Graphical Presentation of Data

Gaurav Sikri
Graphical Presentation of Data
• Graph can be defined as a picture designed
• To express words, particularly the connection or relationship between two or more quantities.
• A graph is a method of presenting statistical data in visual form.
• A particular graph is for a particular data.
• It is pictorial representation of data, of relative changes
• and help to study the effect of one change on the other.
• Graph must be presented in such a way that
• They present the real characteristics of the data in a compact or summary form.
Graphical Presentation of Data
• Graph be presented
• By selecting a suitable scale and should be in unbiased way.

• Axis should be properly labelled to explain the dependent and /or independent variable.

• Units of measurement be properly mentioned and for that proper scale be selected.

• Graphs must be given headings.

• Source of information be mentioned at the bottom of graph along with meanings of technical words.

• The most important rule is that construct a graph in such a way

• That the graph conveys the message in most efficient and unbiased way.
Utility of graphic presentation of data
• Convenient method of presentation of data.

• Highlight the characteristics of data

• Study relationship between variables.

• Facilitate comparison

• Help in forecasting

• Positional measures of central tendency can be determined.

• Easy to understand

• Suggest directions to statistical enquiries.

Types of Graphs
• Line Graphs

• Histogram

• Frequency Polygon

• Frequency Curve

• Cumulative frequency Curve (Ogive)

• Dot diagram or Scatter diagram

• Bar diagram

• Pie Chart

• Zone graph
Line Graph
• It is commonly used in medical studies
• where such line graphs exhibit the successive values of a variable over a period of time.

• X-axis is used for time factor

• Y-axis is used for the variable

• The shape of the line chart depends on the scale on the vertical (Y-axis) or horizontal (X-axis).

• It is possible to take any period x-axis,

• i.e. it may or may not start with zero.

• The data is plotted as points on the graph paper.

• These dots or points are then joined together by straight lines and this ultimately gives us the
shape of the graph and also show the trend for the future.
Line graph: Example
• Draw a line graph when it is given (Hypothetical data):
Years 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Population (Million) 440 520 685 890 1040
Line Graph
1200

1000

Population (Millions)
800

600

400

200

0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
Year
Line Graph (Example: In case of 2 Variable)
• Two variable line graph
Years 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Expectation of life:
Male 56 Yrs 59 Yrs 57 Yrs 61 Yrs 60 Yrs
Female 54 Yrs 55 Yrs 52 Yrs 58 Yrs 61 Yrs
Line Graph (2 Variable)
62

60

Expectation of Life (in Years)

58

56

54

52

50

48

46
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Years

Male Female
Histogram
• It is used for graphic representation of the grouped frequency distribution by vertical adjacent rectangles.
• Classes are represented on x-axis and variable on y-axis called ordinate.
• Frequency of each group will form a column or rectangle.
• Example: Following data relates to age and number of overweight males. Draw Histogram
Age (Yrs) 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45
No. of Males 10 15 28 21 9

HIstogram
30

25

20

No. of Males
15

10

0
[20, 25] (25, 30] (30, 35] (35, 40] (40, 45]

Age (Years)
Histograms
• When class intervals are not equal then ‘frequency density’ is calculated and the frequency for equal
intervals is estimated and presented by respective rectangles
Marks 10-15 15-20 20-30 30-50 50-55 55-60
Students: 5 9 30 52 8 2

Histogram
16
15 15

14
• Class 20-30 with frequency means 13 13 13 13

• Class 20-30 consists of 20-25 and 25-30 12

Number of Students
10
9
8
8

6
Class 30-50 with frequency consist of 5

• Class 30-35 4

• Class 35-40 2
2

• Class 40-45
• Class 45-50 0
[10, 15] (15, 20] (20, 25] (25, 30] (30, 35] (35, 40] (40, 45] (45, 50] (50, 55] (55, 60]

Marks
Frequency Polygon
• It is an area diagram of frequency distribution
• In which frequencies of the classes are plotted
• Against the mid values of the class and then these points are joined together by straight lines
The curve so obtained is known as frequency polygon.
HB(g/100 ml): 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16
Persons: 5 12 20 16 4

Frequency Polygon
25 25

Frequency at mid points

20
are joined together to obtain Frequency Polygon 20 20

16
15 15

12

10 10

5
5 5 4

0 0
[6, 8] 1 2
(8, 10] 3
(10, 12] (12, 414] (14,516]
Frequency Curve
• It is a graphic presentation of the frequency in smooth form
• In which pointed angles are removed from the frequency polygon but the total area remains same.
• In most cases,
• it is bell shaped and represent continuous series.
• Efforts are made to remove irregularities
• The curve can be normal curve
• In case of normal distribution, we get frequency curve, free from skewness, of bell shaped.
• In case of economic, social or behavioural studies, the frequency curve may not be ‘normal’ or can be
skewed. Frequency Curve
6

0
[1, 10] (10, 19] (19, 28] (28, 37] (37, 46] (46, 55] (55, 64]
Cumulative Frequency Curve (Ogive)
• Ogive is graphic representation of cumulative frequency and it helps in determining positional measures
such as median, quartiles etc.
• Cumulative frequency can be of two type-less than type and more than type
Less than type
30
Classes Frequency Cumulative Frequency 25

(Less than) (More than) 20

Frequency
0-10 2 2 25 15

10
10-20 5 7 23
5

20-30 4 11 18 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
30-40 8 19 14 (Classes)

40-50 2 21 6 More than type

30
50-60 1 22 4 25

60-70 3 25 3 20

Frequency
15

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Classes
Calculation of Median
• Median can be determined by calculating the size of samples
• It can be calculated by n/2 or (n+1)/2
• Then frequency of this size is marked on y-axis.
• A line is drawn to the cumulative frequency curve and then from that point of intersection, an ordinate is
drawn on x-axis.
• The point at which it falls is the value of the median.
More than type
Less than type
30
30

25
25

20
20

Frequency
Frequency

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
(Classes) Classes

The size of n/2=25/2 =12.5, So a line is drawn on Cumulative Frequency from 12.5 upto Point of intersection of graph and then
ordinate is drawn on x-axis. It gives Median=32 approx. on both the graphs