fr ¢ Gyrdtip S Cos is yt Tatroductoo A set af objects both, mdthemetica) operation @ operation cle fined on 14 ends the proper Hes qvaated SF ih 7 te) dorm 20 Yeim an ‘algebraic $y 5% Mothemetica) ope vation’ ¥ Morthemattced opema Hons euch o3 odlivHen and multiplication numbers, unfon and Fatewsecton Sf sets, as Kel) As ConpostHen sj functions. 1 areac a-% =o AUR =C Ded hoFfton $— paid - on a set ATA Par ncton product AXA Gato A, tret each eclowmert (ab) cA is anodated wth ean oydered pay (ab) eA XA. © pewationg f= An opevation that Species “the way fa yalSch two objets are conned te yield a third object bel ra ty the Sawe collecton 2 objects is called @ binary - opera tien * ANG =e. ete. Rinax2p C4@ biog” tpepiotiee let A be oa wign empty Set! aad AxA =P (av) 1 QA, veal. Te : gi Axe pa, then fis said te Sa i epesten. be O binary get A operation on the A binary operation obvfously yauust Setify fallerting conde-Hens Deo BE wust be defined 4 each ordered pay ©. elements . 3 A. “a ® only one & ot gf Als anitgre aw gedered par 3 HS lemnent® Deopesties of Rinary operation’ Tess \ —_ _ commurtotl ts. A Bina operation #¥ 00 F get A is caid to be Yona muta hve if or @ av EA : : ae ate <= pra Por example’ id wmutiplicatten 24 creed todive operations. and arb =09 (f) Adlet-Hen a ber 8 ore comme 4 aera OW ¢) ot e) the union and Catescection Gn the pore’ et of 2 get oe locth comme ve. he) AUB =BuA and ANB =BNA a| “Associative — A bimery operation * en Q get “A ys Raid +0 be ‘amodate ig for eery , a, bre EA . a * (b*c) = (atb)¥c eee CD Adaiten and muti plication soo} P qpumbey ore anjocjahve operations, te) Corte’) +c > aie +°) a. (b-d2 (av). Dlenttty clemedt > phe Set A ts sola +o khexe an identi Bemot aoe the operas yon THrelf {4° there ensts an clown 2 cA Buh ot - -eraq =a oem, aéA. Dovevse alemetS let there eis on fdentity gjomot e a her got An or he operartion ¥. i¢ at*b asa bare a.be4, then © 18 called he Gaverse y the clomot Q > and . \ice verxtaq, :_ ie by YY pit ze “and “SR ore +490 operations aegines on the set “A Buds thot a corey te ON) a cekcy #9> (ora). (e+9) Grove ps~ hn. 1 ; & ger tor the: mathematical storuere consisting 4° gek tage Ror kth bine y opavats clegined on He guch “thet the memes of the Ken gek ene ohons Hips amend q thew) geet . gewe vel tet: @ pe a, ver empty set Booty ° opera ten ©) cafires ag BNE etrucdure, .¥) wt the biner 4 Sot Hen t— they, pth 4 et, Ther tne alg:® uP, wation Satis feS he gortosing pre amg porte, aty * _ Cakh) €5, 2. Amodatve property C Per ang 3 clenats ane C&S aro *c) = (a*b) ¥o- 3. Enistence of Gdentty. ke AF evar abG Gfnve vse ie a Esa tence 24 Cie each eloret ac G here, ests an: elomet bEG euch thet ae lo kQ =e@ ra lo a) ll(Here vb 16 called an inverse 4 9 and is desoted by bao). shy ol EG sun thet a panirenn ata Abe ian (@ commutative’) Group A aor -G@ is geld +o be an abelian “OuP 4 @n acdksition -f the above 4 properties the fe lloning property, we also satisfies: : s,| commutative propexty atb sb*a, at at 6G, Notes commutative property le act the nece BOF property: py gS. ae