Impression Shaimaa Nabil

Materials Lecturer of Dental Biomaterial

 IMPRESSION
MATERIALS

• substances used for recording the

form and dimensions of the oral
tissues

• They are used to record a negative

replica of teeth and/or supporting
tissues
Material is introduced in the mouth in a plastic
condition
to set against the oral tissues.
It is then removed from the mouth when
hardened.

1 2 3

4 5 6
The set impression is a negative reproduction
of the oral tissues.
A positive reproduction is obtained by
pouring a suitable model or die material into it.
 WORKING TIME Setting time
begins at the start of mixing and is the time that has elapsed from
ends just before the elastic the beginning of mixing until the
properties have developed curing process has advanced
sufficiently that the impression
MUST BE GREATER THAN: can be removed from the mouth
- the time required for mixing, with no distortion.
filling the tray, and seating the
tray.
 IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF AN
IMPRESSION MATERIAL
• 1. Accuracy:
a restoration or an appliance fabricated in the laboratory cannot be more
accurate than the impression from which the used model is prepared.
• 2. Biologically acceptable:
An impression material should be non-toxic, non-irritant and of acceptable
odour and taste.
• 3. It should not be affected by the oral fluids.
• 4. Easily manipulated, with minimal equipment.
• 5. It should have a suitable working time to allow for placement of the
impression material in the tray and then insertion of the tray into the
mouth before beginning of hardening.
 IDEAL REQUIREMENTS

• 6. It should have a suitable setting time to

avoid fatigue to both operator and patient.
• 7. It should accept addition and correction
after taking the impression.
• 8. Readily disinfected without loss of
accuracy.
• 9. It should have a good shelf life
 High Dimensional accuracy =
DIMENSIONAL
STABILITY = IS THE
Minimal dimensional
ABILITY TO MAINTAIN changes during setting
THE RECORDED FINE (when the material is
DETAILS AFTER SETTING
converted from the plastic to
AND DURING STORAGE
the elastic state)
 Accuracy of the impression
materials
1. High flow at the beginning, i.e. the material must be in a
fluid or plastic state on insertion into the mouth, to record fine
details.
2. Dimensionally accurate: should not expand, contract or
warp during setting.
3. Dimensionally stable: on storage of the impression in the
dental laboratory before pouring the cast
4. Should be elastic on removal from the mouth so that
undercuts can be recorded without distortion of the impression.
5. During removal from the mouth, it should be
adherent to the tray.
6. Compatible with the gypsum products: not need a
separating medium and not affect the setting or surface
qualities of the model
 IMPRESSION
MATERIALS
MUST HAVE
HIGH
RESISTANCE
TO TEARS AND
HIGH ELASTIC
recovery to record

undercut areas
accurately

Dentulous = undercuts

[Link]
removable-partial-denture-dental-surveying/
 COMPATIBLE WITH
MODEL AND DIE
MATERIALS = NOT INTERFERE
WITH THE SETTING OF MODEL
MATERIALS
-No formation of chemical
bond with model and die
materials
- Hydrophilic
[Link]
conventional-pouring_fig1_277154092
 Classifications:
I. According to the manner of hardening

Hardening by chemical Hardening by

reaction cooling
Wax II. According to their useElastomers
Hydrocolloids
Plaster impression Agar agar Polysulfide
partial denture
Alginate Silicones
complete
Impressiondenture prosthesis
prosthesis Condensatio
compound
III. According to their behavior after setting n
Addition
ZnO/Eugenol
Non-elastic impression
impression materials Polyether
Elastic impression materials

12
 ACCORDING TO USES

Edetulous Partialy edentulous

Patient patient

Plaster, impression compound Hydocolloids, rubbers

and Zinc oxide and eugenol,
hydocolloids, rubbers
ACCORDING TO THE ACCURACY

1ry Impression 2ry Impression

(stock tray) (special tray)
Compound Plaster impression
impression material material

