ANIMAL KINGDOM

Basis of Classification
Animals, despite their structural differences, share fundamental features that serve as the basis for classification,
including cell arrangement, body symmetry, coelom nature, and patterns of digestive, circulatory, and reproductive
systems.

Levels of Organisation
Cellular Level: Seen in sponges where cells form loose aggregates with minimal division of labor.

Tissue Level: Found in coelenterates where cells performing similar functions are organized into tissues.

Organ Level: Present in Platyhelminthes and higher phyla, where tissues form specialized organs.

Organ System Level: Seen in Annelids, Arthropods, Molluscs, Echinoderms, and Chordates, where organs work
together in systems.

Complexity in Organ Systems

Digestive System:

Incomplete: Single opening serving as both mouth and anus (e.g., Platyhelminthes).

Complete: Separate mouth and anus.

Circulatory System:

Open Type: Blood is pumped out of the heart and directly bathes tissues.

Closed Type: Blood circulates through arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Symmetry
Asymmetry: Sponges do not have a definite symmetry.

Radial Symmetry: Any plane passing through the central axis divides the body into identical halves (e.g.,
Coelenterates, Ctenophores, Echinoderms).

Bilateral Symmetry: Body can be divided into left and right halves in only one plane (e.g., Annelids, Arthropods).

Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation

Diploblastic: Two germ layers (ectoderm & endoderm) with mesoglea in between (e.g., Coelenterates).

Triploblastic: Three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) (e.g., Platyhelminthes to Chordates).

Coelom (Body Cavity)

Coelomates: Body cavity lined with mesoderm (e.g., Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Hemichordates,
Chordates).

Pseudocoelomates: Body cavity not fully lined by mesoderm, instead mesoderm exists as scattered pouches (e.g.,
Aschelminthes).

Acoelomates: No body cavity present (e.g., Platyhelminthes).

Segmentation
Some animals have external and internal body segmentation with repeated organs.

Example: Earthworms exhibit metameric segmentation (metamerism).

Notochord
Notochord: A mesodermal rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development.

Chordates: Animals with a notochord.

Non-Chordates: Animals without a notochord (e.g., Porifera to Echinoderms).

ANIMAL KINGDOM 1
 Phylum – Porifera (Sponges)
Habitat & Symmetry: Mostly marine, asymmetrical.

Organisation: Primitive multicellular animals with a cellular level of organisation.

Water Canal System: Water enters through ostia, passes into the spongocoel, and exits via the osculum. This
helps in food gathering, respiration, and waste removal.

Choanocytes (Collar Cells): Line the spongocoel and aid in intracellular digestion.

Skeleton: Made of spicules or spongin fibres.

Reproduction:

Asexual: Fragmentation.

Sexual: Hermaphroditic (same individual produces eggs and sperm), internal fertilisation, indirect development
with a larval stage.

Examples: Sycon (Scypha), Spongilla (Freshwater sponge), Euspongia (Bath sponge).

Phylum – Cnidaria (Coelenterata)

Body Structure: Diploblastic, tissue-level organisation.

Gastrovascular Cavity: Single opening (mouth on hypostome), digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.

Cnidoblasts (Cnidocytes): Present on tentacles and body, contain nematocysts for anchorage, defense, and prey
capture.

Body Forms:

Polyp: Cylindrical, sessile (e.g., Hydra, Adamsia).

Medusa: Umbrella-shaped, free-swimming (e.g., Aurelia – jellyfish).

Metagenesis: Some cnidarians exhibit alternation of generations (polyps reproduce asexually to form medusae,
medusae reproduce sexually to form polyps; e.g., Obelia).

Skeleton: Some, like corals, have calcium carbonate skeletons.

Examples:

Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war)

Adamsia (Sea anemone)

Pennatula (Sea-pen)

Gorgonia (Sea-fan)

Meandrina (Brain coral)

Phylum – Ctenophora (Comb Jellies or Sea Walnuts)

Habitat & Symmetry: Exclusively marine, radially symmetrical.

Organisation: Diploblastic, tissue-level organisation.

Locomotion: Eight rows of ciliated comb plates help in movement.