a grep: ie Pintte and fnsintte Groups A grep (, £) is called @ he qunber af elemnts Sh 9 ine grap ts called the order eg the group stl te clenoted. by 1G], eee_— pee an)» | ae) whe Cj jae AR By ston (S: 5) ere G 18 9 ven eaaphy cot a binety Ne ¥ operation on Gi is Baa +* is oe tee Se oat: jo* Co¥c) =etb)*c x aber & EG a vroup) $- clement Ta a qd gine gee | | @ Amocianve | cs | Degiattion (ov der , she quaeey rs P = iS called tye orde™ G oad denoted Py o(4 (1) Phew thet “the Se og Tote gar8 “ a pseAP onder thE popera ten = edayton. . sey & eae rT > friegers ts ae Sategey, Girne Sue 4 2. DT is csed with Gi) AS Zoaerivs proper as abc are an avbitrery is true. res pect to adehten, elemers fa T, then (or) + 2 ar Core)f f i Wi) Ex stence tolenGty. The nuweer OCT, Such et , ato ta =otq SY O6L Thy the Sntegey 0 1% the adive Tdentty. ) Existence yf Foverse. Te a€D .then -o €T teh Hd at Ca) =0= Ca2t4q Ths every clemeds Fa T hey ibs © ecdwave tnverse. USL OW ms0UD Hh aespect to . addition q r f Aegan rs is) noted that adaitten x @ i te commutedive Totsg Ss ath bia, abe Wence aad Ts an abelian qk x fn eS ordey ,¥. | [hee thet the ce} oT T gy all Wtgurg tS abetlan aor wndey asus) acbditiens| 2, Shas thsd thie eet, KP OS 0. naroro} numbers fee nob or ae D UNdey tiie” cpevatien Galli Horny Slot Tn he set “4 notyyea) numberny there ents no nerherrad quel “2 called the odditive Telentify sud thet ate ra seta S Aen exce. (> ie not o grep.“| choo thet the ge in, 49* are cube hen ‘ abelian | oves;| very yw wltipleeotin, &) cube oe that dees yootS ) TDoverse Loi: \=) ie) frverse UL gS aoe) oe tel, t,t cy =i nage, db =-3 ane bx@ ‘) hee to the tan 5 ES belt. Giows ove qdenticed fo columns san cto thence ~S yu; phicastion tecan abelian orouP undexy Hence A wrrtiple cotton. Boup undeyY jSays yee oe <] Peteynine ane 5) Plavps ab CR ,a#OF ere operation dlefined at [412] ta): (aad) = facgyelas)™ % 6 6) Fas ES obetien = syou Ds i \e ar 1 Salnl~ werk tying the potty respect to the aiven cperartioo d= dined on the cet ~ A. } GS Associativtty , . Let (arb), Cad) and (2,4) be any three elemets qe thes Llae) €)) (e.?) = (ay auerd) 4) oes [ted:@ (bet) . e+d| = jase, beet de +40 : pre per yes allext q a a HB (ov): [Led (e4)] = Coe): ede +4] = Lace), 6 (ee) + dead = face, bce tde +#)36 Frm ean. MQ OQ we conclade thot yuk plication 14 QGodedive. (B) Tdenttty ctemed, now ef Ga) b 20 aremest 3 A such (a). Gr) = ERshen, (2a, 49 +b) = Carb). -. are and ya tb eb => X=) > Gre ence Cue) ie the Fenty elem. fr, Tnverse : Then AA=) -a~=Va wibexS Since Ato x4, AVE speal nu | “ (a.b). | Cyes Yay is the Pavers lene A “wa FOP Nw . fa ce be +4) and Cee): (ai) = Io qo ca): Cod) + €.):(e-) lene e , A Y« fnon- abelian gre?6] Prove that the vet, T, & Goteqgore # an abelian qeeP Pi yeepect te the operation, ¥ defined on FR oS 4 { . ath matt. Solr? Vert ¢ging the towing Pu i in woth pegpect to the giver opevation efi on the get T: , . ® Clegure law Zince ae ave the alenente of T, ath = atbt r, ©) Astociativity, Te abc EL then, Combyre = Cater) ¥e = (atbti) +. #1 Pt atbte +2 