Alginate impression Zinc oxide/eugenol

material impression material
Agar Agar impression
material

Rubbers
impression
materials
METAL Acrylic resin

Stock tray Special or custom tray

 Plaster of Paris
Used for impression of edentulous patients.
Composition: powder + water
1-  - CaSO4.1/2H2O; not α and/or improved stone
because:
Weaker: So it will break during removal from the undercut
and thus avoids injury to the patient and the fractured
part can be reassembled accurately.
Higher W/P ratio, which increases the flow at the beginning
and thus records fine details.
Less exothermic heat is evolved during the taking of the
impression.
2. Modifiers:
** 4% K2SO4 decreases the setting expansion and the setting
time
→ ** 1% borax as a retarder
 4. Flavoring 5. Coloring
3. Natural gums: 6. Potato starch:
agent: materials:
• Improve its • More acceptable • Distinguish the • To obtain the
handling to the patient, impression from soluble plaster.
characteristics. through the cast, which After the
They increase its agreeable taste. will also be made impression is cast
cohesion and of gypsum and hardened, it
facilitate border products. is soaked in hot
molding of the water and the
impression. starch swells and
the impression
disintegrates and
will be easy to
remove.
 Accuracy of plaster
impression

a. Material is semi-fluid when

inserted into the mouth it has
excellent recording of the fine
details.

b. The dimensional changes on

setting in the mouth are
negligible due to anti-
expansion additives.
c. A plaster impression fractures on removal
from undercuts and can be reassembled.

e. Elasticity: Being inelastic, it will not record

the form of the under cut.

f. When pouring a plaster impression in

plaster or in stone, a separating medium
should be used, otherwise, the pores of the
impression will be filled with the cast
material, and both will be interlocked and
become inseparable. The film of
separation should be as thin as possible, in
order to avoid the inaccuracies. The use of
a separating medium is considered a
disadvantage since fine details might be
obliterated.
Impression compound

Application:
1. Full jaw impression in an
edentulous mouth.
2. Impression trays
3. Peripheral seal materials.
4. Single impression with
copper band for inlays and
crowns.
Composition:
sheets, stick cylinder or cones of different sizes and colors.
1. Thermoplastic material: e.g. Natural resins and waxes.
They soften by heating and give the qualities of flow and
cohesion.
2. Fillers: e.g. Talc, soapstone or diatomaceous earth. They
add body and give a suitable working consistency.
3. Plasticizers: e.g. Stearic acid or stearin. These act as
lubricants and together with fillers control the flow and
consistency of the material.
4. Coloring agents: e.g. Rouge. It produces characteristic
reddish brown color most commonly used. Black and green
colors are also available.
 TYPES:
1- Impression compound (Type I): (Lower fusing materials):
a. For recording prosthetic impressions: Such as preliminary impressions of
edentulous patients, supplied in sheets
about 4-5 mm thick.
b. Peripheral seal materials.

c. Supplied in stick form or cone shape for

copper band impressions for inlays and crowns
2- Tray compound (Type II):
(Higher fusing materials):

Used as tray materials,

which are sufficiently rigid
to support other impression
materials
(wash impression).

[Link]
=8R8XYZJ97bg
 a. Flow: not sufficiently fluid to record all the fine
details.
TypeI materials is 85% at 45ºC but less than 65 at
37ºC,
TypeII materials is 70% at 45ºC but less than 2% at
37ºC.
Accuracy of b. Dimensional accuracy and dimensional stability:

impression Dimensional changes during hardening are

great?????
compound: ***High coefficient of thermal expansion.
1*On cooling during setting, there is considerable cooling
shrinkage.
Heating the surface of the set material in a flame and
remaking the impression minimizes the actual
magnitude of the contraction.
2*Shrinkage occurs on cooling from mouth to room
temperature (0.3-0.4%).
Impression Compound should be cast maximum
within an hour???.
***Distortion:
1*Removal from undercuts since they are plastic and
have a certain percentage of flow after setting in the
mouth.
2*Stresses can be set up within the material;
subsequently, distortion can occur during storage of
an impression due to relief of these stresses.
[Link] material is non-elastic; the most serious
drawback of this material is that it drags and distorts
when being removed from an undercut area.
d. compatible with model and die materials and does
not need a separating medium.
The compound has poor thermal
Conductivity:
conductivity. Time must be allowed during
either heating or cooling to allow the dental
compound to come to a uniform
temperature.