Digestion: Both extracellular and intracellular.

Bioluminescence: Well-developed (they can emit light).

Reproduction:

Sexes not separate (hermaphroditic).

Only sexual reproduction occurs.

External fertilisation, indirect development.

Examples: Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana.

Phylum – Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

ANIMAL KINGDOM 2
 Body Structure: Dorso-ventrally flattened, bilaterally symmetrical.

Organisation: Triploblastic, acoelomate, organ-level organisation.

Parasitic Adaptations:

Mostly endoparasites in animals and humans.

Have hooks and suckers for attachment.

Some absorb nutrients directly through their body surface.

Excretion & Osmoregulation: Specialized flame cells.

Reproduction:

Hermaphroditic (sexes not separate).

Internal fertilisation, development with multiple larval stages.

Some, like Planaria, show high regeneration capacity.

Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke).

Phylum – Aschelminthes (Roundworms)

Body Structure: Circular in cross-section, hence called roundworms.

Habitat: Free-living (aquatic/terrestrial) or parasitic in plants and animals.

Organisation:

Organ-system level of body organisation.

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, pseudocoelomate.

Digestive System: Complete alimentary canal with a muscular pharynx.

Excretion: Excretory tube removes waste via an excretory pore.

Reproduction:

Dioecious (sexes separate); females are often longer than males.

Internal fertilisation, development can be direct or indirect.

Examples: Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filaria worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm).

Phylum – Annelida (Segmented Worms)

Habitat: Found in aquatic (marine & freshwater) and terrestrial environments; some are parasitic.

Organisation:

Organ-system level of organisation.

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate.

Metameric segmentation (body is divided into segments/metameres).

Locomotion:

Longitudinal and circular muscles aid movement.

Aquatic forms (Nereis) have parapodia (lateral appendages) for swimming.

Circulatory System: Closed circulatory system.

Excretion: Nephridia regulate osmoregulation and excretion.

Nervous System: Paired ganglia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord.

Reproduction:

Nereis is dioecious (separate sexes).

Earthworms and leeches are monoecious (hermaphroditic).

Sexual reproduction.

ANIMAL KINGDOM 3
 Examples: Nereis, Pheretima (Earthworm), Hirudinaria (Leech).

Phylum – Arthropoda (Jointed Appendages)

Largest phylum in the Animal Kingdom, including insects (over two-thirds of all named species).

Body Organisation:

Organ-system level of organisation.

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, segmented, coelomate.

Body divided into head, thorax, and abdomen.

Chitinous exoskeleton covers the body.

Jointed appendages (arthros = joint, poda = appendages).

Respiration: Gills, book gills, book lungs, or tracheal system.

Circulatory System: Open type.

Sensory Organs: Antennae, compound and simple eyes, statocysts (balancing organs).

Excretion: Malpighian tubules.

Reproduction:

Dioecious (separate sexes).

Internal fertilisation, mostly oviparous.

Development can be direct or indirect.

Examples:

Economically important insects: Apis (Honey bee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Laccifer (Lac insect).

Vectors: Anopheles, Culex, Aedes (Mosquitoes).

Gregarious pest: Locusta (Locust).

Living fossil: Limulus (King crab).

Phylum – Mollusca (Soft-bodied Animals)

Second-largest phylum after Arthropoda.

Habitat: Terrestrial and aquatic (marine & freshwater).

Body Organisation:

Organ-system level of organisation.

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate.

Body is unsegmented and covered by a calcareous shell.

Three body parts: head, muscular foot, and visceral hump.

Mantle and Mantle Cavity:

A soft, spongy mantle covers the visceral hump.

Mantle cavity contains feather-like gills for respiration and excretion.

Feeding & Sensory Structures:

Radula: A file-like rasping organ in the mouth for feeding.

Sensory tentacles on the head.

Reproduction:

Dioecious (separate sexes), oviparous, with indirect development.

Examples:

Pila (Apple snail), Pinctada (Pearl oyster).

ANIMAL KINGDOM 4
 Sepia (Cuttlefish), Loligo (Squid), Octopus (Devil fish).

