S

IActivity 1A j
Aim: To measure the resistanc ~ and impedan ce of an inductor with or without iron
core.
Circuit Diagram
A.C. Mains
•

Potential Divider

_,,.
Bftt~ry
.... K
(•,___- -"
Rh

A
A.C. Ammeter

+ -
A '-----tV >---

A.C. Voltmeter
V
Fig. To find resistance of cell Fig. To find impedance of cell

Principl e : A coil has both resistanc e and· inductan ce, but for de it has only
resistanc e. Therefor e, the resistanc e of such coil is given as
v·
R=-
1
When coil is connecte d with ac so:urce, then the impedan ce of the coil is given as
z = Vrms •
lrms "

Observations.
1. Least.count of DC voltmete r = 0.05 Volt
•
2. Least count of DC ammete r= 0.05 Amp.
3-. Least count of AC voltmete r= 0.05 Volt
4. Least count.of AC ammeter = 0.05 Amp.
Observation Table t,

Description Without core With Core

Voltmeter V Ammeter/ R or l=V I I Voltmeter V Ammeter/' R' or Z
'
(Volt) (Amp) (n) (Amp) =VII' (0.)
For D.C. circuit 0.1 0.2 R =0.5 0.1 0.2 R' = 0.5
-
For A.C. circuit 5 2.5 Z-2 60 0.3 Z' -200
Result
1. The de. reeistance Of t h e inductor
. coil without iron core 0.5 n =
Th
2
• e de resistance of th·e inductor coil with iron core 0.6 n =
3• The impedance of the inductor coil without iron core 2 n =
4 • The impedance of the inductor coil with iron core = 200 n

IActivity 2A J
Object
. ~o meas~re resistance, voltage (A.C/.D.C.) current, (AC./D.C.) and check the
cont1nu1ty of a given circuit using a multimeter.
Diagram
t

A
•
•• 'r
E
Checking Continuity
Observations
(i) Measurement of Resistance : •
Order of colours: Red,·yellow, blue, gold
Resistance according to the colour code= 24 x 10 6 ± 5 !l
Resistance ·measured by the ~ultimeter =·24 x 106
..
n
(ii) Measurement of AC/DC voltage :
300 •
L_.C. of selected scale= =.10 volt
30
. Reading of indicator = 22
Potential difference across the ends of the given source V =22 x 10 =220 volt.
(iii) Measurement of AC/DC current :
· .• 30
L.C. of selected scale= 30 = !Amp

Reading of the indicator =5

Cup-ent in circuit =5 x 1 =5 Amp.
. '

Result .
6
(i) Resistance of the given resistor R =24 x 10 n
(ii) Voltage of the given AC source = 220 volt.
(iii) Current in circuit= 5 Amp.
 IActivity 3A \
Object
To as se mb le a· ho us eh old cir cu
it comprising thr ee .bu lbs , th re
e ON-OFF sw ite be s, a
fuse an d a power source.
• .Circuit Diagram
Earthing wire
i-
Uvewire
Fuse

Socket

• ---,--
Neutral wire
In the Circuit Diagram

B1 , B 2 an d B3 ~ Bulbs
S 1 , S2 an d S 3 =S wi tch es
Observations . .

(i) Th e bu lb 'B ' glows wh en

1 th e sw itc h' S1' is ma de ON .
(ii) Th e bu lb s' B ' an d' B ' als ..
2 3 o glow wh en th e sw itc he s' S ' an d' S , ar
2 3 e ma de ON.
(iii) Th er e is no cu rre nt if we
remove th e 'fuse'.
Fuse wire R.atlng
To tal power of cir cu it

P =· P1 + P 2 + P = 100 + 100
3 + 100 =300 wa tts
Cu rre nt from ma in s

P
I= -=30 0
-= 14 Am p.
V 220
Result
.
(i) Ci rcu it connection ar e corre
ct.
(ii) Fu se wire ra tin g is 5 Amp.
.
 Activity· 4A (i) •
Object
To assemble
· .
the component s of a given electnca • •t•
• 1circu1
circuit Diagram ...
. ·,
B .'
I Rh
+ .,_-_ _J\I\NVVV--
r--...._-..:..J

+
A
• K

In the Circuit Diagram

B=Battery K=Plugkey A=Ammeter ¥=Voltmeter Rh=Rheostat
R. Resistor
Observations '
(i) Least count of the voltmeter
- Range =~ =0.05 volt
No. of divisions 60
(ii) Least count of the ammeter
Range 3
- = - = 0.05 amp
No. of divisions 60
Reading of voltmeter = 12 x 0.05 =0.6 volt
Reading of ammeter = 9 x 0.05 = 0.45 amp.
Calculation
Resistance of wire
0 6
R = V = • = 133 n
I 0.45 . '

Result
The given electrical components a~e connected and take observation. On checking
the assemble it was found that assemble 1s correct.
 Activity 4A (ii)
Object
.
To assemble the components of a given electric
al circuit.
Circuit Diagrams
.R
R.B. s

D
b
G

._ A p C
J a
B
I· l

--- 4( •..,____,.___ __.