These impression can be removed from the

mouth, re-softened and reinserted for any
corrections required.

Accept additions to the impression

Can be electroplated with copper.

 ZINC OXIDE & EUGENOL IMPRESSION
As two separate pastes
One paste called the base paste:
• Zinc oxide 80%.
• Inert oil 15% to form a paste.
• Hydrogenated resin.
Second paste called the accelerator contains:
• Oil of cloves or Eugenol 12-15%.
Oil of cloves: Sometimes used instead of the eugenol, since it is less
irritant than eugenol.
• Gum rosin and oils 65%: Gives body and coherence and imparts
thermoplastic properties to the set materials for easy removal from the
cast by softening it in hot water.

• Filler talk or kaolin or diatomaceous earth to form a paste.

• Magnesium chloride or zinc acetate is added as accelerator

• Moisture. A very slight amount of moisture water is added to the zinc

oxide parts or accelerator, since it is essential for the hydrolysis of
the zinc oxide to its hydroxide.
 MANIPULATION

Setting Reaction:
Zn O + H2O → Zn (OH)

Zn (OH)2 + 2 Eugenol → Zn Eugenolate +H2O (Base) (Acid)

(Salt) Chelation Reaction

Without H2O, i.e. if eugenol is completely dehydrated before

mixing with ZnO powder, the resulting paste will not harden.
 MANIPULATION

Setting Reaction Is accelerated

by:
-Heat (That is why the materials set
inside the patient's mouth at the body
temperature faster than the material on
the glass slab at room temperature).

-Adding primary alcohols to the mix,

such as ethyl alcohol.

-The presence of high humidity.

 Accuracy of zinc oxide and eugenol
a. Flow: Very accurate as they are sufficiently fluid to record the fine details in the
mouth.

b. Dimensional accuracy and stability:

** No or very little dimensional change on setting.
** No dimensional change during storage of the impression.

c. Elasticity: inelastic, it will not record the form of the undercut.

d. Compatibility with the die material: It is removed from the
model by softening in hot water at 60ºC.

e. Eugenol can be irritant, giving a tingling or burning sensation to the

patient and leaves a persistent taste, which may be unpleasant to some patients.

N.B. Non-eugenol zinc oxide impressions are now available to avoid such effect,.
h. The impression paste can adhere to tissues, so the lips of the patient are
usually coated with petroleum jelly (Vaseline) before making the impression.

The impression cannot be electroplated.

 Zinc/Oxide &
Point of Plaster Impression eugenol
comparison impression compound impression
materials material
Thermoplastic
material 2 pastes
1) Powder / water
Sheets system
Form of 50-
Sticks Or P/L
supply 55ml/100gm
cones
 1- Whole
edentulous jaw.
1ry impression
using stock
tray.
2)
2- Peripheral
Application Type I
seal

Whole 3- single Whole

edentulous jaw. impression edentulous jaw.
2ry impression using copper 2ry impression
using special band using special
tray. tray.

4- special tray Type II

 1- Paste 1 Paste 2
Thermoplasti
 CaSo4. c materials: 80% ZnO 15% Oil of
1/2 H2O waxes & cloves or
natural resin 15% eugenol
1- highest inert oil
w/p ratio 2- fillers add
65% Gum rosin
3) body Hydroge thermoplasticity
Composition nated
high flow 3- Plasticizers
resin
lubricants
Fillers
2- Weak

