A. 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5.

(d)

B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T

C. 1. Battle of Wandiwash

2. 1757

3. Mir Qasim (ruler of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (ruler of Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal
King)

4. Lord Cornwallis, 1793

5. Subsidiary Alliance

D. 1. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the sea route to India. He
arrived in Calicut on the southwest coast of India in 1498. The Portuguese were the first group of
European traders to reach India.

2. In 1612, the Mughal King Jahangir issued a Firman to the East India Company to establish a
factory in Surat, Gujarat.

3. The trading centres set up by the European traders were called factories. They consisted of
offices, godowns, and residential quarters of the traders. In the beginning, these factories were
not fortified but later on the companies fortified the factories.

4. In the late 1830s, the East India Company became concerned that Russia might try to expand
into Asia and enter India from the northwest.

5. Awadh was annexed in 1856 by the then Governor General Lord Dalhousie on the grounds of
misgovernment.

E. 1. Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, tried to stop tax evasion on trade by the Company
officials. He was also against fortifications in Calcutta by the Company. All this led eventually to
the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The Battle of Plassey was a very significant event. It marked the
beginning of the Company’s rule in India. This battle marked the transformation of the British
from a small trading company to an important political power.

2. The Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764 between the East India Company on one side and the
Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal Emperor on the other side. The East
India Company won the battle and after the Treaty of Allahabad, it was given the Diwani rights,
or the power to collect revenue from Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. This battle was far more decisive
than the Battle of Plassey because now the Company become the real ruler of Bengal.

3. Mysore emerged as a powerful state under the leadership of Hyder Ali and his son Tipu
Sultan. Mysore controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar Coast from where the British
purchasedcardamom and pepper. In 1785, Tipu Sultan stopped trading in spices with the East
India Company. Tipu also wanted to modernize his army with the help of the French. Tipu
Sultan’s behaviour alarmed and angered the Britishers. Four Anglo-Mysore Wars were fought
between 1767 and 1799. The British defeated Tipu Sultan in the fourth Anglo-Mysore war in
1799. He died defending his capital Seringapatam.

4. Introduced by Lord Wellesley, the important features of the Subsidiary Alliance were as
follows. • The Indian rulers were to be protected by the Company and had to maintain British
forces within their kingdom at their own cost. • If the ruler failed to make payments for the
British army stationed in their kingdom, then they had to cede a part of their territory to the
British as a penalty. • They were not allowed to keep their own army. • They had to expel all
foreigners, except for the British, from their area. • They also had to take the permission of the
British before they could enter into any relationship with other states. • They had to maintain a
British Resident at their courts. The Residents were political or commercial agents whose job
was to serve and help the British.

5. The trading companies set up by European traders made profits by buying goods at cheaper
rates and then selling them at higher prices. Almost all of them were interested in the same types
of goods—cotton, silk, spices such as cloves, cardamom, pepper, cinnamon, saltpetre, etc. It led
to fierce competition among the European companies resulting in several battles. They sank each
other’s ships and those of the native traders, blockaded routes and prevented rival ships from
carrying supplies. They protected their trading posts by fortifications which along with their
trading rituals brought them into conflict with the local rulers.

F. 1. England and France’s rivalry which dominated the European political scene, spilled into
their colonial possessions. Three Anglo-French Wars were fought between them in India. These
are referred to as Carnatic Wars (1746–1763) because most of the battles were fought in the
Carnatic region which is in present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
The First Carnatic War (1746–1748) took place when the British and the French were engaged in
the Austrian War of Succession in Europe. In India, the French, led by Governor General Joseph
Dupleix captured Madras, a British settlement, while the British attacked Pondicherry. The
French gave Madras back to the British when the war in Europe ended with the signing of the
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The Second Carnatic War (1749–1754) broke out between the French
and the English over the issue of succession to the thrones of Hyderabad and Carnatic. A war of
succession broke out in both these states. The French and the English supported these rival
groups. The French succeeded initially but were ultimately defeated and the Treaty of
Pondicherry was signed in 1754. According to the treaty, France had to return all the captured
territories to England. The outbreak of the Seven Years War in Europe led to the Third Carnatic
War (1756–1763) in India between the English and the French. The British captured the French
post of Chandernagore (now Chandannagar) and defeated the French army in the Battle of
Wandiwash in 1760. The war ended in 1763 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris.