Aplysia (Sea hare), Dentalium (Tusk shell), Chaetopleura (Chiton).

Phylum – Echinodermata (Spiny-bodied Animals)

Endoskeleton made of calcareous ossicles (hence the name Echinodermata = spiny skin).

Habitat: Exclusively marine.

Body Organisation:

Organ-system level of organisation.

Radial symmetry in adults, but bilateral symmetry in larvae.

Triploblastic and coelomate.

Digestive System: Complete, with mouth on the ventral side and anus on the dorsal side.

Water Vascular System:

Unique feature of echinoderms.

Helps in locomotion, food capture, transport, and respiration.

Excretory System: Absent.

Reproduction:

Dioecious (separate sexes).

External fertilisation.

Indirect development with free-swimming larvae.

Examples:

Asterias (Starfish).

Echinus (Sea urchin).

Antedon (Sea lily).

Cucumaria (Sea cucumber).

Ophiura (Brittle star).

Phylum – Hemichordata (Half Chordates)

Earlier considered a sub-phylum of Chordata, but now a separate phylum under Non-Chordata.

Unique Feature:

Presence of stomochord (rudimentary structure in the collar region, similar to a notochord).

Habitat: Marine, worm-like animals.

Body Organisation:

Organ-system level of organisation.

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate.

Cylindrical body divided into:

1. Proboscis (anterior).

2. Collar (middle).

3. Trunk (posterior).

Circulatory System: Open type.

Respiration: Gills.

Excretion: Proboscis gland.

Reproduction:

ANIMAL KINGDOM 5
 Dioecious (separate sexes).

External fertilisation.

Indirect development.

Examples:

Balanoglossus.

Saccoglossus.

Phylum – Chordata (Animals with Notochord)

Key Characteristics:

Notochord (a flexible rod-like structure) present at some stage of life.

Dorsal hollow nerve cord (forms the central nervous system).

Paired pharyngeal gill slits (used for respiration in some forms).

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate, with organ-system level of organisation.

Post-anal tail present.

Closed circulatory system.

Comparison: Chordates vs Non-Chordates

Feature Chordates Non-Chordates

Notochord Present (at least in some stage) Absent

Nerve Cord Dorsal and hollow Ventral and solid

Gill Slits Present (at least in some stage) Absent

Tail Present (post-anal tail) Absent

Circulatory System Closed Open or absent

Subphyla of Chordata:

1. Protochordates (Lower Chordates)

Includes: Urochordata and Cephalochordata.

Exclusively marine.

➤ Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata):

Notochord present only in larval tail.

Example: Ascidia, Salpa, Doliolum.

➤ Subphylum Cephalochordata:
Notochord extends from head to tail throughout life.

Example: Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet).

2. Subphylum Vertebrata (Higher Chordates)

Notochord present only in the embryonic stage.

Replaced by a vertebral column (backbone) in adults.

Additional Features:

Muscular heart (2, 3, or 4 chambers).

Kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation.

Paired appendages (either fins or limbs).

All vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates.

Class – Cyclostomata (Jawless Fishes)

ANIMAL KINGDOM 6
 Parasitic nature: Ectoparasites on fishes.

Body Structure:

Elongated body with 6-15 pairs of gill slits for respiration.

Jawless, circular sucking mouth.

No scales or paired fins.

Cartilaginous cranium and vertebral column.

Habitat & Life Cycle:

Marine but migrate to freshwater for spawning.

Die after spawning, larvae return to ocean after metamorphosis.

Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish).

Class – Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes)

Habitat: Exclusively marine with streamlined body.

Key Features:

Cartilaginous endoskeleton.

Ventral mouth, notochord persistent throughout life.

Separate gill slits, no operculum (gill cover).

Placoid scales on skin; teeth are modified placoid scales.

Powerful jaws, predatory nature.

No air bladder, so they must keep swimming to avoid sinking.

Circulatory & Nervous System:

Two-chambered heart (1 auricle, 1 ventricle).

Some have electric organs (Torpedo) and poisonous stings (Trygon).

Reproduction:

Internal fertilization.

Separate sexes, claspers in males.

Many are viviparous (give birth to live young).