4- coloring
3- Less
agent
feeling of
heat evolved
Moisture
 On mixing
powder + water; ZnO + Eugenol
Compound
(hard)
4) CaSO4.1/2 H2O H2O
+ H 2O
Setting
45°C 37°C Zinc
reaction eugenolate
CaSO4.2H2O Chelation
reaction

Compound
(soft) Zn
 Type I: at 45°C
85%
Properties
at 37 C 6%
Type II:
I- Accuracy 70% at 45°C
Excellent 2% at 37°C Very good
1) Flow
Non elastic Non elastic
2) Elasticity Non elastic
Fracture can be Distortion
Distortion
reassembled on removal
of undercuts
3)
0.06% 0.3%
Shrinkage
Dimensional expansion Contraction
0.1%
accuracy
Shrinkage Distortion
4) High
may result due to
temperature
Dimensional does not release of
cause
stability affect internal
distortion
accuracy stresses
 Properties

I- Accuracy

5) Compatible
Adhesive Adhesive
because of
Adhesion the addition (resin) (resin & oil)
With the tray of gum

6) Incompatible Compatible Compatible

Compatibility
with Cast Separating
medium
Potato
starch
 II) - Unpleasant - Pleasant - Pleasant
- Dehydrates
Taste the soft tissue

III)
Easy Easy
Manipulation Easy

Accept
Does not
IV) Addition addition Accept
accept
addition
addition
Can be
electroplated
ELASTIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS

Aqueous elastic impression materials (Hydrocolloids)

Non-aqueous elastic impression materials (rubber bases)

 ELASTIC IMPRESSION
MATERIALS
Elastomers
Hydrocolloids

Polysulphide

Agar agar Silicon

Condensation Addition

Alginate
Polyether
 Hydrocolloids
Solvent and Solute

Solution
Emulsion
single phase, which
means a homogenous heterogeneous two-phase
mixture, where the Colloids system, a dispersed
solute exists as small colloids
phase of particles of at
molecules or ions in the least sufficient size to be
solvent. seen microscopically,
dispersed in a medium.
 Hydrocolloids
Solvent and Solute

Solution
Emulsion
single phase, which
heterogeneous two-phase
means a homogenous
system, a dispersed
mixture, where the Colloids phase of particles of at
solute exists as small
least sufficient size to be
molecules or ions in the
seen microscopically,
solvent.
dispersed in a medium.
 A. HYDROCOLLOIDS:
Colloids between these two extremes.
heterogeneous two-phase system, like suspension
particle size of the dispersed phase is smaller.
• Colloids are termed hydrocolloids when the
dispersion medium is water.
• Colloids may exist in the sol and gel state.
sol = viscous liquid &
sol → gel, (agglomeration of the molecules of dispersed
phase, to form fibrils or chains of molecule), in a network
pattern, called brush heap structure.
• Agglomeration of the molecules of the dispersed phase to
form chains of molecules in a network pattern,
By : Reduction in temperature = (reversible as in agar),
or a
Chemical reaction = (irreversible as in alginate).
 General properties of hydrocolloids
1. Gel strength:
The strength or toughness of a gel depends on:
a. The concentration of the fibrils: The greater the concentration, the
stronger the material.
b. The concentration of fillers: Which are inert powders added to a
gel to render it less flexible.
c. In reversible gels: The lower the temperature, the stronger the gel
and vice versa.
2. Dimensional changes after setting:
A gel can either loose or take up water.
The loss of water is termed synersis and occurs either by:
• Evaporation.
• Excruding of fluids.
The uptake of water is called imbibition, synersis and imbibition
of the gel should be avoided as the former causes
shrinkage, and the latter results in swelling and
expansion. Therefore, immediate casting (within 5-10 min) of the
hydrocolloid impression is recommended.
Storage media, such as:
** 2% potassium sulfate or ** 100% relative humidity,
reduce the dimensional changes.
The best results are obtained with 100% relative humidity
(storage in 100% relative humidity results in minimum
amount of shrinkage).
3. Disinfection:
Hydrocolloid impression must be poured within a short
time after removal from the mouth
→ Disinfection should be relatively
rapid to prevent dimensional changes.

