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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Computer Fundamental …………………………………………………………………….. (3-9)
• Definition ……………………………………………………………………………..……… 03
• Type of Computer ………………………………………………………………………… 03
• History of Computer …………………………………………………………………….. 06
• Computer Generation ………………………………………………………………….. 08
2. Components of Computer ……………………………………………………………… (10-19)
• Hardware …………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
• Input Devices ………………………………………………………………………………. 10
• Output Devices ……………………………………………………………………………. 13
• Peripheral Devices ……………………………………………………………………….. 17
• Processor (CPU) …………………………………………………………………………… 18
3. Computer Memory …………………………………………….…………………………. (20-27)
• Primary Memory ………………………………………………………………………….. 21
• Secondary Memory ……………………………………………………………………… 24
• Memory Measurement ……………………………………………………………….. 27
4. Computer Software ………………………………………………………………………. (27-30)
• System Software ………………………………………………………………………….. 28
• Application Software ……………………………………………………………………. 30
5. Operating System …………………………………………………………………………. (30-34)
• Definition …………………………………………………………………………………….. 30
• Types of Operating System …………………………………………………………… 30
• Buffering ………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
• Spooling ………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
• Booting ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 34
6. Internet ………………………………………………………………………………………… (35-38)
• World Wide Web …………………………………………………………………………. 35
7. Windows ………………………………………………………………………………………. (38-43)
8. MS-Office ……………………………………………………………………………………… (44-59)
• Word …………………………………………………………………………………………… 44
• Excel ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
• Powerpoint …………………………………………………………………………………. 56
9. Virus …………………………………………………………………………………………….. (60-61)
10. Computer Abbreviation (A-Z) ………………………………………………………. (62-112)
Computer Fundamental

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Microsoft Office
Microsoft office is an office suite of interrelated desktop applications, servers and services for the
Microsoft windows. It was introduced by Microsoft in 1989 for Macintosh (a type of graphics).
Microsoft Windows was introduced in 1990 and then after Microsoft Office comes also as an
integrated part of Microsoft windows. In 1994, Microsoft Office 4.0 was released containing MS Word
6.0, MS Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Mail and Access. The latest version of MS Office is 2021.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट ऑफिस माइक्रोसॉफ्ट व डिं ोज़ के लिए परस्पर सिंबिंधित डेस्कटॉप एप्लिकेशन, स रव और
से ाओिं का एक ऑफिस सट
ू है । इसे Microsoft द् ारा 1989 में Macintosh (एक प्रकार का ग्राफिक्स) के
लिए पेश फकया गया था। Microsoft Windows को 1990 में पेश फकया गया था और उसके बाद Microsoft
Office भी Microsoft windows के एक एकीकृत भाग के रूप में आता है । 1994 में , Microsoft Office 4.0
को MS Word 6.0, MS Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Mail और MS Access यक्
ु त जारी फकया गया था। एमएस
ऑफिस का न ीनतम सिंस्करण 2021 है ।

Microsoft Word
Microsoft Word is a popular word processing package which provides facilities to write common
letters to desktop publishing. This means that it is useful for typing and storing letters, articles,
broachers, tests, quizzes and anything that consists mainly of words.

माइक्रोसॉफ्ट डव एक िोकवप्रय डव प्रोसेलसिंग पैकेज है जो डेस्कटॉप प्रकाशन के लिए सामान्य पत्र

लिखने की सुव िा प्रदान करता है । इसका मतिब यह है फक यह अक्षरों, िेखों, ब्रोशर, परीक्षण, प्रश्नोत्तरी
और कुछ भी प्जसमें मुख्य रूप से शब्द शालमि हैं, टाइप करने और सिंग्रहीत करने के लिए उपयोगी है ।

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To Open or Start Microsoft Word:
There are many ways to start or run Microsoft word but the most formal way is (Microsoft Word को
शरू
ु करने या चिाने के कई तरीके हैं िेफकन सबसे औपचाररक तरीका है ) --

Click start >> Program >> MS Office >> MS Word

Introduction

If the toolbar does not appear at the top of the screen, pull down the view menu in Menu bar and
select Tool Bar. (यदद टूिबार स्क्रीन के शीर्व पर प्रकट नहीिं होता है , तो मेनू बार में व्यू मेनू को नीचे
खीिंचें और टूि बार चन
ु ें।)

Creating a Document
To create a document we start word, a new document window opens. This is a blank page, where
we start typing. After the first page gets over, we automatically go to the next page.

Another method to create a new document is

1. On the File menu from Menu bar, click New.
2. Select the Blank Document in pull-down menu.

Save a document
When we save a document, the computer transfers the document form memory to a storage
medium such as hard disk or USB flash drive. A saved document is referred to as a file. We can save
two different files with same name if they are in different folders. In Microsoft word .doc is file
name extension by default. File name extension represents a file type such as .bas for Basic source
Code file, .htm for Hypertext Markup Language file, .bat for DOS batch file and .doc for word
document file etc.

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जब हम फकसी दस्ता ज़
े को से करते हैं, तो किंलयूटर दस्ता ेज़ िॉमव मेमोरी को स्टोरे ज माध्यम जैसे
हाडव डडस्क या यूएसबी फ्िैश ड्राइ में स्थानािंतररत करता है । एक से फकये गए दस्ता ेज़ को एक
फाइि के रूप में सिंदलभवत फकया जाता है । हम दो अिग-अिग िाइिों को एक ही नाम से से कर
सकते हैं यदद े अिग-अिग िोल्डर में हों। Microsoft Word में .doc डडफॉल्ट रूप से फाइि नाम
एक्सटें शन है । फाइि नाम एक्सटें शन एक फाइि प्रकार का प्रतततनधित् करता है जैसे मूि स्रोत कोड
फाइि के लिए .bas, हाइपरटे क्स्ट माकवअप भार्ा फाइि के लिए .htm, डॉस बैच फाइि के लिए .bat
और डव दस्ता ेज़ फाइि के लिए .doc आदद।

Points to remember
Tab Important Function/tools
Home tab Cut, copy and paste
Font
Paragraph (alignments)
Styles
Find, advance find, Find and replace (Editing)
Insert tab Pages (blank, page break, cover page)
Table
Insert picture, shapes, clipart, chart
Add-ins
Links and Bookmark, comments
Header and Footer
Text box, Word art, date & time, signature,
symbols
Design Tab Colors, fonts, watermark, page color, page
borders
Layout Margins, Orientation, Align
References Table of Contents
Review Spelling and Grammar, word count, language,
protect
View Macros

Important Commands
New Blank Document Ctrl + N
Open Ctrl + O
Save Ctrl + S
Print Ctrl + P
Spelling and Grammar F7
Cut Ctrl + X
Copy Ctrl + C
Paste Ctrl + V
Undo Ctrl + Z
Redo Ctrl + Y
Hyperlink Ctrl + K
Bold Ctrl + B
Italic Ctrl + I
Underline Ctrl + U

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Excel
Excel Definition
Excel is a type of software which is used for mathematical calculations, budgeting, billing, analyzing
and managing of data entered into spread sheet.

Excel basic facts

Dan Bricklin is known as the “Father of electronic spreadsheet”. He developed the excel worksheet
in 1978 and this worksheet or spreadsheet was launched in 1979.

• The First Excel version was launched in 1985

• The latest Excel version was launched in 2021
• Default Excel file name - .xlsx and .xls
• Rows are the horizontal space between horizontal lines and numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4…
• Columns are the vertical space between vertical lines and represented by letters like A, B, C…Z,
AA, AB, AC…AZ, BA, BB, BC….BZ and So on.
• Total number of rows are 10,48,576
• Total number of columns are 16,384
• Last column name XFD
• Cell is the visible box in the worksheet area and actually the space between the transaction of
rows and columns.
• A Cell Address is used to specified the intersection of row and column of the letter and number
on worksheet.
• Last Cell Address – XFD1048576
• Clipboard contains the cut, copy and paste commands (Also, Format Painter in all new versions
of MS Excel)
• Active cell: Current working cell
• Name Box – It shows the active cell address.

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Tab Name Important Functions & Tools
Home Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number Format,
styles, cells, sort & filter, find and Selection,
Wrap text, Merge & Center, Conditional
formatting, Auto sum.
Insert Pivot Table, Table, illustration (Pictures, Shapes,
Smart Art, Screen shot), Add-ins, Charts, 3D
maps, sparklines, slicer, link, equation, symbol,
Header and Footer, word art, text box, signature
line
Page Layout Themes, Print
Formula Date & Time, Lookup & Reference, Logical,
financial, auto sum
Data Sort, filter, text to column, flash fill, Data
validation, (Data tools), forecast (what if
analysis), Forecast sheet, group, ungroup
Review Spelling, Thesaurus, Smart lookup, Translate,
comment
View Macros, Freeze panes, Switch windows

Shortcut Keys in Excel

F2 Edit the selected cell
F5 Go to a specific cell
F7 Spell check selected text and/or document
F11 Create chart
Ctrl+Shift+; Enter the current time

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 Ctrl+; Enter the current date
Alt+Shift+F1 Insert the new worksheet
Shift+F3 Open the excel formula
Shift+F5 Bring up search box
Ctrl+A Select all contents of the worksheet
Ctrl+B Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl+I Italic highlighted selection
Ctrl+K Insert link
Ctrl+U Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl+5 Strike through highlighted selection
Ctrl+P Bring up the print dialog box for printing
Ctrl+Z Undo last action
Ctrl +F9 Minimize current workbook
Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently Selected workbook
Ctrl + Space Select the entire column
Shift + Space Select the entire row
Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format
Ctrl + shift + # Format number in date format
Ctrl + shift + % Format number in percentage format
Ctrl + shift + @ Format number in time format

Excel terms
Workbook
The workbook refers to an Excel spreadsheet file. The workbook stores all of the data that you have
entered and lets you to sort or calculate the results. A workbook that is accessible to be viewed and
modified by multiple users on a network is called a Shared Workbook. “Excel Workbook is a collection
of all Worksheet and Charts”.

Worksheet
A worksheet is a sub-component document of a workbook. It is also called spreadsheets; you can have
multiple sheets nestled in a workbook. Tabs at the bottommost of the screen will indicate which of
your worksheets you are presently working on; this is also known as an active sheet or active
worksheet.

Cell
A cell is an intersection between a column and a row on a spreadsheet. Each cell in a spreadsheet can
encompass any value that can be called using a virtual cell reference or called upon using a formula.
Any data that you want to enter into your worksheet must be put in a cell. An Active Cell is one that is
currently opened for editing.

Column and Row Headings

These headings are the lettered and numbered
gray areas located just outside of columns and
rows. Clicking on a heading will select the entire
row or column. You can also modify the row height
or column width using the headings.