+ , ...
w1mr---
Rh
K

~ •• In the Diagram : E ➔ prini~ry cell, K ➔ Plug

key, Rh ➔ Rheostate, AC ➔ Wire of
Me ter Bridge, S ➔ Wire of unknown resistan
c~,RB ➔ Resistanc~ BoJ,B ➔ Balancing
point, G ➔ Galvanometer.
Observations
Resistance use d in R.B. (R) = 1n
Balancing len gth ( l) =30.7 cm
Testing .of Assemble : Touch the jockey gently,
first at the left ·and the n at the right
end of met er bridge wire. If the deflections in . .
t~e galvanometer are in opposite directions,
the assemble is correct. · '

Calculation
' •.
R = 1 n, l = 30.7 cm
.Unknown resi.stan
•
ce S.•= (10
• l
0- l) x R·

= 100 - 30~7 X 1 =225 Q

30.7
Result
The given electrical components are combine
d and take-observation. On checking
the combination it was found assembled circuit
is correct.

-1 1• -a r
 / A~tivily SA j
ObJect
p with the length of a wire for a stea dy
• To stu dy the var iati on in potential dro
current.
Circuit Diagram
Battery Key
,_____,+ ~ t-, --- ~c - 1 - - - . .
K
Rh
B
J
A

In the Cir cui t Dia gra m :

AB = Pot ent iom ete r Rh = Rheostat B =B atte ry
V = Vo ltm ete r J =Jockey K =P lug key.
Theory and Formula Used
thro ugh out the n its res ista nce is
If the cross-·sectio:nal ar~ a .of a wire is uniform
directly pro por tion al to its ·length.
... (l)
R oc L
According to Oh m's law, the l)Otenti~l drop ~s
·v. ·1n ... (2)

For ste ady cur ren t

Vo cR ... (3)

From equ atio ns 1 and 3, V oc l .

. • . V
·. V= xl: ::)x =-
or . l

the uni t length. It is called the pot ent ial

. drop
wh ere ;=~ is the . as. per. . .
of potential
l ' .

gradient.
•
Observation •

1. Lea st cou nt (L.C.) of the vol~meter .

- Range •~ = 0.05'volt ~
- No. of division 60 •
 le
.
S. No. Length of the potential Vottmeter readings V(volt)
·'
wire I (cm) Potential gradient , = -V

I •
I
No. of division (n) V=nx L.C. (Volt) (volt/cm)
1. 50 6
I' 6 X 0.05 = 0.30 0.006 V/c m
i 2. 100 12 12 x 0D5 = 0.60 0.006 V/c m
3. 150 18 18 x 0D5 = 0.90 0.006 V/c m
Calculations

1. For the firs t set of observation

l = 50 cm, V = 0.30 V

x = 0.30 = 0.006 V/cm

50
2. For second set of observation

l = 100 cm, V = 0.60 V

0
x = •60 = 0.006 V/c m
100
3. For thir d set of observation

l = 150 cm, V =0. 90V

• 0.90 •
I x = - =0. 006 V/c m
l 150

I
r.

l
• Result
The value of V is approximately constant.•Thi
s implies tha t the potential drop is
l
1
r
.directly proportional to the len gth of the wire.

I Object
Activity 6A (i)

I
\
I
To draw the diagram of a given.open circuit com
.an am me ter and a voltmetel'. Make the compon
prising a battery, a resistor, a key,
ents tha t are not connected in proper order
iI and correct the circuit and also the .circuit diag
ram.
)
~

l
incorrect circuit diagram

Error-1

Error-2
correct circuit diagram

+
V

•
+ A_

In diagram E--cell
R-Resister
K-key
V-Voltmeter
A-Ammeter
Rh-Resister.
Result
1. Error in the given circuit : (i) Volt~eter is connected in series.
(ii) Ammeter is COJ?.nected parallel to resistor.
2. All the apparatus were connected properly. Correct circuit diagram is shown in
the figure given above~
I Activity 6A (Ii) I •

Object
To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising three cell a resistor, a key,
an ammeter and a voltmeter..Make the components that are not connected in proper order
nnd correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
•

Given Incorrect Circuit Di

agram
E.p K
---- ';_; ,_+ -., 1.-1-----1.(• i---

Rh

L---------n~.,., · ~..
B}Error-1
•••. ..I
E1
'-- _+ I •X
y .,_ _-- -1 Gl - - - -
...·••"-.......... Error-2
--:-... t+ i I I
\ l
"···E2
Correct Circuit Diagram.