Examples:

Scoliodon (Dog fish)

Pristis (Saw fish)

Carcharodon (Great white shark)

Trygon (Sting ray)

Class – Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)

Habitat: Found in marine & freshwater.

Key Features:

Bony endoskeleton.

Streamlined body with terminal mouth.

Four pairs of gills covered by an operculum.

Cycloid/ctenoid scales on skin.

Air bladder present for buoyancy control.

Circulatory System:

ANIMAL KINGDOM 7
 Two-chambered heart (1 auricle, 1 ventricle).

Cold-blooded (poikilothermous).

Reproduction:

Separate sexes.

External fertilization.

Mostly oviparous with direct development.

Examples:

Marine: Exocoetus (Flying fish), Hippocampus (Sea horse).

Freshwater: Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur).

Aquarium fish: Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish).

Class – Amphibia (Dual Life: Water & Land)

Habitat: Live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

Key Features:

Two pairs of limbs; body divided into head and trunk.

Moist, scaleless skin.

Eyes with eyelids, tympanum (ear) present.

Cloaca: Common chamber for digestive, excretory, and reproductive tracts.

Respiration: Through gills, lungs, and skin.

Three-chambered heart (2 auricles, 1 ventricle).

Cold-blooded (Poikilothermic).

Reproduction:

External fertilization.

Oviparous, development is indirect (with larval stage).

Examples: Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog), Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless
Amphibian).

Class – Reptilia (Creeping & Crawling Animals)

Habitat: Mostly terrestrial.

Key Features:

Dry, cornified skin with epidermal scales/scutes.

No external ears, tympanum represents the ear.

Two pairs of limbs (absent in snakes).

Three-chambered heart, except crocodiles (four-chambered).

Cold-blooded (Poikilothermic).

Reproduction:

Internal fertilization.

Oviparous, direct development.

Examples:

Turtles & Tortoises: Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise).

Lizards: Chameleon (Tree lizard), Calotes (Garden lizard), Hemidactylus (Wall lizard).

Crocodiles: Crocodilus (Crocodile), Alligator (Alligator).

Snakes: Naja (Cobra), Bangarus (Krait), Vipera (Viper).

ANIMAL KINGDOM 8
 Class – Aves (Birds)
Key Features:

Feathers present, beak present.

Forelimbs modified into wings.

Hind limbs adapted for walking, swimming, or perching.

Dry skin without glands, except oil gland at tail base.

Endoskeleton fully ossified (bony), pneumatic bones (hollow, air-filled).

Digestive system: Crop & gizzard present.

Four-chambered heart.

Warm-blooded (Homoiothermic).

Respiration:

Lungs with air sacs for efficient respiration.

Reproduction:

Internal fertilization.

Oviparous, development direct.

Examples:

Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula (Parrot).

Flightless Birds: Struthio (Ostrich), Aptenodytes (Penguin).

Pavo (Peacock), Neophron (Vulture).

Class – Mammalia (Milk-Producing Animals)

Habitat: Found in diverse environments—polar regions, deserts, forests, oceans, etc.

Key Features:

Mammary glands for nourishing young.

Two pairs of limbs, adapted for various movements (walking, running, flying, swimming).

Hair present on skin.

External ears (pinnae) present.

Teeth differentiated into types (heterodont).

Four-chambered heart.

Warm-blooded (Homoiothermic).

Respiration:

Lungs with diaphragm for efficient breathing.

Reproduction:

Internal fertilization.

Viviparous (except monotremes like Platypus).

Direct development.

Examples:

Oviparous: Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).

Viviparous:

Marsupials: Macropus (Kangaroo).

Flying Mammals: Pteropus (Flying Fox).

ANIMAL KINGDOM 9
 Land Mammals: Camelus (Camel), Macaca (Monkey), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat), Elephas (Elephant), Equus
(Horse).

Marine Mammals: Delphinus (Common Dolphin), Balaenoptera (Blue Whale).

Carnivores: Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).