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Cell Range
A Cell range is a cluster of cells that have been identified as a group based on a variety of criteria. By
using a colon (:) between cell references, Excel can determine the range, also called an array. A range
in a row, for example, could look like A3: D3, telling the formula to look at the cells in a row between
A3 and D3, while C4: F9 would tell the formula to look at all cells in a box bounded by columns C and
F and rows 4 and 9. A 3-D reference refers to a range that encompasses more than one worksheet in
the same workbook.

Merged Cell
When two or more cells are united, it's become what is known as a merged cell.

Operator
Operators are signs or symbols that specify which calculation must be made in an expression.
Operators do not necessarily refer to simple mathematical types; comparison, concatenation, text or
reference operators also exist.

Formula
A sequence inside a cell that is used to produce value is called formula. It must begin with an equality
sign (=). This could be a mathematical equation, functions, cell references, or operator. A formula is
also known as an expression.

Function
Functions are formulas that are pre-built into Excel. They are intended to help simplify hypothetically
complex formulas in a worksheet.

Error Code
Error Codes appear if Excel finds a problem with a formula provided.

Cell Formatting
This is the act of changing how a cell or its contents are displayed in the spreadsheet. When you format
cells, only the visual appearance of the cells is altered; the value within the cells remains the same.

Filter
Filters are guidelines that you can employ to choose which rows in a worksheet to display. These filters
can use data such as conditions or values.

AutoFill
This enables you to copy data to more than one cell easily.

AutoSum
This feature will add up the numbers you have entered in your sheet and displays the total in a cell of
your choice.

AutoFormat
This is an automatic format application to cells that match pre-determined conditions. This could be
as simple as size.

Data Validation
This feature helps to avert inappropriate data from being entered into your worksheet. Data validation
promotes accuracy and consistency in the data to be entered.

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Pivot Table
This is a data summarization tool most commonly used to sort, average, to sum up, data automatically.
The information is heaved from one table while the results are presented in another.

Pivot Chart
This type of chart provides a visual aid for pivot tables by providing graphical illustrations of the pivot
table data; the user can offer a level of interactivity with the data.

Format Painter
Copies the format from a cell (or range), allowing it to be pasted somewhere else.

Conditional Formatting - Drop-Down.

It gives access to conditional formatting commands which can be used to apply cell formatting
automatically. It contains these commands: Highlight Cells Rules, Top/Bottom Rules, Color Scales, Data
Bars, Icon Sets, Clear Rules, New Rule and Manage Rules.

AutoSum –
Button with Drop-Down. The same command can be found on the Formulas Tab and it contains the
commands: Sum, Average, Count Numbers, Max, Min, And More Functions.

Fill - Drop-Down.
This option allows you fill the selection in any direction and into any range of adjacent cells. The drop-
down contains the commands: Down, Up, Right, Left, Across Worksheets, Justify, Series and Flash Fill.

Clear - Drop-Down.
This removes everything from the current selection or remove particular items. The drop-down
contains the commands: Clear All, Clear Contents, Clear Formats, Clear Hyperlinks, Clear Comments,
and Remove Hyperlinks.

Sort & Filter - Drop-Down.

This helps you sort the currently selected data or current region into descending or ascending order
and allows you add filters to decrease the number of evident rows.

Find & Select - Drop-Down.

This option permits you to find and replace an input or selected data. The drop-down contains the
commands: Find, Replace, GoTo, GoTo Special, Comments, Formulas, Constants, Conditional
Formatting, Select Objects, Data Validation, and Selection Pane.

Signature Line –
Button with Drop-Down. The button inserts a signature line that stipulates the individual who must
sign. The drop-down shows these commands: Microsoft Office Signature Line and Add Signature
Services.

Equation - Drop-Down.
From here, you can insert your desired equation to your workbook. The drop-down contains the
commands: Area of Circle, Expansion of a Sum, Binomial Theorem, Fourier Series and Insert New
Equation.

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Sort & Filter
Sort A to Z –
Sorts data from lowest to highest; alphabetically from A-Z and
numerically from the lowest number to the highest number.

Sort Z to A –
Sorts data from highest to lowest; alphabetically from Z-A and
numerically from the highest number to the lowest number.

Sort –
This enables you to find values quickly by sorting your data.

Filter –
Toggles filtering on the currently selected cell.

Clear –
Clears the filter and sort for the currently selected range of data.

Reapply - (Ctrl + Alt + L).

This helps you to reapply the filter and sort to the current
selection so that the changes you have made are included.

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Data Tools
Text to Columns – This permit you to split a single
column of text into multiple columns.

Flash Fill – This automatically fills in values into

the cell.

Remove Duplicates – This removes duplicates sheets from a row.

Data Validation - Drop-Down. This lets you limit the type of data that can be entered into a cell. The
drop-down includes these commands: Circle Invalid Data and Clear Validation Circles.

Consolidate – This summarizes data from separate ranges then consolidating the result in a single
output range.

Relationships – The relationship feature lets you create or modify relationships between tables to
show linked data from separate tables on the same report.

Manage Data Model - Opens the Power Pivot window in order to add and prepare data or continue
working on data on the workbook.

Forecast
What-If Analysis - Drop-Down. This function lets you try out various values for the formula in your
sheet using the drop-down options. The drop-down contains these commands: Scenario Manager,
Goal Seek and Data Table.

Forecast Sheet – You can create a new worksheet to predict data trend using this feature. It will let
you forecast your timeline data.

Freeze Panes –
Drop-Down. The drop-down contains these commands: Freeze Panes, Freeze First Column, and
Freeze Top Row.

Macros
It is used to define a sequence of actions to perform on a document or multiple documents that can
be executed again and again.

Excel Basic Functions

Below is a list of ten simple but helpful functions that are essentially needed for your expertise skill
in Excel.

SUM
This is the first Excel function I will be familiarizing you with. It is the one that performs the basic
arithmetic operation of addition. Your Sum formula in Excel should include at least 1 number,
referenced to a cell or a range of cells.

For example:

=SUM(A2:C6) – this adds up values in cells A2 through C6.

=SUM(A2, C6) – this adds up values in cells A2 and C6.

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There are times when you will need to perform multiple functions such as addition and division, you
can perform this within a single formula, for example, add up values in cells A2 through C6, and then
divide the sum by 5:

=SUM(A2:C6)/5

Also, you can sum with conditions. To sum with conditions, use the SUMIF function:

• In the 1st argument, you input the range of cells to be verified against the criteria (A1:A4)
• In the 2nd argument, input the criteria itself (C2)
• In the last argument, input the cells to sum (B1:B4)

=SUMIF(A1:A4, C2, B1:B4)

Note: The easiest and fastest way to sum a row or column of numbers is to select a cell following to
the numbers you want to sum (the cell directly below the last value in the column), and click the
AutoSum button on the Home tab, in the Formats group. Excel will insert a SUM formula for you
automatically and add up the corresponding values.

AVERAGE
The second function we will be looking at is the average. Excel AVERAGE function does exactly what
its name implies, that is; it finds an average, or arithmetic mean, of numbers.

Having a closer look at the formula from the previous example (=SUM(A2:C6)/5), what this does is
that it sums values in cells A2 through C6, and then divides the result by 3, what it does here is called
average; dividing total by the frequency.

To perform an average, you can simply input this formula in a cell:

=AVERAGE(A2:C6)

To calculate average cells based on condition, use the AVERAGEIF formula, where A2:C6 is the
criteria range, D3 is he criteria, and E2:E6 are the cells to average:

=AVERAGEIF(A2:C6, D3, E2:E6)

MAXIMUM & MINIMUM

The MAX and MIN formulas in Excel get the highest and lowest value in a set of numbers,
respectively. The formulas for maximum and minimum is as simple as:

=MAX(A2:C6) – identify the maximum value from cell A2 through C6.

=MIN(A2:C6) – identify the minimum value from cell A2 through C6.

COUNT & COUNTA

Another important function in Excel is the COUNT & COUNTA function. If you need to know how
many are cells in a given range contain numeric values (numbers or dates), you don't need to waste
time by counting them by hand, the Excel COUNT function will do the trick.

The COUNT function deals only with those cells that comprises of numbers while the COUNTA
function counts all cells that are not blank, whether they contain numbers, dates, text, times or
errors.

For example, to find out how many cells in column C contain numbers, use this formula:
=COUNT(C:C)

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To count all non-empty cells in column A, use:

=COUNTA(C:C)

Summarily, COUNT processes only numbers, COUNTA outputs the total number of non-blank cells in
columns, including the text value in the column header.

IF
This seems to be the most popular function in Excel. In simple terms, you use an IF formula to ask
Excel to verify a certain condition and return one value or perform one calculation if the condition is
met, and another value or calculation if the condition is not met. For example:

IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false]). This will test the validity or otherwise of the input
data.

TRIM
There are times when your correct Excel formulas return just a bunch of errors, one of the first
things to check is extra spaces in the referenced cells. These extra spaces need to be trimmed. There
are quite a few ways to get rid of unwanted spaces in Excel, with the TRIM function being the easiest
one:

For example, to trim extra spaces in column B, enter the following formula in cell B1, and then copy
it down the column:

=TRIM(B1). This will eliminate all extra spaces in cells.

LEN
The LEN function is used to determine the number of characters in a certain cell.

For example, if you wish to find out how many characters are in cell C2, just type the formula below
into another cell:

=LEN(C2)

Note: Excel LEN function counts absolutely all characters including spaces.

AND & OR
These are the two most popular logical functions to verify multiple criteria.

• AND returns TRUE if all conditions are met; FALSE if otherwise.

• OR returns TRUE if any condition is met; FALSE if otherwise.

