According to Ross, “philosophy and educa on are like the sides of a coin, presen ng different
views of the same thing, and that one is implied by the other”
The main thought of Gabriel Marcel was that human beings live in a broken World. He
believed that the concept of being has been lost in the modern world which he expressed
“Man against Mass Society”.
AXIOLOGY –
1. ETHICS
a. Intui onism is the philosophical theory that basic truths are known intui vely.
Basically, your intui on knows something because it is true.
b. U litarianism is a moral theory that judges ac ons by their consequences, with the
goal of maximizing happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people. It's a
form of consequen alism, which means that the results of an ac on determine
whether it's right or wrong.
c. Hedonism is a philosophical theory that priori zes pleasure and avoiding pain. The
word "hedonism" comes from the ancient Greek word for "pleasure"Hedonism is a
philosophical theory that priori zes pleasure and avoiding pain. The word "hedonism"
comes from the ancient Greek word for "pleasure"
o INTRODUCED BY ARISTIPPUS OF CYRENE
d. Epicureanism is a philosophy that emphasizes tranquility, freedom, and pleasure, and
was founded by the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus.
e. Emo onalism is a noun that means a tendency to be emo onal or to show emo on
easily. It can also mean an excessive display of emo on.
2. AESTHETICS:
Aesthe cs (also spelled esthe cs) is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature
of beauty and the nature of taste and, in a broad sense, incorporates the philosophy of
art
3. LOGIC:
Logic can include the act of reasoning by humans in order to form thoughts and opinions,
as well as classifica ons and judgments. Some forms of logic can also be performed by
computers and even animals.
Logic can be defined as:
“The study of truths based completely on the meanings of the terms they contain.”
TYPES OF REASONING IN LOGIC:
A. Induc ve Reasoning ----> Propounded by Francis Bacon
Concrete to Abstract
Induc ve reasoning is "bo om up," meaning that it takes specific informa on and
makes a broad generaliza on that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that
the conclusion may not be accurate. This type of reasoning usually involves a rule being
established based on a series of repeated experiences.
This system is mostly used by Pestalozzi in his studies
EXAMPLE:
Premises: An umbrella prevents you from ge ng wet in the rain. Ashley took her
umbrella, and she did not get wet.
Conclusion: In this case, you could use induc ve reasoning to offer an opinion that it
was probably raining.
Explana on: Your conclusion, however, would not necessarily be accurate because
Ashley would have remained dry whether it rained and she had an umbrella, or it
didn't rain at all.
B. Deduc ve Reasoning - Propounded by Aristotle
(Abstract to Concrete)
Deduc ve reasoning provides complete evidence of the truth of its conclusion. It uses
a specific and accurate premise that leads to a specific and accurate conclusion. With
correct premises, the conclusion to this type of argument is verifiable and correct.
Examples:
Premises: All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four sides.
Conclusion: All squares have four sides.
Premises: All people are mortal. You are a person.
Conclusion: You are mortal.
Premises: All trees have trunks. An oak tree is a tree.
Conclusion: The oak tree has a trunk.
C. Dialec c Method – introduced by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (German
Philosopher)
This method involves examining ideas by looking at their contradic ons and finding a
resolu on.
Hegel describes the dialec c method as “the only true method” of scholarly and
scien fic exposi on. He uses this method in Logic to uncover the form of pure
thought.
It's like playing a game of "thesis," "an thesis," and "synthesis." The thesis represents
an idea, the an thesis represents its opposite or contradic on, and the synthesis is the
resolu on or new idea that combines both.