Also o* Co*c) = ot (b+ +) : Ss ea tet car Hence (o*b) he = atb*c (i) Ddlenttty clement, lef @ be ac elemed g T such took eka = etat ° ETOH EO sy e=-+} Nets -\ eT and any act EN fq a> +o be w+ sfellens (Ig the felentity @fenued,ty] TLaverse \- a 4 Gor each a et Hard sts ao elemeut 6®eEr uch thet ba =-) i HW) => fey Ce y= => bt a4 ao \d aer. Awen 27 A er (> -o)* Qa = (neta = Also Hence —2-4 yw the le¢t fovewse 49 J commmurtey & ot b= ate +) : = b tart) =bta | thence the get ZT? ef “Mtegers ys a9 tne een operation, opelian yor te" Hats tye] set @ a yetione} a abdgen al Prove num ber, other than “A gor A : soup pith wespet +o the opevatien * i. oe’ = ate ab legined) as . @ ; Zhow et (gq i an | pelian j ef- hacalatl} and fora? av €A, atl ae? phere =atth -aloBile engin the follostng proper eitth crespect +o the qver operation cefined on the set a. | @) cheure 9 €9 2% bee aikiseeh | nuwlee7S op =O b = atte -aly which ic also ATS Ganot be eqpad to \ Znce ate vab =) aie av 10 © 64) (IH) chen ts ‘af tehes ant b=) | fy “eke ears ab E& 1® Asodativity DR aeeC ea, theo | | Co*b )* CO = (ate ~av) *e (ete-ab)+¢ — (ato -ab)c = otb —alo +c-8C —be& foabc \y = atbtc ab ~bc-ca toee Ao of (e*e) aio Cute bc) = at (oe-69)-9 (ore) ec atv +e ie -ab-Ce be Hence cat ovke zat ko) oe at Qivic CA(ir) Telentity let CEG he the Tdeatity element elewanc such, thet. (eta =a ~ oFe 1 ae e(i-&) =0 iD e=0, Since ate) hus OF 16 the Fdontity exa = e790 -459 =9 oD) Taverse o> —— Por each aca. theve enki an clemet pEeG sur tne. at®tb =o = b*¥a Now, a* boro arth -ab =O bCi-a) +a = pe the faverse JI 4 (o+#}) Ths _A on\ because Q a ot (&)=(S){2)* 2 pe = aye -a-2 ar Se 220 o-\ 7) Commurertive : Ty abe" then ob apt, Neb ath = atv-3P = bt ge aq Hence mertremationd Strucku7e (a;*) is an abelian ger ' lethot the get GB, 24 pumbeysS> dorms an abel pF wespect fo the Spera tt et) ai ik eS abs. hen md Ab € Ay - abfy ls also 19 OF ) Awododivity - ad alec © Ay? then i ale at ke tk vey ale 9)= 7 Reg ais =] =e 4 Fae (bc) fiance (akbyhe sat Ceo) ©} Tdentity. the ee number /e Serves identity e)‘i conetteaHen: lev Deer get en gintn io Rte Then Gb sae => b=c iace oo! SG, then a! (av) =o! (ac) >@l.a)-b = (erte)- C DPebr ec HS BEC Cleft concetla tien low) Wy Py qt cance tlacken las (v-a)et = (aya! ae eee el = V¥a 2 {o:=1) a ‘2 y pe =-C-e s b-=c ys ‘ See es and and lef akc be hes) Fuaglies / lar (te$€) cco! Thiplieg. sac Right)| Sa. The left Telacttty also He Praht Tetent fy ‘J e.q =q sae, fos 6G . ay an) ie the Inverse elomeact 7 a, then a. (a-2) = Ce' a)-e yt “sie: ae. HQ). & ~ al(e-d eb dexw a-e =a Hence oC tk also the wight idles ty | cloned fa group %. jeace TS Ie, The left Trvevse gq a0 Elewe , also the Right Trverse J ®) ote ceraal gv a&S lek of (ts the Taverse F a, then >) ot (act) = Calayial a = oa.e = e.nm Thy eo (a.e") -=eale > q.a) +e | | | the he Tolenfify elemed Joa gqrup 's Ualave Cw) Suppese. lg possible 2 and eb be two elemeds af the group & then ®Ma-e sa Hea Qd a-e -az elo ct A&G wow are! inG) and ore @) > ; : => e-c ze But e-e!se) and “Brelne ay exe! the Pdentily elamet