CONCATENATE
This function is applicable when you want to take values from two or more cells and combine them
into one cell. For example, to combine the values from cells A3 and B3, just enter this formula in a
different cell:

=CONCATENATE(A3, B3)

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Microsoft‌‌PowerPoint‌ ‌
It‌‌is‌‌an‌‌application‌‌used‌‌for‌‌the‌‌creation‌‌of‌‌presentation,‌‌slideshow‌‌and‌‌graphics‌‌on‌‌computer‌‌
system.‌‌(यह‌‌कं प्यूटर‌सि‌ स्टम‌‌पर‌‌प्रेजेंटेशन,‌‌स्लाइड‌‌शो‌‌और‌‌ग्राफिक्स‌‌के ‌‌निर्माण‌‌के ‌‌लिए‌‌उपयोग‌‌किया‌‌जाने‌‌
वाला‌‌एप्लिके शन‌‌है ।)‌ ‌

● इसे‌‌पहली‌‌बार‌‌20‌अ
‌ प्रैल‌‌1987‌को
‌ ‌‌रिलीज़‌‌किया‌‌गया‌‌था।‌ ‌

● PowerPoint‌‌के ‌‌लिए‌ए
‌ क्सटेंशन‌‌".ppt"‌‌है ‌ ‌

● इस‌‌प्रोग्राम‌‌का‌प
‌ हला‌सं
‌ स्करण‌‌PowerPoint‌‌2.0‌था
‌ ‌‌और‌‌इसे‌‌1990‌‌में‌‌पेश‌‌किया‌‌गया‌‌था।‌ ‌

● PowerPoint‌‌का‌न
‌ वीनतम‌‌संस्करण‌‌2019‌‌में‌‌लॉन्च‌‌किया‌‌गया‌‌PowerPoint‌‌2110‌है
‌ ।‌ ‌

USE‌‌of‌‌PowerPoint‌ ‌
1. व्यावसायिक‌‌अनुप्रयोग‌प्र
‌ स्तुति‌स्ला
‌ इड‌‌बनाना।‌ ‌

2. एनिमेशन‌‌के ‌सा
‌ थ‌ग्रा
‌ फिकल‌‌ऑब्जेक्ट‌‌बनाना।‌ ‌

3. आर्ट‌‌गैलरी‌का
‌ ‌‌उपयोग‌क
‌ रके ‌‌सामान्य‌‌उपयोग‌‌के ‌‌लिए‌‌कलात्मक‌‌स्लाइड‌‌बनाएं ।‌ ‌

4. व्यापार‌ज
‌ गत‌में
‌ ‌प्र
‌ शिक्षण‌‌प्रदान‌क
‌ रना।‌ ‌

Starting‌‌PowerPoint‌ ‌
General‌‌Type‌ ‌
Click‌‌start‌🡪
‌ ‌‌Program‌🡪
‌ ‌‌MS‌‌Office‌🡪
‌ ‌‌MS‌‌PowerPoint‌ ‌

Shortcut‌‌type‌ ‌
Click‌‌Search‌‌Bar‌🡪
‌ ‌‌type‌‌MS‌‌PowerPoint‌🡪
‌ ‌‌Enter‌ ‌

PPT‌‌Screen‌ ‌

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Different‌‌ways‌‌to‌‌view‌‌slides:‌ ‌
Slides‌‌in‌‌any‌‌PowerPoint‌‌presentation‌‌can‌‌be‌‌viewed‌‌in‌‌a‌‌variety‌‌of‌‌ways‌‌depending‌‌on‌‌the‌‌task.‌ ‌

Normal‌‌View‌ ‌
Normal‌‌view‌‌splits‌‌your‌‌screen‌‌into‌‌three‌‌Major‌‌sections:‌‌(नार्मल‌‌व्यू‌ ‌आपकी‌‌स्क्रीन‌‌को‌‌तीन‌‌प्रमुख‌‌वर्गों‌‌में‌‌
विभाजित‌‌करता‌‌है :)‌ ‌

‌the‌‌outline‌‌and‌‌slides‌‌tables,‌‌the‌‌slide‌‌pane,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌task‌‌pane.‌‌ ‌

● The‌‌outline‌‌and‌‌slides‌‌tables‌‌are‌‌on‌‌the‌‌left‌‌side‌‌of‌‌your‌‌screen.‌‌They‌‌enable‌‌you‌‌to‌‌
shift‌‌between‌‌two‌‌different‌‌ways‌‌of‌‌viewing‌‌your‌‌slides.‌‌
● The‌‌Slides‌‌tab‌‌shows‌‌thumbnails‌‌of‌‌your‌‌slides.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌outline‌‌tab‌‌shows‌‌the‌‌text‌‌on‌‌your‌‌slides.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌slide‌‌pane‌‌is‌‌located‌‌in‌‌the‌‌center‌‌of‌‌your‌‌screen.‌‌The‌‌slide‌‌pane‌‌shows‌‌a‌‌large‌‌
view‌‌of‌‌the‌‌slide‌‌on‌‌which‌‌you‌‌are‌‌currently‌‌working.‌‌ ‌
● The‌‌task‌‌pane‌‌is‌‌located‌‌on‌‌the‌‌right‌‌side‌‌of‌‌your‌‌screen.‌‌The‌‌tasks‌‌pane‌‌enables‌‌you‌‌
to‌‌select‌‌the‌‌task‌‌you‌‌want‌‌to‌‌perform.‌ ‌

Slide‌‌Sorter‌‌view‌ ‌
Slide‌‌sorter‌‌view‌‌enables‌‌you‌‌to‌‌view‌‌thumbnails‌‌of‌‌all‌‌your‌‌slides.‌‌In‌‌slide‌‌sorter‌‌view‌‌you‌‌can‌‌easily‌‌
add,‌‌delete,‌‌or‌‌change‌‌the‌‌order‌‌of‌‌your‌‌slides.‌‌When‌‌you‌‌are‌‌in‌‌slide‌‌sorter‌‌view,‌‌a‌‌special‌‌
formatting‌‌toolbar‌‌appears.‌‌It‌‌has‌‌options‌‌that‌‌allow‌‌you‌‌to‌‌make‌‌changes‌‌to‌‌your‌‌slides.‌ ‌

(स्लाइड‌सॉ
‌ र्टर‌व्यू‌ ‌आ‌ पको‌अ‌ पनी‌‌सभी‌‌स्लाइड्स‌‌के ‌‌थंबनेल‌‌दे खने‌में ‌ ‌‌सक्षम‌‌बनाता‌‌है ।‌‌स्लाइड‌‌सॉर्टर‌‌व्यू‌‌में‌‌आप‌‌
अपनी‌स्ला
‌ इड्स‌‌के ‌क्र ‌ म‌को
‌ ‌‌आसानी‌‌से‌‌जोड़,‌‌हटा‌‌या‌‌बदल‌‌सकते‌‌हैं ।‌‌जब‌‌आप‌‌स्लाइड‌‌सॉर्टर‌‌दृश्य‌‌में‌‌होते‌‌हैं ,‌तो ‌ ‌‌
एक‌‌विशेष‌स्व
‌ रूपण‌टू‌ लबार‌प्र ‌ कट‌‌होता‌‌है ।‌‌इसमें‌‌विकल्प‌‌हैं ‌‌जो‌‌आपको‌‌अपनी‌‌स्लाइड‌‌में‌‌परिवर्तन‌‌करने‌‌की‌‌
अनुमति‌दे
‌ ते‌‌हैं ।)‌ ‌

Slide‌‌Show‌ ‌
Use‌‌the‌‌slide‌‌show‌‌view‌‌when‌‌you‌‌want‌‌to‌‌view‌‌your‌‌slides,‌‌as‌‌they‌‌will‌‌look‌‌in‌‌your‌‌final‌‌
presentation.‌‌While‌‌in‌‌the‌‌slide‌‌show‌‌view‌‌-‌ ‌

(जब‌‌आप‌‌अपनी‌‌स्लाइड‌दे ‌ खना‌‌चाहते‌‌हैं ‌‌तो‌‌स्लाइड‌‌शो‌‌दृश्य‌‌का‌‌उपयोग‌‌करें ,‌क्यों

‌ कि‌‌वे‌‌आपकी‌‌अंतिम‌‌प्रस्तुति‌‌
में‌‌दिखाई‌‌दें गे।‌‌जबकि‌स्ला
‌ इड‌‌शो‌‌व्यू‌‌में‌‌-)‌ ‌

Esc‌‌🡪‌‌Returns‌‌you‌‌to‌‌the‌‌view‌‌you‌‌were‌‌using‌‌previously.‌ ‌
Left‌‌Click‌‌🡪‌‌Moves‌‌you‌‌to‌‌the‌‌next‌‌slide‌‌or‌‌animation‌‌effect.‌‌When‌‌you‌‌reach‌‌the‌‌
last‌‌slide,‌‌you‌‌automatically‌‌return‌‌to‌‌your‌‌last‌‌view.‌ ‌
Right‌‌Click‌‌🡪‌‌Opens‌‌a‌‌pop-up‌‌menu.‌‌You‌‌can‌‌use‌‌this‌‌menu‌‌to‌‌navigate‌‌the‌‌slides,‌‌
add‌‌speaker‌‌notes,‌‌select‌‌a‌‌pointer‌‌and‌‌mark‌‌your‌‌presentation.‌ ‌

Adding‌‌Notes‌‌in‌‌PowerPoint‌ ‌
There‌‌are‌‌two‌‌ways‌‌to‌‌insert‌‌notes‌‌in‌‌PowerPoint‌‌–‌ ‌

1. To‌‌insert‌‌short‌‌notes:‌‌in‌‌the‌‌normal‌‌view,‌‌click‌‌on‌‌the‌‌notes‌‌box‌‌at‌‌the‌‌bottom‌‌of‌‌our‌‌screen‌‌
and‌‌type‌‌our‌‌text.‌ ‌
2. To‌‌insert‌‌Longer‌‌notes:‌‌click‌‌on‌‌the‌‌view‌‌tab.‌‌Under‌‌presentation,‌‌views‌‌select‌‌the‌‌notes‌‌
page‌‌button.‌‌Type‌‌our‌‌notes‌‌in‌‌the‌‌space‌‌that‌‌appears‌‌below‌‌our‌‌slide.‌ ‌

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Inserting‌‌Headers‌‌&‌‌Footers‌ ‌
Headers‌‌and/or‌‌footers‌‌are‌‌used‌‌on‌‌PowerPoint‌‌slides‌‌to‌‌include‌‌important‌‌information‌‌about‌‌the‌‌
slides.‌‌This‌‌can‌‌be‌‌information‌‌for‌‌the‌‌presenter‌‌or‌‌audience,‌‌such‌‌as‌‌the‌‌date‌‌this‌‌presentation‌‌was‌‌
created‌‌or‌‌delivered,‌‌to‌‌brand‌‌the‌‌slides‌‌with‌‌your‌‌company‌‌name‌‌or‌‌simply‌‌to‌‌automatically‌‌place‌‌a‌‌
slide‌‌number‌‌on‌‌each‌‌slide.‌‌To‌‌add‌‌a‌‌header‌‌and‌‌footer,‌‌click‌‌on‌‌the‌‌Insert‌‌tab,‌‌then‌‌on‌‌the‌‌header‌‌&‌‌
footer‌‌button.‌‌The‌‌date‌‌and‌‌time‌‌and‌‌slide‌‌number‌‌buttons‌‌will‌‌bring‌‌up‌‌the‌‌same‌‌dialogue‌‌box.‌

