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Conjugation

Conjugation in chemistry involves the overlapping of p-orbitals across adjacent atoms, leading to the delocalization of π electrons, which enhances stability and influences a molecule's properties. It requires alternating single and multiple bonds, p-orbitals, and a planar geometry. Types of conjugation include π–π, lone pair–π, and charge conjugation, with examples such as benzene and butadiene illustrating the concept.

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509 views2 pages

Conjugation

Conjugation in chemistry involves the overlapping of p-orbitals across adjacent atoms, leading to the delocalization of π electrons, which enhances stability and influences a molecule's properties. It requires alternating single and multiple bonds, p-orbitals, and a planar geometry. Types of conjugation include π–π, lone pair–π, and charge conjugation, with examples such as benzene and butadiene illustrating the concept.

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sultanaafridi313
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🔷 Conjugation – Definition and Explanation

Conjugation in chemistry refers to the overlapping of p-orbitals across adjacent atoms,


allowing delocalization of π (pi) electrons across a molecule. This delocalization adds
stability and affects the molecule's color, reactivity, and structure.

🔷 Definition:

Conjugation is the interaction of alternating single and multiple bonds (usually π bonds)
or lone pairs within a molecule, leading to the delocalization of electrons across adjacent
aligned p-orbitals.

🔷 Requirements for Conjugation:

1. Alternating π bonds and single bonds, like C=C–C=C


2. Each atom involved must have a p-orbital (either with a lone pair
or part of a π bond).
3. Planar or nearly planar geometry to allow orbital overlap.

🔷 Types of Conjugation:

1. π–π Conjugation: Alternating single and double bonds


Example: Butadiene → CH₂=CH–CH=CH₂
2. Lone Pair–π Conjugation: Lone pair adjacent to a π bond
Example: Phenol (–OH group donates lone pair into the ring)
3. Charge Conjugation: Involves delocalization of positive or negative charges
Example: Carbocations and carboxylate ions

🔷 Examples of Conjugated Systems:

1. Benzene (C₆H₆):
o Alternating C=C bonds in a 6-membered ring
o Delocalized π electrons over the ring
o Extremely stable (aromatic)

2. 1,3-Butadiene (CH₂=CH–CH=CH₂):
o 4 carbon atoms in conjugation
o Delocalized electrons over all four atoms

3. Carboxylate ion (COO⁻):


o Negative charge is delocalized between two oxygen atoms

🔷 Effects of Conjugation:
Property Effect of Conjugation

Stability Increases stability of molecule

Reactivit
Alters electrophilic/nucleophilic behavior
y

Color Leads to absorption in visible region (dyes)

Bond Bond lengths become intermediate (partial double bond


length character)

🔷 Conjugated vs Non-Conjugated Compounds:


Non-
Feature Conjugated
Conjugated

Alternating single & Isolated π


Bond arrangement
double bonds

Electron
Yes No
delocalization

Stability More stable Less stable

🔷 Diagram – Conjugated System (Butadiene):


CH₂=CH–CH=CH₂

Double – Single – Double bonds → Conjugated


p-orbitals overlap → delocalized π electrons

If you'd like, I can explain conjugation in dyes, amino acids, or UV-visible spectroscopy
as well.

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