Is ungve ae eS ere*re Hence,a ae P The “faveyse of 29 clewad of re vniqne: [Dap] 4.2 group ‘glo’ let @ be the idan aeuat anda be an clewmadt a he grup (6, * Tr? possible fet band © be > inverrser a aes Stace fb Kian Fnverse Za a*b =b¥aq ze —_a Agels < igen Ffrverse q gq akc zck#asze _© > b =bte b = bt (a*c) b = (b¥ a)¥e b =-aetke EN |e ac] > seen q¢ = gatten$s' ane lo Ss ea, golurten fn ic) rer & ab ave tne Ea b? awe 20M aie idew the cons forTo esta oe ghall gay ™ ped Or and a =b and sa ar =. > a pyre >a a= yak =) gealb hes The girder 7 @ a-g abi q? pe ghall anuwe Annet there are a gelutiens 4 i eed td V2) @ ad, —b and ay 7? > ad) = adr D> Sey utter 1S vabave blich the vniqvenes gf the golution assume: that there Ove 2 glyie fo A. Ne = . By cle Peon x Fayerre KET aly ae ma (ey Pre-wultiplging beth sikes by > GI feta] =e 3 [te)To'Jo = coy => oy - 20 coy THA. Ate Sh isto oes le Y dpe yey 1 A pep eqyb EOa ee Considers HEY = Ce 40°) # (a* b) = “4 (a sa)tb > (ole) eb sty UUKD argee £ ee In consider, - A : Bere (ose We) = ot (o¥E) ko ” 2 Chey Re" ni ok a! Q from OFQ 2 ter Paverse od Gerce = ylact = Cakb)” -.@* eo) = vies,P Some tai; | - park cu lay acoul C : — z : : (1) “The Klein U- ree ne She kleio deur qe isan abelian yrruP satth qr e Set fe xe inary operation ae fines 9% “pia. eablel seer eto 4© ebs closure lan” ach Fos and each coli con teins all the eleowets S| the cet, @ Aradelatty © propo td . Anes Care) kro = a (2 *c) ac a Cc - ata Se =e o. Cate Fo = ak (oo) @® Denk fg sews _ 4 ase. a zs ea yw #e,e%. = et b ewe = Qs cele Weace “e 1S tre qeaentity ©) Tre tse: Ce ee arkaze 2@) Dedine Vlein- vere? 5 3944 4 Veda A= + q ¥ tela or. @O Ss locus tan. coluwin cont ol tes closure @ Assos * Associertivl Fg | [eS BRC= ot (bt — Gashe = 2*0*7) Yt = 34S \ lS © Tdentity eters, ee 4 (RS aS “Sstl= & Si a4) 23 kA flence See fee Se Paentity eloey G) Fore a pe [aia ait i.) : oes =) p49 > Zo, ea each clement Ts TS ony Gnverse ©) commute ti¥e (qu fate = 6+) cid 2 tte y =F = 7 +3 =S Aadrtoa module mo “wi be a fined pasttive Rateger +450 fntegers Let and “o andyiib, 5, bea" the vinary one ates called ada? tien and defined of wodulo “4 aenotes at, ba leatt+ won alive Bemainder obtained be Vor lin tae” +6 ba Me Usio gum 4Lor e168 le C= Under addelien module 2, we have er the usuas £m +4673 ts = to leaves 3 a y emo ndey whey divided bg z AN a t,o. =1 2ehF + =O - h ule plPee ten billed: Pye Let “we bea ~fixed “pesttive fategey end “a and “b be any > Potegers- “The Binery com position called multiplication modulo wm. => a Xu GS (east nen-Nesative syemaircty obteined by civfaling +he Gsual pros a:b buy Exow pleo- Under multi l?cation wacelale 6 wpe hee YX,6=0 °: -+the usual product hee 22g leaves o a3 yemainder pheo divided x‘ pe wd 6. Ms (Ye Xy O22, 2XzQR=0 3 2XH7=4 J.Prolgleus q = a oe 7 Gy Shor thet (26 AD 2 ee te | © )o»w 2 & 54 = lo Oo \ 5 > 4 ——_t t cates 2 3s | Ss 9 alo eae 5 CO] 213 G& gs o | & i rly FS oO | 2S = S oO ) 2 2 uh Ow Chesure len, eath yen B each column contains a)l the clewts | sot 1 RS cleeure consider =z te, (4 +, a) = 6 +4 >) +p2 ™m +42 = y toh SIG. pte 3 Tes quem ana other 2 elets gf Ze i 2 thus te ig aBodestive Pn 2, zy Eefgtence Rdew 2 Prom aclattten Fable oO ts the Hentity elemt gq the aver operon® Existence Zp Tnverser— Brom the able ; Be gee (hot the « ‘ TAVEYSES Zl ea ia Sade and sare OS, & Se and \ respectively, Fey caompler- s4,) =9 7 Ihe Se aL Zt3s0 3h ae © Commute Give len. a,b €G then ati,b= bKG Exawple. ote HQ = ak: 3] ghew that Ga §)2,3.44 ig oo ebetian 2 qr Urdey vu Hiplicetton eiadide Se x \ > 2 “ ia Se Le os. 3 FB, “yee! Xe a. Bit & Upto De Bis Ze tps . France CG xe) js an abelian Grou P.Zu yy sou P 4A nonempty Zabset CH, *) ga qm (G.*) is “Sag 46 be A Bub areep oe rH Ge, * jis 2150 gor by fered, Q = Conck Here for Ewen ate et Exewples— ecu qe ny ach, aol +) at ~satione) cumbers onder the ark oe) adelitin “The grup ca, Usued adasHon, 6 A gubgeee P (RD ca geo) aunbers , uadex usu i re (i). A age Seip | Sabsek oH es (G, *) ee subgroup “| q i ardenly Kg Q Vf F) ae ey DB atbeH (H) oer aed spab EH i igkhb EN Aaa h is quer orale?Aus 1 be the SoU SweniGe: Se foverse = axiom, we have. ae = ot eyicts and 3) eH @> and ays ove Crue, fpence let H bea Subset J & Sach thet (in) arse Foyg - ve ghall Show gre | PHselt under the a, v T) and thet H is a bina opesertion By det (aben date eh) ss is closed onder -the oinerty opevatiee ¥ Since the apodatve far is true inG => ft 1< also 4yue tn HoG ein by deta, Ach > a'GH = ataley “I = @€'EH Ths , the Felon tits alow et zg /e6éh Agetn by deta act => oley thus, the frverse a 9 enists fn Hh ie +olze Thies IE @ Grup by Rese? and ence , Tt is a Subgroup yo = act aleo| let + ba pe shell a,b cH Vian Py date fis a Gubgreup § ancl : 7 BH is a group boy Theelf. They ber => wleu and abet, ot ber act , ber = 2eH wen = ote) CH. ence > is true 4) lek H bea noo empty Subset 35 @uch thet ya bet > oatblep Ise Shall Chew tat “tt is @ group ora” {et ach => atalcy >eét t conteiing’, the Pdentity elemot ecb .a ey = eto! eu | es => olen. “thes fave vse ae eateee A TR Wa;lo EH. > asl eH atGY! satbe fc os Re w " No Thus i {op_ — pe auodative low helns Px, as? ‘ y 4 an by £ hols en Sy Phself and hence, sroup (4 +) ae ft 1s A subgvuP q he q 3] The Ptersection og any tio Sub spe be ony wo Suleg oups 3 tet oH ard Ha BEM But Ho, BL are Subgrerps so aét beh, > ay! €H and | aableho e have shown + . aewah, 1 EHO is a SulogrUP et wy abe) HNN G, Ths, Hence Hoeve Land K ore too eubgroups Ff \ V then Hk. 7s also Sug soup FG: Pood Let 2 be an flentity ef G, hen @ Will alte be the fdentity elowot fa Wh @s pel) as k, fe) -€.& Hak a, hus 2@€ Wik ond BOK +P D4 arb EH , then avy! Eb iNly ig ob Eb and aXblek nen ab) EHAK Hence, Halk is subgrmp J Or : v Sfo, 24 ts Zubg rou) S| Show Ahod HE LO.24% fs o Subgre a the qreur (G+) phere G24) 349 Sola Clearly HOG: se Chal) Show thet His ae{o > 4 ov geup by ftself urdeyx oj/O9 +4 Addition woelulo 6- 2}2 yo ho OOD cleatly Hig closed Under addition , wodulo 6: Asodative lew: HOG oe e+ yeh = oh& te +) eG ete. oO = 08__ gaiston™ 4 Tdentity. a | fee ae eye “he element O acts o8 the identity ded o