SUPPLEMENTS
Here’s a full, detailed comparison table for all the vertebrate classes:

Comparison of Vertebrate Classes

Feature Cyclostomata Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mamma

Common Cartilaginous
Jawless Fishes Bony Fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mamma
Name Fishes

Pigeon, Lion, Do
Lamprey, Rohu, Catla, Frog, Toad, Snake, Lizard,
Examples Shark, Stingray Peacock, Whale,
Hagfish Seahorse Salamander Crocodile
Ostrich Elephan

Marine &
Terrestrial
freshwater Marine & Aquatic & Mostly Terrestr
Habitat Marine (except aquatic
(migrate for freshwater terrestrial terrestrial aquatic
birds)
spawning)

Bony
Endoskeleton Cartilaginous Cartilaginous Bony Bony Bony (pneumatic Bony
bones)

Present (with
Jaws Absent Present Present Present Present Present
beak)

Paired Present (limbs Present (wings

Absent Present Present Present (limbs) Present
Fins/Limbs or absent) & legs)

Scales/Body Cycloid/Ctenoid Moist skin (no Dry, cornified

No scales Placoid scales Feathers Hair/fur
Covering scales scales) scales

Circular,
Mouth Position Ventral Terminal Terminal Terminal Beak (no teeth) Termina
terminal

Present in
5–7 pairs (no 4 pairs (with Absent (lungs Absent (lungs Absent
Gill Slits 6–15 pairs larvae, lungs in
operculum) operculum) present) present) present
adults

Gills, Lungs, Lungs (air

Respiration Gills Gills Gills Lungs Lungs
Skin sacs)

Heart 3 (except
2 2 2 3 4 4
Chambers Crocodile - 4)

Temperature
Cold-blooded Cold-blooded Cold-blooded Cold-blooded Cold-blooded Warm-blooded Warm-b
Regulation

Mostly Mostly Mostly

Reproduction Oviparous Oviparous Oviparous Oviparous
viviparous oviparous viviparo

Fertilization External Internal External External Internal Internal Internal

Development Indirect (larvae) Direct Direct Indirect (larvae) Direct Direct Direct

Comparison of Non-Chordate Phyla

Feature Porifera Cnidaria Ctenophora Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Arthr

Common Jellyfish, Segmented

Sponges Comb Jellies Flatworms Roundworms Insect
Name Corals Worms

Body
Asymmetrical Radial Radial Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilate
Symmetry

Germ Layers Diploblastic Diploblastic Diploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triploblastic Triplo

ANIMAL KINGDOM 10
 Body
Cellular Tissue Tissue Organ level Organ level Organ system Organ
Organization

Body Cavity
Absent Absent Absent Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Coelo
(Coelom)

Segmentation Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Present Prese

Circulatory
Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Closed Open
System

Malpi
Excretion Absent Absent Absent Flame cells Excretory tubules Nephridia
tubule

Respiration Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion Skin, Gills Gills,

Nervous Ventral nerve Ventra

Absent Nerve net Nerve net Ladder-like Nerve ring
System cord cord

Spicules, Chitin
Skeleton Type None None None None None
Spongin exosk

Asexual & Asexual & Sexual (Mostly

Reproduction Sexual Sexual Sexual Sexua
Sexual Sexual hermaphrodites)

Fertilization External External External Internal Internal Internal Intern

Development Indirect (larvae) Indirect (larvae) Indirect (larvae) Indirect Direct Direct/Indirect Direct

Special Features of Non-Chordate Phyla

Phylum Special Features

- Pore-bearing body (Ostia and Osculum) - Water canal system for filter feeding - Choanocytes
Porifera (Sponges) (collar cells) for water flow - Internal skeleton of spicules/spongin - Totipotent cells for
regeneration

- Cnidocytes with nematocysts (stinging cells) - Polyp & medusa forms - Gastrovascular cavity
Cnidaria (Coelenterata) (single opening for food & waste) - Diploblastic with mesoglea - Nerve net instead of a central
nervous system

- 8 rows of ciliated comb plates for movement - Bioluminescence (emits light) - Colloblasts (sticky
Ctenophora (Comb Jellies)
cells for capturing prey) - Only sexual reproduction - Diploblastic with mesoglea