Disinfectant is sprayed on the exposed surface. The

most commonly used disinfectants are iodophor and
sodium hypochlorite; however, glutaraldehyde should
be avoided.

The impression should not be soaked in the

disinfectant.
Immediately wrap the impression in a disinfectant
soaked paper towel and place it in a sealed plastic bag
for 10minutes.
Finally remove the wrapped impression from the bag,
unwrap, rinse thoroughly, shake off the excess water
and pour the model with stone.
4. Compatibility with gypsum:
[Gypsum cast may be too soft]:
This may be due to the presence of the water on the surface of
the hydrocolloid which affects the setting and surface
properties of the gypsum cast
Or due to the chemical composition of some hydrocolloids
which retard the setting of gypsum products.
This disadvantage can be overcome by two ways:
** By immersing the impression in a solution containing an 2 %
potassium sulfate solution for the setting of gypsum products,
before pouring the impression with the gypsum.
** By incorporating a plaster hardener or accelerator in the
hydrocolloid material by the manufacturer.
***The cast should not be left too long in contact with the
impression. The set stone absorbs water from the water-
filled impression. The result is a chalky surface with poor
details.
 REVERSIBLE-HYDROCOLLOIDS
Agar impression material
1. Form of supply:
✓ Gel in a sealed container
✓ Collapsible tube
 [Link]:

✓ Fullmouth impression
✓ Quadrant impression
✓ Duplicating material
 3. COMPOSITION

a. Agar 13-15%: Dispersed phase

b. Borax 0.2%: Strength Viscosity Setting of gypsum cast
c. Potassium sulfate 2%: Counteracts the effect of borax on gypsum.
d. Water 83%: Dispersion medium
e. Fillers: Strength Viscosity Rigidity
4. Setting mechanism
Agar melts at 100°C and
43°
solidifies from 40-43 °C. this
difference in liquefaction and
gelation temperatures is
100° known-as
“hysteresis”.
 5. MANIPULATION
➢ Agar is placed in a heating machine to change it from gel to
sol.
➢ It is stored in sol form.
➢ It is placed on a special tray with cooling tubes
➢ In the patents mouth it is cooled from base of the tray to the
inside to change from sol to gel.
➢ Manipulation:
❑ Armamentarium
It requires special equipments:
1. Hydrocolloid conditioner.
❖ 1st compartment [ ] ten minutes at 100°C
❖ 2nd compartment ] store in water at 65°C until use
❖ 3rd compartment [ ] 46°C for two
minutes with material loaded in tray
2. WATER COOLED TRAYS. [PERFORATED]??
o The temp of water should not be
less than 13°C
o The thickness of the impression should not
be less than ??????
o The tray should be removed with
??????
o Should be or it can be stored
In 100% humidity for max 1 hour ??????
Poor dimensional stability

➢ Application:
✓ Full & quadrant impression for partially or completely
edentulous patients. (Secondary)
 6. PROPERTIES:
[Link]
a. Flow : Sufficiently fluid to record fine [Link] material in contact with the
tissues is the last to solidify therefore it can flow and compensate any
inaccuracies due to dimensional changes on setting.
b. Elasticity: Viscoelastic Sharp snap removal to reduce the amount of permanent deformation.
----------------------------------------------Elasticity 98.8%-----------------------------------
c. Dimensional accuracy: Accurate
d. Dimensional stability on storage: Avoid synersis and imbibition by
immediate casting (max 30-60 min and stored in 100% humidity).
e. Compatibility with tray: Should be used with perforated tray for
retention of the gel.
f. Compatibility with cast: Dip in 2% potassium sulfate solution before
pouring the gypsum to avoid softening of the model.
[Link] properties
Thickness 4-6 mm because tear strength is low
[Link] acceptable
[Link] life
Good in a sealed container
[Link]
Requires special equipment
[Link] be electroplated
 IRREVERSIBLE-
HYDROCOLLOIDS
Alginate impression material
[Link] of supply:
Powder and water
 2. Applications:

