note
Wachemo University CET Dep’t of Civil Engineering

Table6.3 Maximum Bar Diameter for which Checking Flexural Crack Width may
be Omitted
Wk = 0.4mm Wk = 0.2mm
ζs (MPA) Ø (mm) ζs (MPA) Ø (mm)
160 40 160 25
200 32 200 16
240 25 240 12
280 20 320 6
320 16 400 4

Where: ζs is the steel stress under service condition

Wk is the permitted characteristic crack width.
Note: where necessary linear interpolation may be used
3) If crack widths have to be calculated, the following approximate equations may be
used in the absence of more accurate methods
Wk = 1.7Wm
Wm = Srmεsm
Where Wk is the characteristic crack width
Wm is the mean crack width
Srm is average distance between cracks ( see Art.[Link], EBCS 2)
εsm is the mean strain of the reinforcement considering the contribution of
concrete in tension( see Art.[Link], EBCS 2)

______________________________________________________________________ 33
Reinforced concrete structures I (Chapter 4) A&Y Lecture Note