(स्लाइड‌के
‌ ‌‌बारे ‌में
‌ ‌‌महत्वपूर्ण‌‌जानकारी‌‌शामिल‌‌करने‌‌के ‌‌लिए‌‌PowerPoint‌‌स्लाइड‌‌पर‌‌शीर्षलेख‌‌और/या‌‌पादलेख‌‌
का‌उ‌ पयोग‌‌किया‌‌जाता‌‌है ।‌‌यह‌प्र ‌ स्तुतकर्ता‌‌या‌‌दर्शकों‌‌के ‌‌लिए‌‌जानकारी‌‌हो‌‌सकती‌‌है ,‌जै‌ से‌‌कि‌‌इस‌‌प्रस्तुति‌‌को‌‌
बनाने‌‌या‌वि
‌ तरित‌‌करने‌‌की‌ता ‌ रीख,‌‌स्लाइड्स‌को ‌ ‌‌आपकी‌‌कं पनी‌‌के ‌‌नाम‌से ‌ ‌‌ब्रां ड‌‌करने‌‌के ‌‌लिए‌‌या‌‌बस‌‌प्रत्येक‌‌
स्लाइड‌प‌ र‌ए
‌ क‌स्ला
‌ इड‌नं ‌ बर‌को
‌ ‌स्व
‌ चालित‌‌रूप‌‌से‌‌रखने‌‌के ‌‌लिए।‌‌शीर्ष‌‌लेख‌‌और‌‌पाद‌‌लेख‌‌जोड़ने‌‌के ‌‌लिए,‌‌
सम्मिलित‌‌करें ‌टै
‌ ब‌प ‌ र,‌‌फिर‌शी
‌ र्ष‌‌लेख‌औ
‌ र‌‌पाद‌‌लेख‌‌बटन‌‌पर‌‌क्लिक‌‌करें ।‌‌दिनांक‌‌और‌‌समय‌‌और‌‌स्लाइड‌‌संख्या‌‌
बटन‌स ‌ मान‌‌संवाद‌बॉ ‌ क्स‌‌लाएं गे।)‌ ‌

PowerPoint‌‌Shortcut‌‌key‌ ‌
Action‌ ‌ Shortcut‌ ‌
Bold‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌B‌ ‌
Close‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌W‌ ‌
Close‌‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+F4‌ ‌
Copy‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+C‌ ‌
Find‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌F‌ ‌
Italics‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌I‌ ‌
Menu‌‌bar‌‌ ‌ F10‌ ‌
New‌‌slide‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌N‌ ‌
Next‌‌window‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌F6‌ ‌
Open‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌O‌ ‌
Paste‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌V‌ ‌
Print‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌P‌ ‌
Repeat‌‌Find‌‌ ‌ Shift‌‌+‌‌F4‌ ‌
Repeat/Redo‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌Y‌ ‌
Replace‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌H‌ ‌
Save‌‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌S‌ ‌
Slide‌‌show‌‌begin‌ ‌ F5‌ ‌
Slide‌‌show‌‌–‌‌Black‌‌screen‌‌show/hide‌ ‌ B‌ ‌
Slide‌‌show‌‌–‌‌End‌ ‌ Esc‌ ‌
Slide‌‌Show‌‌–‌‌Erase‌‌annotations‌ ‌ E‌ ‌
Slide‌‌Show‌‌–‌‌Go‌‌to‌‌Next‌‌hidden‌‌slide‌ ‌ H‌ ‌
Slide‌‌Show‌‌–‌‌Hide‌‌pointer‌‌and‌‌button‌‌always‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌L‌ ‌
Slide‌‌Show‌‌–‌‌Hide‌‌pointer‌‌and‌‌button‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌H‌ ‌
temporarily‌‌ ‌
Slide‌‌Show‌‌–‌‌mouse‌‌pointer‌‌to‌‌arrow‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌A‌ ‌
Slide‌‌show‌‌–‌‌mouse‌‌pointer‌‌to‌‌Pen‌ ‌ Ctrl‌‌+‌‌P‌ ‌
Slide‌‌Show‌‌–‌‌next‌‌slide‌ ‌ N‌ ‌
Slide‌‌Show‌‌–‌‌Previously‌‌Slide‌ ‌ P‌ ‌
Stop‌‌/‌‌restart‌‌automatic‌‌slide‌‌show‌ ‌ S‌ ‌
Spelling‌‌and‌‌Grammar‌‌Check‌ ‌ F7‌ ‌
Switch‌‌to‌‌the‌‌next‌‌presentation‌‌windows‌ ‌ Crtl+F6‌ ‌

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Different Tools present in Menu Tab

1. Home Tab:
- Slides
- Fonts
- Paragraph/ Allign
- Find & Replace

2. Insert Tab:
- Table - Mathematical Equation
- Picture - Video/Audio
- Shapes/Smart Art/ Chart
- Links/ Hyperlinks
- Text Box
- Header & Footer
- WordArt
- Date & Time
- Slide Number

3. Disign Tab:

- Theme
- Varient

4. Review:
- Spelling
- Translation
- Comment

5. View Tab:

- slide sorter
- slide master
- Notes
- Macros
- windows

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Virus
some common types of computer viruses:

1. Boot Sector Virus: Infects the master boot record of a system, causing issues during the boot
process. It's typically spread via infected USB drives.

2. File Infector Virus: Attaches itself to executable files (.exe files). When the file is run, the
virus is activated, spreading to other files and programs.

3. Macro Virus: Targets software applications like Microsoft Word or Excel, infecting files that
contain macros. When a document is opened, the virus runs and spreads to other
documents.

4. Polymorphic Virus: Changes its code each time it spreads, making it harder to detect by
antivirus programs. This is a complex and adaptive type of virus.

5. Multipartite Virus: Can spread in multiple ways, such as infecting both files and boot sectors
simultaneously.

6. Overwrite Virus: Deletes the content of the file it infects, replacing it with its own code,
causing irreversible damage to the original file.

7. Resident Virus: Embeds itself in the computer’s memory, allowing it to infect files and
programs even when the original virus is removed.

8. Web Scripting Virus: Targets vulnerabilities in web browsers and scripts. It can infect
websites or spread through malicious links or ads on websites.

9. Direct Action Virus: Activates when a specific file is executed and tries to infect other files in
the directory. It doesn't remain in memory, making it easier to remove.

10. Stealth Virus: Tries to avoid detection by disguising itself as a legitimate program or altering
antivirus software detection capabilities.

Malware: This is an umbrella term that encompasses all types of malicious software, including
viruses, ransomware, worms, trojans, spyware, adware, etc. A virus is a specific type of malware, but
not all malware are viruses.

1. Viruses:

A virus is a type of malware that attaches itself to legitimate files or programs. It spreads by
replicating when the infected file or program is executed. Viruses can corrupt, delete files, slow down
systems, or cause other harm.

2. Ransomware:

Ransomware is a form of malware that encrypts a victim's data or locks them out of their system.
The attacker demands a ransom (usually in cryptocurrency) to restore access. Common forms of
ransomware include "CryptoLocker" and "WannaCry."

3. Worms:
A worm is a self-replicating malware that spreads across networks without needing to attach itself to
a host file. Unlike viruses, worms don’t require user interaction to spread. They exploit vulnerabilities
in network protocols or software. Worms can slow down networks, steal data, or allow attackers
access to infected systems.

4. Trojans (Trojan Horses):

A trojan disguises itself as legitimate software or files to trick users into downloading or opening it.
Once inside the system, it can allow cybercriminals to access your computer, steal sensitive data, or
install additional malware. Trojans don’t replicate themselves like viruses or worms but act as
backdoors for other malicious activity.

5. Spyware:

Spyware is designed to secretly monitor and collect user activity and personal information without
consent. It can capture keystrokes (keyloggers), track browsing habits, steal login credentials, and
send data to remote attackers. Spyware is often installed through malicious downloads or infected
websites.

6. Adware:

Adware is a type of malware that displays unwanted advertisements, often in the form of pop-ups or
banners. While not as harmful as other malware, it can slow down computers, bombard users with
ads, and track browsing activities for targeted advertising. Some adware also installs additional
malware or spyware.
 1
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)

 AAT—Average Access Time

 AA—Anti-Aliasing
 AAA—Authentication Authorization, Accounting
 AABB—Axis Aligned Bounding Box
 AAC—Advanced Audio Coding
 AAL—ATM Adaptation Layer
 AALC—ATM Adaptation Layer Connection
 AARP—AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol
 ABCL—Actor-Based Concurrent Language
 ABI—Application Binary Interface
 ABM—Asynchronous Balanced Mode
 ABR—Area Border Router
 ABR—Auto Baud-Rate detection
 ABR—Available Bitrate
 ABR—Average Bitrate
 AC—Acoustic Coupler
 AC—Alternating Current
 ACD—Automatic Call Distributor
 ACE—Advanced Computing Environment
 ACID—Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability
 ACK—ACKnowledgement
 ACK—Amsterdam Compiler Kit
 ACL—Access Control List
 ACL—Active Current Loop
 ACM—Association for Computing Machinery

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 2
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 ACME—Automated Classification of Medical Entities
 ACP—Airline Control Program
 ACPI—Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
 ACR—Allowed Cell Rate
 ACR—Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio
 AD—Active Directory
 AD—Administrative Domain
 ADC—Analog-to-Digital Converter
 ADC—Apple Display Connector
 ADB—Apple Desktop Bus
 ADCCP—Advanced Data Communications Control Procedures
 ADO—ActiveX Data Objects
 ADSL—Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 ADT—Abstract Data Type
 AE—Adaptive Equalizer
 AES—Advanced Encryption Standard
 AF—Anisotropic Filtering
 AFP—Apple Filing Protocol
 AGP—Accelerated Graphics Port
 AH—Active Hub
 AI—Artificial Intelligence
 AIX—Advanced Interactive eXecutive
 Ajax—Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
 AL—Active Link
 AL—Access List
 ALAC—Apple Lossless Audio Codec
 ALGOL—Algorithmic Language

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 3
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 ALSA—Advanced Linux Sound Architecture
 ALU—Arithmetic and Logical Unit
 AM—Access Method
 AM—Active Matrix
 AMOLED—Active-Matrix Organic Light-Emitting Diode
 AM—Active Monitor
 AM—Allied Mastercomputer
 AM—Amplitude Modulation
 AMD—Advanced Micro Devices
 AMQP—Advanced Message Queuing Protocol
 AMR—Audio Modem Riser
 ANN—Artificial Neural Network
 ANSI—American National Standards Institute
 ANT—Another Neat Tool
 AoE—ATA over Ethernet
 AOP—Aspect-Oriented Programming
 APCI—Application-Layer Protocol Control Information
 API—Application Programming Interface
 APIC—Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
 APIPA—Automatic Private IP Addressing
 APL—A Programming Language
 APR—Apache Portable Runtime
 ARC—Adaptive Replacement Cache
 ARC—Advanced RISC Computing
 ARIN—American Registry for Internet Numbers
 ARM—Advanced RISC Machines
 AROS—AROS Research Operating System

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 4
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 ARP—Address Resolution Protocol
 ARPA—Address and Routing Parameter Area
 ARPA—Advanced Research Projects Agency
 ARPANET—Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
 AS—Access Server
 ASCII—American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
 ASG—Abstract Semantic Graph
 ASIC—Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
 ASIMO—Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility
 ASLR—Address Space Layout Randomization
 ASM—Algorithmic State Machine
 ASMP—Asymmetric Multiprocessing
 ASN.1—Abstract Syntax Notation 1
 ASP—Active Server Pages
 ASP—Application Service Provider
 ASR—Asynchronous Signal Routine
 AST—Abstract Syntax Tree
 ASSP—Application-Specific Standard Product
 AT—Advanced Technology
 AT—Access Time
 AT—Active Terminator
 ATA—Advanced Technology Attachment
 ATAG—Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines
 ATAPI—Advanced Technology Attachment Packet
Interface
 ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode

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 5
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 AVC—Advanced Video Coding
 AVI—Audio Video Interleaved
 AWK—Aho Weinberger Kernighan
 AWT—Abstract Window Toolkit

 B2B—Business-to-Business
 B2C—Business-to-Consumer
 BAL—Basic Assembly Language
 BAM—Block Availability Map
 Bash—Bourne-again shell
 BASIC—Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
 BBP—Baseband Processor
 BBS—Bulletin Board System
 BCD—Binary Coded Decimal
 BCNF—Boyce–Codd normal form
 BEEP—Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol
 BER—Bit Error Rate
 BFD—Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
 BFD—Binary File Descriptor
 BFS—Breadth-First Search
 BFT—Byzantine Fault Tolerant
 BGP—Border Gateway Protocol
 BI—Business Intelligence
 BiDi—Bi-Directional
 bin—binary
 BINAC—Binary Automatic Computer

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 6
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 BIND—Berkeley Internet Name Domain
 BIOS—Basic Input Output System
 BJT—Bipolar Junction Transistor
 bit—binary digit
 Blob—Binary large object
 Blog—Web Log
 BMP—Basic Multilingual Plane
 BNC—Bayonet Neill-Concelman
 BOINC—Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network
Computing
 BOM—Byte Order Mark
 BOOTP—Bootstrap Protocol
 BPDU—Bridge Protocol Data Unit
 BPEL—Business Process Execution Language
 BPL—Broadband over Power Lines
 BPM—Business Process Management
 BPM—Business Process Modeling
 bps—bits per second
 BRM—Business Reference Model
 BRMS—Business Rule Management System
 BRR—Business Readiness Rating
 BSA—Business Software Alliance
 BSB—Backside Bus
 BSD—Berkeley Software Distribution
 BSoD—Blue Screen of Death
 BSS—Block Started by Symbol
 BT—BitTorrent

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 7
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 BT—Bluetooth
 B TAM—Basic Telecommunications Access Method
 BW—Bandwidth
 BYOD—Bring Your Own Device

 CA—Computer architecture
 CAD—Computer-Aided Design
 CAE—Computer-Aided Engineering
 CAID—Computer-Aided Industrial Design
 CAI—Computer-Aided Instruction
 CAM—Computer-Aided Manufacturing
 CAPTCHA—Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell
Computers and Humans Apart
 CAT—Computer-Aided Translation
 CAQ—Computer-Aided Quality Assurance
 CASE—Computer-Aided Software Engineering
 cc—C Compiler
 CD—Compact Disc
 CDE—Common Desktop Environment
 CDMA—Code Division Multiple Access
 CDN—Content Delivery Network
 CDP—Continuous Data Protection
 CD-R—CD-Recordable
 CD-ROM—CD Read-Only Memory
 CD-RW—CD-Rewritable
 CDSA—Common Data Security Architecture

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 8
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 CERT—Computer Emergency Response Team
 CES—Consumer Electronics Show
 CF—Compact Flash
 CFD—Computational Fluid Dynamics
 CFG—Context-Free Grammar
 CFG—Control Flow Graph
 CG—Computer Graphics
 CGA—Color Graphics Array
 CGI—Common Gateway Interface
 CGI—Computer-Generated Imagery
 CGT—Computational Graph Theory
 CHAP—Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
 CHS—Cylinder-Head-Sector
 CIDR—Classless Inter-Domain Routing
 CIFS—Common Internet Filesystem
 CIM—Common Information Model
 CIM—Computationally Independent Model
 CIR—Committed information rate
 CISC—Complex Instruction Set Computer
 CJK—Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
 CJKV—Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese
 CLI—Command Line Interface
 CLR—Common Language Runtime
 CM—Configuration Management
 CM—Content Management
 CMMI—Capability Maturity Model Integration
 CMOS—Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

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 9
Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 CMS—Content Management System
 CN—Canonical Name
 CN—Common Name
 CNC—Computer Numerical Control
 CNR—Communications and Networking Riser
 COBOL—Common Business-Oriented Language
 COM—Component Object Model
 CORBA—Common Object Request Broker Architecture
 COTS—Commercial Off-The-Shelf
 CPA—Cell Processor Architecture
 CPAN—Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
 CP/M—Control Program/Monitor
 CPRI—Common Public Radio Interface
 CPS—characters per second
 CPU—Central Processing Unit
 CR—Carriage Return
 CRAN—Comprehensive R Archive Network
 CRC—Cyclic Redundancy Check
 CRLF—Carriage Return Line Feeds
 CRM—Customer Relationship Management
 CRS—Computer Reservations System
 CRT—Cathode Ray Tube
 CRUD—Create, Read, Update and Delete
 CS—Cable Select
 CS—Computer Science
 CSE—Computer Science and Engineering
 CSI—Common System Interface

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 CSP—Cloud Service Provider
 CSP—Communicating Sequential Processes
 CSRF—Cross-Site Request Forgery
 CSS—Cascading Style Sheets
 CSS—Content-Scrambling System
 CSS—Closed Source Software
 CSS—Cross-Site Scripting
 CSV—Comma-Separated Values
 CT—Computerized Tomography
 CTAN—Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
 CTCP—Client-To-Client Protocol
 CTI—Computer Telephony Integration
 CTFE-Compile Time Function Execution
 CTL—Computational Tree Logic
 CTM—Close To Metal
 CTS—Clear To Send
 CTSS—Compatible Time-Sharing System
 CUA—Common User Access
 CVS—Concurrent Versioning System

 DAC—Digital-To-Analog Converter
 DAC—Discretionary Access Control
 DAL—Database Abstraction Layer
 DAO—Data Access Object
 DAO—Data Access Objects
 DAO—Disk-At-Once

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 DAP—Directory Access Protocol
 DARPA—Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
 DAT—Digital Audio Tape
 DB—Database
 DBA—Database Administrator
 DBCS—Double Byte Character Set
 DBMS—Database Management System
 DCC—Direct Client-to-Client
 DCCP—Datagram Congestion Control Protocol
 DCCA—Debian Common Core Alliance
 DCL—Data Control Language
 DCMI—Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
 DCOM—Distributed Component Object Model
 DD—Double Density
 DDE—Dynamic Data Exchange
 DDL—Data Definition Language
 DDoS—Distributed Denial of Service
 DDR—Double Data Rate
 DEC—Digital Equipment Corporation
 DES—Data Encryption Standard
 dev—development
 DFA—Deterministic Finite Automaton
 DFD—Data Flow Diagram
 DFS—Depth-First Search
 DFS—Distributed File System
 DGD—Dworkin's Game Driver
 DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 DHTML—Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language
 DIF—Data Integrity Field
 DIMM—Dual Inline Memory Module
 DIN—Deutsches Institut für Normung
 DIP—Dual In-line Package
 DIVX—Digital Video Express
 DKIM—Domain Keys Identified Mail
 DL—Download
 DLL—Dynamic Link Library
 DLNA—Digital Living Network Alliance
 DLP—Data loss protection
 DMA—Direct Memory Access
 DMCA—Digital Millennium Copyright Act
 DMI—Direct Media Interface
 DML—Data Manipulation Language
 DML—Definitive Media Library
 DMR—Dennis M. Ritchie
 DMZ—Demilitarized Zone
 DN—Distinguished Name
 DND—Drag-and-Drop
 DNS—Domain Name System
 DOA—Dead on Arrival
 DOCSIS—Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
 DOM—Document Object Model
 DoS—Denial of Service
 DOS—Disk Operating System
 DP—Dot Pitch

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 DPC—Deferred Procedure Call
 DPI—Deep Packet Inspection
 DPI—Dots Per Inch
 DPMI—DOS Protected Mode Interface
 DPMS—Display Power Management Signaling
 DRAM—Dynamic Random Access Memory
 DR-DOS—Digital Research - Disk Operating System
 DRI—Direct Rendering Infrastructure
 DRM—Digital Rights Management
 DRM—Direct Rendering Manager
 DSA–Digital Signature Algorithm
 DSDL—Document Schema Definition Languages
 DSDM—Dynamic Systems Development Method
 DSL—Digital Subscriber Line
 DSL—Domain-Specific Language
 DSLAM—Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
 DSN—Database Source Name
 DSN—Data Set Name
 DSP—Digital Signal Processor
 DSSSL—Document Style Semantics and Specification
Language
 DTD—Document Type Definition
 DTE—Data Terminal Equipment
 DTP—Desktop Publishing
 DTR—Data Terminal Ready
 DVD—Digital Versatile Disc
 DVD-R—DVD-Recordable

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 DVD-ROM—DVD-Read Only Memory
 DVD-RW—DVD-Rewritable
 DVI—Digital Visual Interface
 DVR—Digital Video Recorder

 EAI—Enterprise Application Integration

 EAP—Extensible Authentication Protocol
 EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
 EBML—Extensible Binary Meta Language
 ECC—Elliptic Curve Cryptography
 ECMA—European Computer Manufacturers Association
 ECN—Explicit Congestion Notification
 ECOS—Embedded Configurable Operating System
 ECRS—Expense and Cost Recovery System
 EDA—Electronic Design Automation
 EDI—Electronic Data Interchange
 EDO—Extended Data Out
 EDSAC—Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
 EDVAC—Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
 EEPROM—Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory
 EFF—Electronic Frontier Foundation
 EFI—Extensible Firmware Interface
 EFM—Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation
 EGA—Enhanced Graphics Array
 E-mail—Electronic mail

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 EGP—Exterior Gateway Protocol
 eID—electronic ID card
 EIDE—Enhanced IDE
 EIGRP—Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
 EISA—Extended Industry Standard Architecture
 ELF—Extremely Low Frequency
 ELF—Executable and Linkable Format
 ELM—ELectronic Mail
 EMACS—Editor MACroS
 EMS—Expanded Memory Specification
 ENIAC—Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
 EOD—End of Day
 EOF—End of File
 EOL—End of Line
 EOM—End Of Message
 EPIC—Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing
 EPROM—Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
 ERD—Entity-Relationship Diagram
 ERM—Entity-Relationship Model
 ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning
 ESB—Enterprise service bus
 ESCON—Enterprise Systems Connection
 ESD—Electrostatic Discharge
 ETL—Extract, Transform, Load
 ESR—Eric Steven Raymond
 EUC—Extended Unix Code
 EULA—End User License Agreement

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 EWMH—Extended Window Manager Hints
 EXT—EXTended file system

 FAP—FORTRAN Assembly Program

 FASM—Flat ASseMbler
 FAT—File Allocation Table
 FAQ—Frequently Asked Questions
 FBDIMM—Fully Buffered Dual Inline Memory Module
 FC-AL—Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop
 FCB—File Control Block
 FCS—Frame Check Sequence
 FDC—Floppy Disk Controller
 FDS—Fedora Directory Server
 FDD—Floppy Disk Drive
 FDDI—Fiber Distributed Data Interface
 FDMA—Frequency-Division Multiple Access
 FEC—Forward Error Correction
 FEMB—Front-End Motherboard
 FET—Field Effect Transistor
 FHS—Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
 FICON—FIber CONnectivity
 FIFO—First In First Out
 FIPS—Federal Information Processing Standards
 FL—Function Level
 FLAC—Free Lossless Audio Codec
 FLOPS—FLoating-Point Operations Per Second