Ep K
_ _+-I .._1----1(
• Rh

1---------' J
7--____. B
E1
__+
_ \....
-- -. .. • X

E2
In fig ur e: Ep -- ce ll conn
ected in pr im ar y ci rc ui t
K -k ey
R h- R he os ta t
G --G al va no m et er
E 1 an d E -P ri m ar y cell
2 connected in second ci rc
Result ui t '

1. Errors in th e given ci
B en d of po te nt io m et er in rc ui t: (i) Second te rm in al
st ea d of Jockey. of ga lv an om et er is co nn
ec te d to
(ii) En d of low po te nt ia l
of th e cell is connected to
• 2. All th e ap pa ra tu s we A.
re connected properly. Co
th e figure. rre ct ci rc ui t di ag ra m is
sh ow n in
 Se cti on -8
IActivity 1B ]
Object
acit or from· mix ed collection of suc h
To iden tify a diode, ~ED, a resi stor and a cap
items.
Circuit Diagram
B K Rh
----~+ ,,,_,-_ _,,(•--jAAAJ~nn,---

Element
mA -mi llia mm eter , Rh ~un :e~
In the Cir cui t Diagram; B-B atte ry, K-key
controller.
Observations and Result
Result
S.No. Observation

is deflection Dio de
A. Wh en the cur ren t flows in one direction ther e
in the mil liam met er but n_o ligh t is· emitted.
is deflection LED
B. Wh en the cur ren t flows.in one direction ther e
in the mil liam met er and ligh t is emitted.
ther e is Res isto r
C. Wh en cur ren t flows in both the directions and
sam e deflection in the amm eter .
cur ren t Cap acit or
D. The defl ecti on in the amm eter is zero, whe ther
flows in _any direction.

JActivity 2B j
Object
Fro m the use of a mul tim eter :
1. To test whe ther any diode is correct.
2. To test whe ther any LED is correct.
Circuit Diagram
_ ___. Ohm meter ~ - -
2
A
---- ----
+ 1
__
B
3
___,

Transistor

Observation Table
S.No. Connected to(+) lead Connected (-) lead Resistance Result
.1. 1. 2 1.2 kn Diode is corr ect and lead is
lP and lead is 2N term inal .
2. 2 1 5.7 :Mn

3. 1 2 1.5 kn • In the first posi tion LED is

' . illum inat ed so lP and 2N.
4. 1 2 56:M n
Result
•
1. The test is perf orm ed to check the correctness of the diod
e. Its P and N term inal s
are identified.
2. LED is correct.

I Activity 3A I
Object
. .
To stud y effect of inte nsity of ligh t (by varying dista nce
of the source) on an LDR.

.,Diagram

L
D Multi-meter
R
To Mains

◄
Observations
No. of Obs. DISlance between bulb and L.D.R. Resistance of L.D.R.
(cm) (Ohm)
1. 50 54 X 10 3
2. . 45 18 X 10 3
3. 40 6 X 10.3
4. 35 2x 10 3 ' -.
5. 30 675 . ~ ...•

6. 25 225
7. 20 75
8. 15 25
Conclusion
The'resistance of LDR decreases.with.increase in intensity of light.

I Activity-4B I

Object
• To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of1ight incident obliquely on a
glass slab;
Principle
.
The direction of incident ray and emergent ray is unchanged on the glass piece but
there is a lateral displace~ent. • ., .
. t sin (i - r)
The lateral displacement d = - - - - •
cosr

Therefore, for constant values of the angle of incidence i the value of r is constant.
:. d oc t meaning \ateral displacem,ent is directly proportional to the width of the
glass piece. •

Observation Table
S.No. Width of glass piece I Angle of Incidence_ (/) Angle of em,rgance (e) Lateral displacement
(In cm) (d) (In cm)

1.2 30° 30° 0.24

1.
30° 30° 0.30
2. 1.5
. 30° 30° 0.36
3. 1.8
-
Calculation

From 1st obse rvat ion:

t = 1.2 cm
i =30°
e =30°
r = 19° =024 cm

19°'s \ •. li
:i \!1
l l\..