- Dorsoventrally flattened body - Flame cells (protonephridia) for excretion - Most are parasitic
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
(e.g., Liver fluke, Tapeworm) - Highly branched gut (no anus) - Regeneration ability in Planaria

- Cylindrical body with pseudocoelom - Complete digestive system (separate mouth & anus) -
Nematoda (Roundworms) Cuticle covers body (protects from host enzymes in parasites) - Sexual dimorphism (male smaller
than female) - Many are parasites (Ascaris, Wuchereria)

- Metameric segmentation (true segments) - Closed circulatory system - Nephridia for excretion
Annelida (Segmented Worms)
- Chaetae/Setae for locomotion (except leeches) - Clitellum for reproduction in earthworms

Arthropoda (Insects, - Jointed appendages for movement - Chitinous exoskeleton (molted during growth) - Open
Crustaceans, Arachnids, circulatory system - Malpighian tubules for excretion (terrestrial arthropods) - Most diverse
Myriapods) phylum (insects, crabs, spiders, millipedes)

- Body divided into head, foot, visceral mass & mantle - Radula (rasping organ) in most -
Mollusca (Snails, Octopus,
Calcareous shell (except octopus) - Open circulatory system (except cephalopods) - Highly
Bivalves, Squids)
developed brain in cephalopods (e.g., Octopus, Squid)

- Water vascular system (tube feet for locomotion) - Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles -
Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea
Radial symmetry in adults, bilateral in larvae - Regeneration ability (e.g., Starfish arms) - No
Urchins, Sea Cucumbers)
excretory organs

Hemichordata (Acorn Worms, - Worm-like body with proboscis, collar & trunk - Pharyngeal gill slits (like chordates) - Open
Balanoglossus) circulatory system - Glomerulus for excretion - Bridges gap between non-chordates & chordates

Examples of Non-Chordates and Chordates

Phylum/Class Examples

Non-Chordates

Porifera (Sponges) Sycon, Spongilla, Euplectella

Physalia (Portuguese Man-of-War), Adamsia (Sea Anemone), Aurelia (Jellyfish), Obelia,

Cnidaria (Coelenterates)
Hydra

ANIMAL KINGDOM 11
 Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Pleurobrachia, Ctenoplana

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Planaria, Fasciola (Liver Fluke), Taenia solium (Tapeworm)

Nematoda (Roundworms) Ascaris (Roundworm), Wuchereria (Filarial Worm), Ancylostoma (Hookworm)

Annelida (Segmented Worms) Nereis, Hirudinaria (Leech), Pheretima (Earthworm)

Arthropoda (Insects, Crustaceans, Apis (Honeybee), Bombyx (Silkworm), Anopheles (Mosquito), Periplaneta (Cockroach),
Arachnids, Myriapods) Limulus (King Crab)

Mollusca (Soft-bodied animals) Pila (Apple Snail), Octopus, Aplysia (Sea Hare), Sepia (Cuttlefish)

Echinodermata (Spiny-skinned animals) Asterias (Starfish), Echinus (Sea Urchin), Holothuria (Sea Cucumber)

Hemichordata (Acorn Worms) Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus

Chordates

Cyclostomata (Jawless vertebrates) Petromyzon (Lamprey), Myxine (Hagfish)

Scoliodon (Dogfish), Pristis (Sawfish), Carcharodon (Great White Shark), Trygon (Stingray),
Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes)
Torpedo (Electric Ray)

Labeo (Rohu), Catla (Katla), Clarias (Magur), Exocoetus (Flying Fish), Hippocampus
Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes)
(Seahorse), Pterophyllum (Angel Fish)

Rana (Frog), Bufo (Toad), Hyla (Tree Frog), Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis
Amphibia (Dual-life animals)
(Limbless Amphibian)

Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Naja (Cobra), Vipera (Viper),
Reptilia (Creeping animals)
Chameleon (Tree Lizard)

Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock), Aptenodytes

Aves (Birds)
(Penguin)

Ornithorhynchus (Platypus), Macropus (Kangaroo), Panthera tigris (Tiger), Balaenoptera

Mammalia (Milk-producing animals)
(Blue Whale), Elephas (Elephant), Homo sapiens (Humans)

ANIMAL KINGDOM 12