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 FLOSS—Free/Libre/Open Source Software
 FMC— Fixed Mobile Convergence "Mobile UC or Unified
Communications over Wireless"
 FOLDOC—Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
 FOSDEM—Free and Open source Software Developers'
European Meeting
 FOSI—Formatted Output Specification Instance
 FOSS—Free and Open Source Software
 FP—Function Programming
 FPGA—Field Programmable Gate Array
 FPS—Floating Point Systems
 FPU—Floating Point Unit
 FRU—Field Replaceable Unit
 FS—File System
 FSB—Front Side Bus
 fsck—File System Check
 FSF—Free Software Foundation
 FSM—Finite State Machine
 FTTC—Fiber To The Curb
 FTTH—Fiber To The Home
 FTTP—Fiber To The Premises
 FTP—File Transfer Protocol
 FQDN—Fully Qualified Domain Name
 FUD—Fear Uncertainty Doubt
 FWS—Folding White Space
 FXP—File eXchange Protocol
 FYI—For Your Information

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
G

 G11N—Globalization
 Gas—GNU Assembler
 Gb—Gigabit
 GB—Gigabyte
 GCC—GNU Compiler Collection
 GCJ—GNU Compiler for Java
 GCR—Group Code Recording
 GDB—GNU Debugger
 GDI—Graphics Device Interface
 GFDL—GNU Free Documentation License
 GIF—Graphics Interchange Format
 GIGO—Garbage In, Garbage Out
 GIMP—GNU Image Manipulation Program
 GIMPS—Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
 GIS—Geographic Information System
 GLUT—OpenGL Utility Toolkit
 GML—Geography Markup Language
 GNOME—GNU Network Object Model Environment
 GNU—GNU's Not Unix
 GOMS—Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules
 GPASM—GNU PIC ASseMbler
 GPFS—General Parallel File System
 GPG—GNU Privacy Guard
 GPGPU—General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing
Units
 GPIB—General-Purpose Instrumentation Bus

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 GPL—General Public License
 GPL—General-Purpose Language
 GPRS—General Packet Radio Service
 GPT—GUID Partition Table
 GPU—Graphics Processing Unit
 GRUB—Grand Unified Boot-Loader
 GSM—Global System for Mobile Communications
 GTK+—GIMP Toolkit
 GUI—Graphical User Interface
 GUID—Globally Unique IDentifier
 GWT—Google Web Toolkit

 HA—High Availability
 HAL—Hardware Abstraction Layer
 HBA—Host Bus Adapter
 HCI—Human Computer Interaction
 HD—High Density
 HDD—Hard Disk Drive
 HCL—Hardware Compatibility List
 HD DVD—High Definition DVD
 HDL—Hardware Description Language
 HDMI—High-Definition Multimedia Interface
 HF—High Frequency
 HFS—Hierarchical File System
 HHD—Hybrid Hard Drive
 HID—Human Interface Device

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 HIG—Human Interface Guidelines
 HIRD—Hurd of Interfaces Representing Depth
 HLASM—High Level ASseMbler
 HMA—High Memory Area
 HP—Hewlett-Packard
 HPC—High-Performance Computing
 HPFS—High Performance File System
 HSDPA—High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
 HTC—High-Throughput Computing
 HSM—Hierarchical Storage Management
 HT—Hyper Threading
 HTM—Hierarchical Temporal Memory
 HTML—Hypertext Markup Language
 HTTP—Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 HTTPd—Hypertext Transport Protocol Daemon
 HTX—HyperTransport eXpansion
 HURD—Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons
 HVD—Holographic Versatile Disc
 Hz—Hertz

 I²C—Inter-Integrated Circuit
 I18N—Internationalization
 IANA—Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
 iBCS—Intel Binary Compatibility Standard
 IBM—International Business Machines
 IC—Integrated Circuit

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 ICANN—Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers
 ICE—In-Circuit Emulator
 ICE—Intrusion Countermeasure Electronics
 ICMP—Internet Control Message Protocol
 ICP—Internet Cache Protocol
 ICT—Information and Communication Technology
 IDE—Integrated Development Environment
 IDE—Integrated Drive Electronics
 IDF—Intermediate Distribution Frame
 IDL—Interface Definition Language
 IDS—Intrusion Detection System
 IE—Internet Explorer
 IEC—International Electrotechnical Commission
 IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 IETF—Internet Engineering Task Force
 IFL—Integrated Facility for Linux
 IGMP—Internet Group Management Protocol
 IGRP—Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
 IHV—Independent Hardware Vendor
 IIOP—Internet Inter-Orb Protocol
 IIS—Internet Information Services
 IL—Intermediate Language
 IM—Instant Messaging
 IMAP—Internet Message Access Protocol
 IME—Input Method Editor
 INFOSEC—Information Systems Security

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 I/O—Input/output
 IoT—Internet of Things
 IP—Intellectual Property
 IP—Internet Protocol
 IPC—Inter-Process Communication
 IPL—Initial Program Load
 IPO—Inter Procedural Optimization
 IPP—Internet Printing Protocol
 IPS—In-Plane Switching
 IPS—Instructions Per Second
 IPS—Intrusion Prevention System
 IPsec—Internet Protocol security
 IPTV—Internet Protocol Television
 IPX—Internetwork Packet Exchange
 IR—Intermediate Representation
 IRC—Internet Relay Chat
 IrDA—Infrared Data Association
 IRI—Internationalized Resource Identifier
 IRP—I/O Request Packet
 IRQ—Interrupt Request
 IS—Information Systems
 ISA—Industry Standard Architecture
 ISA—Instruction Set Architecture
 ISAM—Indexed Sequential Access Method
 ISC—Internet Storm Center
 iSCSI—Internet Small Computer System Interface
 ISDN—Integrated Services Digital Network

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 ISO—International Organization for Standardization
 iSNS—Internet Storage Name Service
 ISP—Internet Service Provider
 ISPF—Interactive System Productivity Facility
 ISR—Interrupt Service Routine
 ISV—Independent Software Vendor
 IT—Information Technology
 ITIL—Information Technology Infrastructure Library
 ITL—Interval Temporal Logic
 ITU—International Telecommunication Union
 IVRS—Interactive Voice Response System
 IVCR—Interactive Virtual Classroom

 J2EE—Java 2 Enterprise Edition

 J2ME—Java 2 Micro Edition
 J2SE—Java 2 Standard Edition
 JAXB—Java Architecture for XML Binding
 JAX-RPC—Java XML for Remote Procedure Calls
 JAXP—Java API for XML Processing
 JBOD—Just a Bunch of Disks
 JCE— Java Cryptography Extension
 JCL—Job Control Language
 JCP—Java Community Process
 JDBC—Java Database Connectivity
 JDK—Java Development Kit
 JEE—Java Enterprise Edition

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 JES—Job Entry Subsystem
 JDS—Java Desktop System
 JFC—Java Foundation Classes
 JFET—Junction Field-Effect Transistor
 JFS—IBM Journaling File System
 JINI—Jini Is Not Initials
 JIT—Just-In-Time
 JME—Java Micro Edition
 JMX—Java Management Extensions
 JMS—Java Message Service
 JNDI—Java Naming and Directory Interface
 JNI—Java Native Interface
 JNZ—Jump non-zero
 JPEG—Joint Photographic Experts Group
 JRE—Java Runtime Environment
 JS—JavaScript
 JSE—Java Standard Edition
 JSON—JavaScript Object Notation
 JSP—Jackson Structured Programming
 JSP—JavaServer Pages
 JTAG—Joint Test Action Group
 JUG—Java Users Group
 JVM—Java Virtual Machine

 K&R—Kernighan and Ritchie

 KB—Keyboard

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 Kb—Kilobit
 KB—Kilobyte
 KB—Knowledge Base
 KDE—K Desktop Environment
 kHz—Kilohertz
 KM—Knowledge Machine
 KRL—Knowledge Representation Language
 KVM—Keyboard, Video, Mouse

 L10N—Localization
 L2TP—Layer two Tunneling Protocol
 LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL Perl
 LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL PHP
 LAMP—Linux Apache MySQL Python
 LAN—Local Area Network
 LBA—Logical Block Addressing
 LCD—Liquid Crystal Display
 LCR—Least Cost Routing
 LCOS—Liquid Crystal On Silicon
 LDAP—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
 LE—Logical Extents
 LED—Light-Emitting Diode
 LF—Line Feed
 LF—Low Frequency
 LFS—Linux From Scratch
 LGPL—Lesser General Public License

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 LIB—LIBrary
 LIF—Low Insertion Force
 LIFO—Last In First Out
 LILO—Linux Loader
 LISP—LISt Processing
 LKML—Linux Kernel Mailing List
 LM—Lan Manager
 LOC—Lines of Code
 LPC—Lars Pensjö C
 LPI—Linux Professional Institute
 LPT— Line Print Terminal
 LSB—Least Significant Bit
 LSB—Linux Standard Base
 LSI—Large-Scale Integration
 LTL—Linear Temporal Logic
 LTR—Left-to-Right
 LUG—Linux User Group
 LUN—Logical Unit Number
 LV—Logical Volume
 LVD—Low Voltage Differential
 LVM—Logical Volume Management
 LZW—Lempel-Ziv-Welch
 LGA—Land Grid Array

 MAC—Mandatory Access Control

 MAC—Media Access Control

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 MAN—Metropolitan Area Network
 MANET—Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
 MAPI—Messaging Application Programming Interface
 Mb—Megabit
 MB—Megabyte
 MBCS—Multi Byte Character Set
 MBD—Model-Based Design
 MBR—Master Boot Record
 MCA—Micro Channel Architecture
 MCA—Microsoft Certified Architect
 MCAD—Microsoft Certified Application Developer
 MCAS—Microsoft Certified Application Specialist
 MCDBA—Microsoft Certified DataBase Administrator
 MCDST—Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician
 MCITP—Microsoft Certified Information Technology
Professional
 MCM—Microsoft Certified Master
 MCP—Microsoft Certified Professional
 MCPD—Microsoft Certified Professional Developer
 MCSA—Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator
 MCSD—Microsoft Certified Solution Developer
 MCSE—Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer
 MCT—Microsoft Certified Trainer
 MCTS—Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist
 MDA—Mail Delivery Agent
 MDA—Model-Driven Architecture
 MDA—Monochrome Display Adapter