af \ ents ot, = 2 =.21ho ytwee H4 20 Te. enistence | inverse t- ee a she faverse a 0 ise, Gaverse 2iey and Ffaverse q y is 2D te) oto 9 ahy =° the iO: Thus CH +e) Fs a group bu Pftself eandl Wemee A subgerp Of G, Permutation gh. Despiottionse A one -0n€ mapping 014 finite cet onto fisehy is called 9 perwntetior: ce 'g' to S. fe) eos is called permutation 3 & A vipactve wap 4? non-empty ls atThe Set S oY al| permubetions on a non-empty set -e: under the Vinety operation *« ef ssfart compos *tion 4 Perwutedion “KO gp (G *) called permutation. gor . ty S= S\v284,-—" _ the Pormuteton er! “ a\so callea) the Syrmetvic ~ P 4 sages elenote4 by En: powible peweu ef gy ts ol es fh) here $= fy uh wonder the operertion cA en: ood fotierd © verity 1.5 4 Lr wt sonpactie Givens S= Qder a4 There are zl pernvtations pemible YS (bd Se SP Ris Pe Pay Pe Ped \ z Veal-S po (HH) inh: fg (13 a a By = (Ee 6 Z2) weedUsing the above table, all the ordows q am can be obsteines! vo 7 yor ‘ © clesurg | Py Po © 48 > * hess 4 Wp a\ the peraucbations one ave * the set Sz: @_snesiativttys . ET au) bp Pe OF p* fe Pa = Py Heays Anodatvity IY a oveivey, rastgltenticn- @ Shine g Hetty pe heave dv @\\ i= pb * =P wT py te tee Tesg me \ G@)_Srtenre Pee a Trverse ents fr fovle 1,284 SS R *P +P) at g. p, *t =) cat, phew eth Una sks re no grup, poh =F) y +2 aS_ Qn be 2 1s nob comms #) ko ate pe¥ Po = Py kps = Po 3 he ection gouP. Ete we have pence (43) gymmctric grou %y, OASIS ah the i a\| the porta ger q nil. Hae $2) 8st Z [ D 24/7 of es, a / a i = [= y 2 : ape F fy? is]@) Prove gt? (5) ¥) if qr? iaieeve R= is v4 () te set A= ANGE 4 . 1 > 3) and a { “(3 ) 2) qe oa / Find fe J get: ee (4) > 9 8] ed one ayo = ¢ [ae] Pref tl (gt) Of = GLO] 9 ® =z (a4) © = & Bey=gOr3 (a4) (3) > 9 Lae =9@)=! ty os ay £19W]= £0) =3 (2) = { GOIN =! (4) @- Fas £972 “44-(243) pes 2g bad_ ama st G > 2Qarb. C4. deHre the pexywu , al ne (4,2) = (° ab lnc AB and BA. c pi sb) gS AB = (ves) cab fae © ai “(Sue sean [ee \ (aes and BY (Eo (oescyeic GROU —— Definition g= here erste let & bea eeaeu Ps als an clomat AGG Such thet everg elomeat IS capre sible az b=a rr is called 4 Cme Fotege™ Ny then Gq cuit. avoup and “he elemed a Ts then. called 2 ee q tre youp G. and Ft te clenoted by Cyclic 4 i V2 ted S wbvelfeatl -, th ts expre ded as. q d : ene x4 ge yuna plicarben @= 22 q= {ve tne} gor adaitien, ore teS— = 342,343 and He Censicler “the Ser, A Yoo obviously (A, Xs) ja areups be noted thot 9) => (wods) poh (mod 5) pseoere (mols) gt sie = \ (weds ot | \= ae ¥ thet is a2, rsh, Lah, ary enevates the elomeats ©) 2 is the qos oe gern athe arp. A> {tat rt meSES | thot the are -_ ‘2 Prove ae (fyi Lx nie xg: cane Pes ype ter per ele ° w= da" ot jfeoo- thoel rt follows Athet eleomuds = she seX can Ve eH eped as Cntegre) wey e gr q 4 oe tL is a eyelc wou oy 1 q 9 ® Ve fine ey ic soup and show enevoted Age (Gu) BOS NV utiplicadion telble 02 ene pelorw 18 cag he Bi a vw a a + Q a] vo c. a ]@ ¢ pry cad! Ae ae @ a az 4 Q lo d a e 4 2 » = as a a | ¢ 4 a \o Ci die. ——San Pos - ai OW, he cay leny -yoble, > is