From 2nd observation ~ t

t =15cm
i• -- 300. I

•e =30°

r = 19°
•d =0.3 cm
Form ula: d = t sin ( i - r).
cosr

- 15 sincos
(30° - 19~)
19°

- 1.60.946
X 0.1908

5
...
d =0.30cm.
 i. I
19o: \ \ !:
I•• :

''{
r··..
: \
.....
.
.......

...

From ·3rQ. Observ~tion: :

t = 1.8cm
•. i ;:; 30~
r .• 19Q
e=30°
d •. 0.4cm ..
Formula : . . d ·= t sin-(i -- r)
. .- •. cosr
' .
• -~- 18 siJ;J. (30°-~ 19°)
. 'cos 19° . .
•- · 18 X 0.1908 • . •
= . .·0.9455 ' •. 0.36 cm

... ;,
!
i:·
!
I•
!

.1 .i

- I

Result
The displacement is dependent on the width of the gl~ss piece.
 I Activity 5B I
Object ,
To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
Diagram
Arran geme nt Diagr~_am-_-_-_-_-:_-:_-:..-:...-:...-:..-:..-:..-:..-:..-=.-:..-:..-::.~===,•
. Olass Pl,te

Black Paper

Diffr actio n Diagram

:I I
Observation and Result . .
d) at
. When light waves are ~cide nt on a slit or apert ure then it bends away (sprea
ction is the
the corne rs of the slit showing the pheno meno n of diffraction of light. Diffra
basic prope rty of waves. / • • •

Activity 6~ .(i)
Object
help
To study the shape and natur e of the ilJl8ge formed by the convex lens with the
lens.
of a candl e and a screen whe:r;i the candle is at the differ ent positi ons from the
Ray Diagram •
~-Im age of
the candle

Curtain
2F
•

Candle
observa~lon
s.No. Position of the Candia PoalUon, Shape and Natura of the Image
Position Natura Shape
1. Very far (at infinity) At/ Real, Reve rse Very smal l
2. 00 > u > 2/
Betw een f and 2/ Real, Reve rse Smal l -
. • ...
3. u =2/ U=2 f Real, Reve rse Same
4. 2/ > u > f .. V>2f Real, Reve rse Big
5. u=f V= oo Real, Reve rse Very big
' ....
from convex
Resu lt : It is clear from the above expe rimen t that the imag e obtai ned
t from the lens.
Jens its natu re and posit ion is depe nden t on the dista nce of the objec

Activity 6B (ii)
Object
r by the use of a
To study the shap e and size of the images formed by a concave mirro
the len~.
candle and a scree n when the· candle is at the different positions from
Ray Diagram

Curtain
I I
I I •
Image~--------..: - :
I I
I I
I I
I .... -._ I
t,~ --+ .--- --~ ._.. ,_ _ _ _____
....
\ I
'
\ I
,/

. , ..... .
mirror
Candle
~~~
t

_O_ bs: ..:e ;_r v.:. .:a= tl:.: o~n ~--- .--- ---- -~-~ ---- -:-- ---. .:..··~·~·
S.No. Position of the Candia Position, Shape and Nature of .the Image
J·
PosltlOIJ Nature , Shape

1. u = CX) or very far At focus for Real, Reverse Very smE.\11

approximately at
focus .
.......... ............................................... .
............ ·········· ····""''' ·'········ ······ ......................................................................
\ .. . ...... , ........ • • • I I ~ • I • t • • o • • o • o • • • • •
.... ········· .• ····· •••••

it ~> u >2l Between F and C Real, Reverse smaller than the

object
I•

8. u =2{:atC v:: 2{, at C Real, Reverse Same as object

4. 2/> U, > f v>2{ Real, Reverse Bigger than the

object

5. U=f V = oo Real, Reverse Very big

Result

It is clear from the observations of the observation taole that the nature and size of
-
the image obtained depends upon the distance of the object from the lens.

IActivity 7B I
Object

To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length ·by using two lenses from
, the given set of lenses.

Ray Diagram

Image

Board
Stand-~

Observations
1. Focal length of first lens, {1 = 50 cm.

2. Focal length of the second lens, f 2 = 50 cm.

3.. The focal le_ngth of the combine.d lens by calculation;
F= ftf2 = 50 x 50 = 25 cm.
• ft+ /2 50 + 50
Ob se r
S.No. Distance of the screen from the combine
d lens

1. 25. 1
2. • 25. 0
3. 25. 3

Ca lcu lat ion s - ..,. .-

t •

+ 25.0 + 25.3
Fo cal len gth of co.mbined len s, f = 25.1 . 3 .
=25. 1cm
Result
Th e foc al len gth is / = 25.1 cm of the coµ ibin ed len s.
•
. . l

. .
.., I'

•
•' r