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 MDD/MDSD—Model-Driven (Software) Development
 MDF—Main Distribution Frame
 MDI—Multiple Document Interface
 ME—[Windows] Millennium Edition
 MF—Medium Frequency
 MFC—Microsoft Foundation Classes
 MFM—Modified Frequency Modulation
 MGCP—Media Gateway Control Protocol
 MHz—Megahertz
 MIB—Management Information Base
 MICR—Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
 MIDI—Musical Instrument Digital Interface
 MIMD—Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data
 MIMO—Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
 MINIX—MIni-uNIX
 MIPS—Million Instructions Per Second
 MIPS—Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
 MIS—Management Information Systems
 MISD—Multiple Instruction, Single Data
 MIT—Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 MIME—Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
 MMDS—Mortality Medical Data System
 MMI—Man Machine Interface.
 MMIO—Memory-Mapped I/O
 MMORPG—Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game
 MMU—Memory Management Unit
 MMX—Multi-Media Extensions

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 MNG—Multiple-image Network Graphics
 MoBo—Motherboard
 MOM—Message-Oriented Middleware
 MOO—MUD Object Oriented
 MOP—Meta-Object Protocol
 MOS—Microsoft Office Specialist
 MOSFET—Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistor
 MOTD—Message Of The Day
 MOUS—Microsoft Office User Specialist
 MPAA—Motion Picture Association of America
 MPEG—Motion Pictures Experts Group
 MPL—Mozilla Public License
 MPLS—Multiprotocol Label Switching
 MPU—Microprocessor Unit
 MS—Memory Stick
 MS—Microsoft
 MSB—Most Significant Bit
 MS-DOS—Microsoft DOS
 MT—Machine Translation
 MTA—Mail Transfer Agent
 MTA—Microsoft Technology Associate
 MTBF—Mean Time Between Failures
 MTU—Maximum Transmission Unit
 MSA—Mail Submission Agent
 MSDN—Microsoft Developer Network
 MSI—Medium-Scale Integration

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 MSI—Message Signaled Interrupt
 MSI—Microsoft Installer
 MUA—Mail User Agent
 MUD—Multi-User Dungeon
 MVC—Model-View-Controller
 MVP—Most Valuable Professional
 MVS—Multiple Virtual Storage
 MWC–Mobile World Congress
 MX—Mail exchange
 MXF—Material Exchange Format

 NACK—Negative ACKnowledgement
 NAK—Negative AcKnowledge Character
 NaN—Not a Number
 NAS—Network-Attached Storage
 NASM—Netwide ASseMbler
 NAT—Network Address Translation
 NCP—NetWare Core Protocol
 NCQ—Native Command Queuing
 NCSA—National Center for Supercomputing Applications
 NDPS—Novell Distributed Print Services
 NDS—Novell Directory Services
 NEP—Network Equipment Provider
 NetBIOS—Network Basic Input/Output System
 NEXT—Near-End CrossTalk
 NFA—Nondeterministic Finite Automaton

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 NFC—Near field communication
 NFS—Network File System
 NGL—aNGeL
 NGSCB—Next-Generation Secure Computing Base
 NI—National Instruments
 NIC—Network Interface Controller
 NIM—No Internal Message
 NIO—New I/O
 NIST—National Institute of Standards and Technology
 NLP—Natural Language Processing
 NLS—Native Language Support
 NMI—Non-Maskable Interrupt
 NP—Nondeterministic Polynomial time
 NPL—Netscape Public License
 NPU—Network Processing Unit
 NS—Netscape
 NSA—National Security Agency
 NSPR—Netscape Portable Runtime
 NNTP—Network News Transfer Protocol
 NOC—Network Operations Center
 NOP—No OPeration
 NOS—Network Operating System
 NPTL—Native POSIX Thread Library
 NSS—Novell Storage Service
 NSS—Network Security Services
 NSS—Name Service Switch
 NT—New Technology

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 NTFS—NT Filesystem
 NTLM—NT Lan Manager
 NTP—Network Time Protocol
 NUMA—Non-Uniform Memory Access
 NURBS—Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline
 NVR—Network Video Recorder
 NVRAM—Non-Volatile Random Access Memory

 OASIS—Organization for the Advancement of Structured

Information Standards
 OAT—Operational Acceptance Testing
 OBSAI—Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
 ODBC—Open DataBase Connectivity
 OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturer
 OES—Open Enterprise Server
 OFTC—Open and Free Technology Community
 OID—Object Identifier
 OLAP—Online Analytical Processing
 OLE—Object Linking and Embedding
 OLED—Organic Light Emitting Diode
 OLPC—One Laptop per Child
 OLTP—Online Transaction Processing
 OMF—Object Module Format
 OMG—Object Management Group
 OMR—Optical Mark Recognition
 OO—Object-Oriented

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 OO—OpenOffice
 OOE—Out-of-Order Execution
 OOM—Out Of Memory
 OOo—OpenOffice.org
 OoOE—Out-of-Order Execution
 OOP—Object-Oriented Programming
 OOTB—Out of the box
 OPML—Outline Processor Markup Language
 ORB—Object Request Broker
 ORM—Oject-Relational Mapping
 OS—Open Source
 OS—Operating System
 OSCON—O'Reilly Open Source CONvention
 OSDN—Open Source Developer Network
 OSI—Open Source Initiative
 OSI—Open Systems Interconnection
 OSPF—Open Shortest Path First
 OSS—Open Sound System
 OSS—Open-Source Software
 OSS—Operations Support System
 OSTG—Open Source Technology Group
 OUI—Organizationally Unique Identifier

 P2P—Peer-To-Peer
 PaaS—Platform as a Service
 PAN—Personal Area Network

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 PAP—Password Authentication Protocol
 PARC—Palo Alto Research Center
 PATA—Parallel ATA
 PBS—Portable Batch System
 PC—Personal Computer
 PCB—Printed Circuit Board
 PCB—Process Control Block
 PC DOS—Personal Computer Disk Operating System
 PCI—Peripheral Component Interconnect
 PCIe—PCI Express
 PCL—Printer Command Language
 PCMCIA—Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association
 PCM—Pulse-Code Modulation
 PCRE—Perl Compatible Regular Expressions
 PD—Public Domain
 PDA—Personal Digital Assistant
 PDF—Portable Document Format
 PDH—Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
 PDP—Programmed Data Processor
 PE—Physical Extents
 PERL—Practical Extraction and Reporting Language
 PFA—Please Find Atachment
 PGA—Pin Grid Array
 PGA—Programmable Gate Array
 PGO—Profile-Guided Optimization
 PGP—Pretty Good Privacy

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 PHP—PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
 PIC—Peripheral Interface Controller
 PIC—Programmable Interrupt Controller
 PID—Proportional-Integral-Derivative
 PID—Process ID
 PIM—Personal Information Manager
 PINE—Program for Internet News and Email
 PIM—Platform Independent Model
 PIO—Programmed Input/Output
 PKCS—Public Key Cryptography Standards
 PKI—Public Key Infrastructure
 PLC—Power Line Communication
 PLC—Programmable Logic Controller
 PLD—Programmable Logic Device
 PL/I—Programming Language One
 PL/M—Programming Language for Microcomputers
 PL/P—Programming Language for Prime
 PLT—Power Line Telecoms
 PMM—POST Memory Manager
 PNG—Portable Network Graphics
 PnP—Plug-and-Play
 PoE—Power over Ethernet
 POID—Persistent Object Identifier
 POJO—Plain Old Java Object
 POP—Point of Presence
 POP3—Post Office Protocol v3

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 POSIX—Portable Operating System Interface, formerly
IEEE-IX
 POST—Power-On Self Test
 PPC—PowerPC
 PPI—Pixels Per Inch
 PPP—Point-to-Point Protocol
 PPPoA—PPP over ATM
 PPPoE—PPP over Ethernet
 PPTP—Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
 PR-Pull Request
 PS—PostScript
 PS/2—Personal System/2
 PSA—Professional Services Automation
 PSM—Platform Specific Model
 PSU—Power Supply Unit
 PSVI—Post-Schema-Validation Infoset
 PTS-DOS—PhysTechSoft - Disk Operating System
 PV—Physical Volume
 PVG—Physical Volume Group
 PVR—Personal Video Recorder
 PXE—Preboot Execution Environment
 PXI—PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation

 QDR—Quad Data Rate

 QA—Quality Assurance
 QFP—Quad Flat Package

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 QoS—Quality of Service
 QOTD—Quote of the Day
 Qt—Quasar Toolkit
 QTAM—Queued Teleprocessing Access Method
 QSOP—Quarter Small Outline Package

 RACF—Resource Access Control Facility

 RAD—Rapid Application Development
 RADIUS—Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
 RAID—Redundant Array of Independent Disks
 RAID—Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
 RAII—Resource Acquisition Is Initialization
 RAIT—Redundant Array of Inexpensive Tapes
 RAM—Random Access Memory
 RARP—Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
 RAS—Reliability, Availability and Serviceability
 RAS—Remote Access Service
 RRAS—Routing and Remote Access Service
 RC—Region Code
 RC—Release Candidate
 RC—Run Commands
 RCS—Revision Control System
 RDBMS—Relational Database Management System
 RDC—Remote Desktop Connection
 RDF—Resource Description Framework
 RDM—Relational Data Model

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 RDOS—Real-time Disk Operating System
 RDS—Remote Data Services
 REFAL—Recursive Functions Algorithmic Language
 REST—Representational State Transfer
 regex—Regular Expression
 regexp—Regular Expression
 RF—Radio Frequency
 RFC—Request For Comments
 RFI—Radio Frequency Interference
 RFID—Radio Frequency Identification
 RGB—Red, Green, Blue
 RGBA—Red, Green, Blue, Alpha
 RHL—Red Hat Linux
 RHEL—Red Hat Enterprise Linux
 RIA—Rich Internet Application
 RIAA—Recording Industry Association of America
 RIP—Raster Image Processor
 RIP—Routing Information Protocol
 RIR—Regional Internet registry
 RISC—Reduced Instruction Set Computer
 RISC OS—Reduced Instruction Set Computer Operating
System
 RJE—Remote Job Entry
 RLE—Run-Length Encoding
 RLL—Run-Length Limited
 RMI—Remote Method Invocation
 RMS—Richard Matthew Stallman

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 ROM—Read Only Memory
 ROMB—Read-Out Motherboard
 ROM-DOS—Read Only Memory - Disk Operating System
 RPC—Remote Procedure Call
 RPG—Report Program Generator
 RPM—RPM Package Manager
 RSA—Rivest Shamir Adleman
 RSI—Repetitive Strain Injury
 RSS—Radio Service Software
 RSS—Rich Site Summary, RDF Site Summary, or Really
Simple Syndication
 RTAI—Real-Time Application Interface
 RTC—Real-Time Clock
 RTE—Real-Time Enterprise
 RTEMS—Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems
 RTL—Right-to-Left
 RTOS—Real-Time Operating System
 RTP—Real-time Transport Protocol
 RTS—Ready To Send
 RTSP—Real Time Streaming Protocol
 RTTI—Run-time Type Information

 SaaS—Software as a Service
 SAN—Storage Area Network
 SAS—Serial attached SCSI
 SATA—Serial ATA