✓ Full mouth impression

✓ Quadrant impression
 3. COMPOSITION

a. Soluble salt of alginic acid 12%: e.g.K or ammonium [Link]

reacts with calcium ions to give calcium alginate gel.
b. Calcium sulfate 12%: Releases calcium ions to react with alginate.
“Reactor”
c. Trisodium phosphate 2%: It reacts with calcium to give calcium
phosphate to delay gel formation. “Retader”
d. Filler 70%: Strength
e. Fluoride: Improves setting of gypsum.
f. Flavoring agents
g. Chemical indicator
 4. SETTING MECHANISM
▪ When the powder is mixed with water,a sol is formed.
▪ The following reaction occurs to form an elastic gel of calcium alginate.
“Gelation reaction”
Potassium alginate + Calcium sulfate Potassium sulfate + Calcium alginate
(gel)

• Reaction to increase working time“Delaying reaction”

• Trisodium phosphate + Calcium sulfate Sodium sulfate +

Calcium phosphate

▪ No substantial quantity of calcium alginate gel is formed

until the trisodium phosphate is used up i.e. when the retarder
is consumed, the calcium salt begins to react with the potassium
alginate.
 5. MANIPULATION
✓ Mix powder and water.
✓ The temperature of the water affects the setting time.
✓ Use a perforated tray.
✓ Load the tray with 4-6mm of alginate.
✓ Remove the tray using sharp snap removal.
 6. PROPERTIES:
[Link]
a. Flow : High flow can record details
b. Elasticity: Viscoelastic Sharp snap removal to reduce the amount of
permanent deformation.---------------------------------------------------Elasticity
97.3%------------------------------------------------------
c. Dimensional accuracy: During gelation, the impression should not be
moved. The reaction is faster at higher temperatures,and so the material in
contact with the tissues sets [Link] pressure on the gel due to movement of
the tray will stress the material,which will distort the alginate after its removal
from the mouth.
d. Dimensional stability on storage: should be poured immediately
due to synersis and imbibition.
e. Compatibility with tray: needs a perforated tray.
f. Compatibility with cast: compatible with cast, but should be
removed immediately after drying to cast to avoid softening of the gypsum
surface.
[Link] properties
Thickness 4-6 mm because the
tear strength is low
[Link] acceptable
[Link] time
Depends on the
temperature of the water
and trisodium
phosphate
4. Shelf life
Affected by high temperatures or
the presence of moisture.
6. Can’t be electroplated
 Point of
comparison Agar agar Alginate

Gel in sealed
Powder and
container or
collapsible water
1) Form of tube
supply
 Whole Whole
2) edentulous jaw edentulous jaw
Application Quadrant Quadrant
impression impression
Duplicating
material
1) Soluble salt of
13-15% agar
alginic acid e.g. K or
agar
3) ammonium alginate
0.2% borax -
Composition Strength of the gel + 12%. It reacts with
- retardation of the gypsum calcium ions to give
calcium alginate gel.
2% potassium
sulphate
2) Calcium sulfate
83% water 12%. It releases Ca
Fillers ions to react with
alginate (reactor).
 3) Trisodium phosphate 2%:
It reacts with Ca++
to give Ca (P04), to delay the gel
formation, (retarder)

4) Filler: diatomacous earth70%for

strength
5) Fluoride: To improve the surface of
3) the stone model by accelerating
Composition setting time.
6) Flavoring agents: To make the
material acceptable to the patient.
7) Chemical indicator: To change the
color with ph changes in order to
indicate the different stages in
manipulation.
8) Glycol: dustless.
9) Disinfectant agents.
 Agar agar
(gel)
4)
Setting
100°C 43°C
reaction

Agar agar
(sol)
 1) Retardation Reaction:
Trisodium phosphate + calcium sulphate

4) Setting
Calcium phosphate + Sodium sulphate
reaction

2) Gelation reaction

Calcium sulfate + Potassium alginate

(sol)