2. Bengal was one of the richest provinces. The East India Company set up its factory in Bengal
on the banks of river Hooghly in 1651. By 1696, it started fortifying the settlement. In 1698the
East India Company acquired zamindari rights over three villages, Sutanuti, Gobindapur and
Kalikata, which later developed into Calcutta, or Kolkata as it is known today. The Mughal
Emperor, Aurangzeb, issued a Firman granting the East India Company the right to carry out
duty-free trade in Bengal. This right was later formalized again by the Mughal Ruler
Farrukhsiyar. This meant that the traders could import and export goods from Bengal without
paying any taxes. Although this Firman allowed only the Company to practice the right, various
Company officials carried on illegal private trade of their own without paying duty. This resulted
in a tremendous loss of revenue for the Bengal government.

3. The policy of the Subsidiary Alliance was evolved by Lord Wellesley. According to this
alliance, the rulers were to be protected by the Company and had to maintain British forces
within their kingdom at their own cost. If the ruler failed to make payments for the British army
stationed in their kingdom, then they had to cede a part of their territory to the British as a
penalty. They were not allowed to keep their army. They had to expel all foreigners, except for
the British, from their area. They also had to take the permission of the British before they could
enter into any relationship with other states. And, they had to maintain a British Resident at their
courts. The Residents were political or commercial agents whose job was to serve and help the
British. It was through the Residents that the British interfered in the internal affairs of the Indian
states. Some of the Princely states which entered into a Subsidiary Alliance were Hyderabad,
Mysore, Cochin, Travancore, Awadh and Gwalior. The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy
introduced by Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor General from 1848 to 1856. According to
this doctrine, if an Indian ruler died without a male heir, then his kingdom would lapse, that is, it
would become part of the Company’s territory. The rights of the adopted children were not
accepted. Satara, Sambhalpur, Udaipur, Nagpur and Jhansi were all annexed by this doctrine.

4. Colonial rule brought in new ideas of administration and reform. The army was an important
instrument for defending, consolidating and expanding British rule in India and the neighbouring
areas. It was the base on which the power of the Company rested. The East India Company
recruited a large number of Indian soldiers. Their army came to be known as the sepoy army
(from the Persian word sipahi, which means soldier). The Company army was well-trained and
disciplined, according to European military standards. They received good salaries regularly,
which made recruiting easier. The highest rank that an Indian sepoy could rise to was that of a
subedar. The higher posts were reserved for British officers.

5. The judicial system in India had no uniform code of law before the British. Steps were taken
by Warren Hastings and Lord Cornwallis to institute a judicial system in India based on colonial
standards. In 1772, a new system of justice was established. Each district was to have two courts
—a faujdari adalat (criminal court) and a diwani adalat (civil court). The maulvis and the pandits
interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who were in charge of civil courts.
The criminal courts were under a qazi (judge) and a mufti (Muslim jurist) but were under the
supervision of the collectors Under the “Regulating Act of 1773,” the Supreme Court was set up
in Calcutta. An appeal court or the Sadar Nizamat Adalat was also set up there. Over a period of
time, a hierarchy of courts was established. High Courts were set up in Bombay, Madras, and
Calcutta. At the 12 lowest level were subordinate courts which were headed by Indian judges.
Indians were not allowed to rise to higher positions in the judicial services also. In 1793, the
Cornwallis Code introduced a code of law which reorganized the judiciary. The British
introduced the concept of the Rule of Law according to which everyone was equal before the
law. The law was the same for everyone irrespective of age, class, caste, religion, and economic
status. However, this was not implemented as Europeans and Indians were tried in separate
courts.

G. 1. The policy of Subsidiary Alliance was evolved by Lord Wellesley. According to this, the
rulers were to be protected by the Company and had to maintain British forces within their
kingdom at their own cost. If the ruler failed to pay the British army, then they had to cede a part
of their territory to the British as penalty. They were not allowed to keep their own army. They
had to expel all foreigners, except the British, from their area. They also had to take the
permission of the British before they could enter into any relation with other states. They had to
maintain a British Resident at their courts. The policy of Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by
Lord Dalhousie. According to this, if an Indian ruler died without a male heir, then his kingdom
would lapse or become a part of British territory. The rights of adopted children were not
accepted. This was one of the major causes of the Revolt of 1857.

2. The Collector (District) collected the revenue and taxes and maintained law and order in his
district with the help of police officers and judges. The District Superintendent supervised the
administration of the police of a district.