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 SAX—Simple API for XML
 SBOD—Spinning Beachball of Death
 SBP-2—Serial Bus Protocol 2
 sbin—superuser binary
 SBU—Standard Build Unit
 SCADA—Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
 SCID—Source Code in Database
 SCM—Software Configuration Management
 SCM—Source Code Management
 SCP—Secure Copy
 SCPI—Standard Commands for Programmable
Instrumentation
 SCSI—Small Computer System Interface
 SCTP—Stream Control Transmission Protocol
 SD—Secure Digital
 SDDL—Security Descriptor Definition Language
 SDH—Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
 SDI—Single Document Interface
 SDIO—Secure Digital Input Output
 SDK—Software Development Kit
 SDL—Simple DirectMedia Layer
 SDN—Service Delivery Network
 SDP—Session Description Protocol
 SDR—Software-Defined Radio
 SDRAM—Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
 SDSL—Symmetric DSL
 SE—Single Ended

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 SEI—Software Engineering Institute
 SEO—Search Engine Optimization
 SFTP—Secure FTP
 SFTP—Simple File Transfer Protocol
 SFTP—SSH File Transfer Protocol
 SGI—Silicon Graphics, Incorporated
 SGML—Standard Generalized Markup Language
 SGR—Select Graphic Rendition
 SHA—Secure Hash Algorithm
 SHDSL—Single-pair High-speed Digital Subscriber Line
 SIGCAT—Special Interest Group on CD-ROM Applications
and Technology
 SIGGRAPH—Special Interest Group on Graphics
 SIMD—Single Instruction, Multiple Data
 SIMM—Single Inline Memory Module
 SIP—Session Initiation Protocol
 SIP—Supplementary Ideographic Plane
 SISD—Single Instruction, Single Data
 SISO—Single-Input and Single-Output
 SLED—SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop
 SLES—SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
 SLI—Scalable Link Interface
 SLIP—Serial Line Internet Protocol
 SLM—Service Level Management
 SLOC—Source Lines of Code
 SME—Subject Matter Expert
 SPM—Software project management

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 SPMD—Single Program, Multiple Data
 SMA—SubMiniature version A
 SMB—Server Message Block
 SMBIOS—System Management BIOS
 SMIL—Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
 S/MIME—Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
 SMP—Supplementary Multilingual Plane
 SMP—Symmetric Multi-Processing
 SMS—Short Message Service
 SMS—System Management Server
 SMT—Simultaneous Multithreading
 SMTP—Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 SNA—Systems Network Architecture
 SNMP—Simple Network Management Protocol
 SNTP—Simple Network Time Protocol
 SOA—Service-Oriented Architecture
 SOAP—Simple Object Access Protocol
 SOAP—Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program
 SOPA—Stop Online Piracy Act
 SoC—System-on-a-Chip
 SO-DIMM—Small Outline DIMM
 SOE—Standard Operating Environment
 SOHO—Small Office/Home Office
 SOI—Silicon On Insulator
 SP—Service Pack
 SPA—Single Page Application
 SPF—Sender Policy Framework

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 SPI—Serial Peripheral Interface
 SPI—Stateful Packet Inspection
 SPARC—Scalable Processor Architecture
 SQL—Structured Query Language
 SRAM—Static Random Access Memory
 SSA—Static Single Assignment
 SSD—Software Specification Document
 SSD—Solid-State Drive
 SSE—Streaming SIMD Extensions
 SSH—Secure Shell
 SSI—Server Side Includes
 SSI—Single-System Image
 SSI—Small-Scale Integration
 SSID—Service Set Identifier
 SSL—Secure Socket Layer
 SSP—Supplementary Special-purpose Plane
 SSSE—Supplementary Streaming SIMD Extensions
 su—superuser
 SUS—Single UNIX Specification
 SUSE—Software und System-Entwicklung
 SVC—Scalable Video Coding
 SVG—Scalable Vector Graphics
 SVGA—Super Video Graphics Array
 SVD—Structured VLSI Design
 SWF—Shock Wave Flash
 SWT—Standard Widget Toolkit
 Sysop—System operator

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
T

 TAO—Track-At-Once
 TASM—Turbo ASseMbler
 TB—TeraByte
 Tcl—Tool Command Language
 TCP—Transmission Control Protocol
 TCP/IP—Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
 TCU—Telecommunication Control Unit
 TDMA—Time Division Multiple Access
 TFT—Thin Film Transistor
 TFTP—Trivial File Transfer Protocol
 TI—Texas Instruments
 TLA—Three-Letter Acronym
 TLD—Top-Level Domain
 TLS—Thread-Local Storage
 TLS—Transport Layer Security
 TLV—Type-length-value
 tmp—temporary
 TNC—Terminal Node Controller
 TNC—Threaded Neill-Concelman connector
 TPF—Transaction Processing Facility
 TROFF—Trace Off
 TRON—Trace On
 TRON—The Real-time Operating system Nucleus
 TRS-DOS—Tandy Radio Shack - Disk Operating System
 TSO—Time Sharing Option

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 TSP—Traveling Salesman Problem
 TSR—Terminate and Stay Resident
 TTA—True Tap Audio
 TTF—TrueType Font
 TTL—Transistor-Transistor Logic
 TTL—Time To Live
 TTS—Text-to-Speech
 TTY—Teletype
 TUCOWS—The Ultimate Collection of Winsock Software
 TUG—TeX Users Group
 TWAIN—Technology Without An Interesting Name

 UAAG—User Agent Accessibility Guidelines

 UAC—User Account Control
 UART—Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
 UAT—User Acceptance Testing
 UCS—Universal Character Set
 UDDI—Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration
 UDMA—Ultra DMA
 UDP—User Datagram Protocol
 UEFI—Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
 UHF—Ultra High Frequency
 UI—User Interface
 UL—Upload
 ULA—Uncommitted Logic Array
 UMA—Upper Memory Area

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 UMB—Upper Memory Block
 UML—Unified Modeling Language
 UML—User-Mode Linux
 UMPC—Ultra-Mobile Personal Computer
 UNC—Universal Naming Convention
 UPS—Uninterruptible Power Supply
 URI—Uniform Resource Identifier
 URL—Uniform Resource Locator
 URN—Uniform Resource Name
 USB—Universal Serial Bus
 usr—user
 USR—U.S. Robotics
 UTC—Coordinated Universal Time
 UTF—Unicode Transformation Format
 UTP—Unshielded Twisted Pair
 UUCP—Unix to Unix Copy
 UUID—Universally Unique Identifier
 UUN—Universal User Name
 UVC—Universal Virtual Computer
 UX—User Experience

 var—variable
 VAX—Virtual Address eXtension
 VCPI—Virtual Control Program Interface
 VR—Virtual Reality
 VRML—Virtual Reality Modeling Language

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 VB—Visual Basic
 VBA—Visual Basic for Applications
 VBS—Visual Basic Script
 VDSL—Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line
 VESA—Video Electronics Standards Association
 VFAT—Virtual FAT
 VFS—Virtual File System
 VG—Volume Group
 VGA—Video Graphics Array
 VGA—Video Graphics Adapter
 VHF—Very High Frequency
 VLAN—Virtual Local Area Network
 VLSM—Variable Length Subnet Mask
 VLB—Vesa Local Bus
 VLF—Very Low Frequency
 VLIW—Very Long Instruction Word
 VLSI—Very-Large-Scale Integration
 VM—Virtual Machine
 VM—Virtual Memory
 VNC—Virtual Network Computing
 VOD—Video On Demand
 VoIP—Voice over Internet Protocol
 VPN—Virtual Private Network
 VPU—Visual Processing Unit
 VSAM—Virtual Storage Access Method
 VSAT—Very Small Aperture Terminal
 VT—Video Terminal?

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 VTAM—Virtual Telecommunications Access Method

 W3C—World Wide Web Consortium

 WWDC—Apple World Wide Developer Conference
 WAFS—Wide Area File Services
 WAI—Web Accessibility Initiative
 WAIS—Wide Area Information Server
 WAN—Wide Area Network
 WAP—Wireless Access Point
 WAP—Wireless Application Protocol
 WASM—Watcom ASseMbler
 WBEM—Web-Based Enterprise Management
 WCAG—Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
 WCF—Windows Communication Foundation
 WDM—Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
 WebDAV—WWW Distributed Authoring and Versioning
 WEP—Wired Equivalent Privacy
 WFI—Wait For Interrupt
 WiMAX—Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
 WinFS—Windows Future Storage
 WINS—Windows Internet Name Service
 WLAN—Wireless Local Area Network
 WMA—Windows Media Audio
 WMV—Windows Media Video
 WOL—Wake-on-LAN
 WOR—Wake-on-Ring

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 WORA—Write once, run anywhere
 WORE—Write once, run everywhere
 WPA—Wi-Fi Protected Access
 WPAN—Wireless Personal Area Network
 WPF—Windows Presentation Foundation
 WSDL—Web Services Description Language
 WSFL—Web Services Flow Language
 WUSB—Wireless Universal Serial Bus
 WWAN—Wireless Wide Area Network
 WWID—World Wide Identifier
 WWN—World Wide Name
 WWW—World Wide Web
 WYSIWYG—What You See Is What You Get
 WZC—Wireless Zero Configuration

 XAG—XML Accessibility Guidelines

 XAML—eXtensible Application Markup Language
 XDM—X Window Display Manager
 XDMCP—X Display Manager Control Protocol
 XCBL—XML Common Business Library
 XHTML—eXtensible Hypertext Markup Language
 XILP—X Interactive ListProc
 XML—eXtensible Markup Language
 XMMS—X Multimedia System
 XMPP—eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol
 XMS—Extended Memory Specification

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 XNS—Xerox Network Systems
 XP—Cross-Platform
 XP—Extreme Programming
 XPCOM—Cross Platform Component Object Model
 XPI—XPInstall
 XPIDL—Cross-Platform IDL
 XPS— XML Paper Specification
 XSD—XML Schema Definition
 XSL—eXtensible Stylesheet Language
 XSL-FO—eXtensible Stylesheet Language Formatting
Objects
 XSLT—eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
 XSS—Cross-Site Scripting
 XTF—eXtensible Tag Framework
 XTF—eXtended Triton Format
 XUL—XML User Interface Language
 XVGA—Extended Video Graphics Adapter

 Y2K—Year Two Thousand

 YAAF—Yet Another Application Framework
 YACC—Yet Another Compiler Compiler
 YAML—YAML Ain't Markup Language
 YaST—Yet another Setup Tool

 ZCAV—Zone Constant Angular Velocity

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Computer Abbreviations (A-Z)
 ZCS—Zero Code Suppression
 ZIF—Zero Insertion Force
 ZIFS—Zero Insertion Force Socket
 ZISC—Zero Instruction Set Computer
 ZOI—Zero One Infinity
 ZOPE—Z Object Publishing Environment
 ZMA—Zone Multicast Address
 ZPL—Z-level Programming Language

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