Calcium Alginate+ Potassium sulphate

(gel)
4-6mm inside the tray because of their low
tear strength
Removed from the patient mouth by sharp
snap removal parallel to the long access of
the teeth
 Properties
I- Accuracy Agar Alginate
Can record fine
1) Flow Excellent
details
Elastic
2) Elasticity Elastic 97.3%
98.8%

3) No No dimensional
Dimensional dimensional
changes
accuracy changes

Imbibition
4) and synersis Imbibition
Dimensional and
stability synersis
5) Adhesion Special tray
needs perforated
With the tray special tray

6) Compatibility
Dipped in Dipped in
with Cast 2% K2SO4 2% K2SO4
Removed Removed
easily easily

Manipulation Special equipments No Special equipment's

flexibility flexible the most flexible impression

Addition accept addition Does not accept addition

Tear strength low used in 4-6mm in tray
Electroplating Can not be electroplated
 RUBBER IMPRESSION
MATERIALS

M.W polymers (liquid) + Reactor

Solid rubbers with M.W
•Polysulphide
•Silicon:
•Condensation silicon
•Addition silicon
•Polyether
 PURPOSE OF DIFFERENT
CONSISTENCIES
TO PROVIDE DIFFERENT IMPRESSION TECHNIQUES
FOR BETTER ACCURACY

Filler
content
increased

Setting time Polymer

content is
is reduced reduced

Polymerization
shrinkage is
reduced
 4. POLYMERIZATION REACTION
Pre-polymer + Catalyst PolymerizationCross-linked polymer
reaction

Addition Condensation

After polymerization there will be:

1. Chain lengthening
2. Cross-linking
3. Polymerization shrinkage
4. Heat evolution
5. Residual monomer
 5. MANIPULATION
Mixing options of the 2 pastes (Special tray with
adhesive in medium consistency type)
• Manual hand mixing using a metal spatula and a mixing
pad
• Static auto-mixing using a mixing gun by manually
expressing the 2 pastes
• Dynamic mechanical mixing using a mixing machine
with electrically driven pumps
 6. Impression techniques

The 3 most common impression techniques are:

1. Simultaneous dual-viscosity technique.

2. Single viscosity or mono-phase technique.
3. Putty- wash technique.
[Link]
 ADDITION SILICONE
IMPRESSION
MATERIALS

• Addition silicone impression

materials (also known as
vinyl polysiloxanes [VPS])

• The material is supplied as a

two-paste or a two-putty
system.
•Properties:
• The dimensional change in 24 hours is very low.
• The elastic recovery is about 99.8% (permanent deformation of
0.2%) which is the highest between all the impression
materials.
• High tear strength when compared to hydrocolloids
• Elastomerics are viscoelastic

• So, Snap rapid sharp removal of imp. is required

• If hydroxyl groups are present in the addition silicone , that
can results in the formation of hydrogen gas.

[Link]
The hydrogen can produce bubbles in gypsum dies
or casts if poured in less than 30 minutes after the
impression is taken.

So, it is recommended to wait at least 30

minutes for the setting reaction to be completed
before the gypsum models and dies are poured..

Epoxy dies should not be poured until the

impression has stood overnight

Some products allow immediate pouring by the

inclusion of a hydrogen absorber, such as
palladium.
• Compatibility with gypsum products: Nearly all addition silicones
contain surfactants, so they are hydrophilic with contact angles of about
20° to 40°.
 POLYETHER IMPRESSION MATERIALS (PE)
Polyether materials have properties similar to that of the addition
silicones.
The polyether polymer is hydrophilic and exhibits good wetting
properties.
- Polyether impressions should not be stored in water and should be
washed and dried after removal from the mouth and disinfectants
the polyether impression should be stored in a dry (relative humidity
below 50%).

The setting reaction mechanism is : Cationic addition

polymerization by opening of the reactive terminal rings.
 Properties:
The elastic recovery of the polyethers is slightly less than that of the
addition silicones.
PE is viscoelastic so Sharp rapid removal of imp. From mouth is
necessary
• Higher tear strength than hydrocolloids
• Biocompatibility: The aromatic sulfonic acid
ester catalyst type can cause skin irritation, and direct
contact with the catalyst should be avoided.

Thorough and good mixing of the catalyst with the

base should be accomplished to prevent any irritation
of the oral tissues.
• Viscosity : - viscoelastic pseudoplastic properties as
addition silicones , which allows use of monophase
impression materials

shear-thinning

[Link]
compatible-dental-plaster_fig1_282184121
 • The ethyl alcohol produced as a by-
product and gradually evaporates and
cause high shrinkage during the first 24
hours after setting.
CONDENSATION • Putty-wash technique is preferred
SILICONE
IMPRESSION • The dimensional change during 24
MATERIALS hours after setting is relatively high.
• About 50% of the dimensional change
occurs during the first hour after
setting, and the remaining 50% occurs
between 1 and 24 hours
 Point of Polysulphide Silicon Polyether
comparison rubbers rubbers

1) Form of Supplied as two pastes system

supply Light
Light Light
Regular
Regular
Regular Heavy
heavy
heavy Putty

The main differences between these consistencies are:

a) The molecular weight of the polymers
b) The amount of the added fillers
 Polysulphide Polyether
Silicon
rubbers rubbers

Quadrant
2) impression
Whole edentulous jaw
Application
Single
Quadrant impression
impression
Single impression
 Polysulphide Silicon Polyether
rubbers rubbers
Condensation Addition
Silicon Silicon
Paste 1 Paste 1
Paste 1 Paste 1
Polysulphide
with SH Polydimethyl Low M.W. Polyether
terminal gp siloxane with polymer with polymer with
3) ethylene amine
(liquid) OH terminal silane gp
Composition gp gp
Fillers 1-54%
Orthoalkyl Fillers Fillers
Plasticizers silicate for
Plasticizers
to regulate cross
Fillers linking
the viscosity
Sulfur aids Paste 2 Paste 2 Paste 2
the reaction
Tin octoate Low M.W. Aromatic
Paste 2 polymer with sulphonic
vinyl gp acid ester
Lead oxide for Liquid: diluent
Chloroplatinic Fillers
polymerization paste:
acid
Retarders thickening
agent
Fillers Plasticizers
 Polysulphide Polyether
rubbers
Silicon
rubbers
Properties
Condensation Addition
Silicon Silicon
I- Accuracy
Record fine details according to
1) Flow
consistency

2) Elasticity 98% 99.5% 98.9%

3) 0.25% 0.6% 0.05% 0.2%

shrinkage shrinkage
Dimensional shrinkage shrinkage
accuracy Shrinkage also occurs due to differences in temperature
between the mouth & the room as well as by products.

4)
Should be cast within 1hr.
Dimensional
stability
 Polysulphide Silicon Polyether
Properties rubbers rubbers
Condensation Addition
I- Accuracy Silicon Silicon

5) Needs adhesive
Adhesion
With the tray

evolution of Compatible
6) Compatible H2 Does not
Compatibility need
with Cast Surfactant is needed to improve surfactant
their wettability to improve
the
N.B-Sulfur contamination wetability
 Sulfur odour - Pleasant - Pleasant
II) Taste

III) Tear
High Least less
strength

IV) Flexibility The most Least

less
flexible of
all rubbers
V) Can not be
Disinfection & electroplated
Can be by Can be
electroplating because it is
silver hydrophilic
 N.B:
• polyethers (the least flexible of all
rubbers, so they are the most difficult to
remove from the mouth).

• Recently, nano fillers were introduced to

some rubber impression materials in an
attempt to improve their properties.

• Advantages of nanofilled rubber materials:

- Better flow and enhanced detail

reproduction.
- Improved hydrophilic properties, hence
better wetting of soft tissues and better cast
quality.