Clied wert and Amocative propetty ruck ve vert gies exon! (a+ ee a \L $e 2.4 td Exist d= a ence Talents : “at te eh caantity adewot- te) yw ta = ‘0 ac &a aft row eagle Ante =J teavle. aka ae 4 eo” ee ee Gai ley table jae a : 9, 4 ee 2S Precis oF a ke =4 at eid ete 2A crespectvely & ak a ra asaba Tye *") \e the subg rep q 9 q~P (G,*) ’ Let a CG- shen the FO = pra hey & Calle a sight coset ef a G geno by a’ Zhutterly, the set aH zsath th en| ie called left coset q H foG qeroetst by a’ Properties Ngee ee “Dsaeatt Raney it and only if eH 3] anebl @& ohbnbh =e Siok =bh it and only iy a 'éH1) beds G = Sy ithe Syumetyic group of ovdey (cles xee) y- Fey x= | & 2 4) find the 3. Bs & | Sub Troup Ho ZK 3 Also, “Coieten Greets. O- £| lett cosets 2 Ae fase eo Se given x= ja Be} ditt) Tr Sy the Tdentity elemert P= GAA) re 2e> = Sed, x2, 23 poll t kal =p} ty ale ee Be & 2 Box . wre fi ® =e 12 Crm 2?! 3 Cs ten 2 4 x 2 \ of \ 2 Gia via @xXxX= rt 12. 34) ‘ 23 41) 2» 34 OEE5 yr zy reed) (3 - P= Sy eu (ee re) 41323 Veo 2 & Coy) f The Number J emmendy the grep iS called ovdey gq the tyou and 5 clenoted Py 0 (a) @ at a =h OG)= 0(%) = 4) =24 | liste There ove, the numbey edt cosets aq. in @ I< [a:hj= 24 5 a ©) Prove thet the a (¥9> ‘) is Cytic The elemads > Ug ere La 2 8.456784 ond the operation In (vq. °) Is “wreltiplicacticn modus 9”, pe nis thet in ug oy=GI Ds ewes ey = 04 tag*= = Cee =D] py'= Ce] py = £7 =A has every elowment 4 bs Is an foteq@e a, Dy. . (U5, 2) io cyclic qreep nh, ay ag geesvapmBy. x . G) Preve ted the grep (24 +). ts Find all it generestors cycle. “The alowans gf 2y axe the conquers Classes Cel, 03, bOI, 05] and operedi2o+ fa (24h) Is" @clartion weclule ib pe note thot CT +04 fe] -07 +00 = ine (2 = 09 +04+L9 “wy cy =Gj= Oa toa ttd+ Thad ¢ ATEN elomevt By 2y, \s an Fategrat poser, oT. (24.4) is a cyte GF pth 04 ao gente Since THis a qa zy (24,4), cq? = Go = Da =O) * alco a qencrotor 3 (24 ib). Znce Cad is tne Tdenti alemod fa (2y.t) Ce] eannet be age gq (24..4)5 pecawe T's nb] =o dey all 9 E2 Further, bal cannot be cc 3 Ce ~ besos BGT PCT Io 2g nex Thus (24 br a aygic youp ity BE ond cel. (24:4)= 4b0S> E> c= ot we3 ® Prove thot (men) bs eq cyclic ay tes generot ys. tae grep (Fe) ove ced, Ce, GA. Fired all The clawet the eadgpruente clases (13, (@s. ‘5 =) matt plication jwodala 5 GI = oy! BI = C274 Ty3 > cag? ud coyt (25.) =<035 ey? =2 ix abo 9 que 3@s-) [Te] ans CJ are the genera hd €.. voy ioy" ever Theorem Shetemenst Py @ is or finife grep His QA Subgroup x Gq, Ehen Tee and order F Bb divides the oer 9 3D Prod b Zine A 1 A ginite gees om H ls ginite, we the nunnbey e| cosets J 4 Ing Xe! Bing L ee vight cat finite. et dE een LB Hay, Han, -. HOR be The cigtinct pight cosets B&G: . , Them, ey “the vigit asset decowps! ong we hove aQryy Hag ---Ub%, Gem Seo thot 0 (a) = © (#2) 4o(ta) + 9) 20(¥ But © (Hai) 20 C82) = _ ~o (Hay) =° ) -, ofa) = o(¥) CoG) + o(v)t — +o(¥) ake o(tr) es 0(G) ott) ase hoes thet oft) abides ole)sear Qa {e+ G be ao oe pot th (G |= 660 : rou P& wna fe | Sue ¥ APS Han J find ~Hhe Kt= 6S KORCS Then pon ble vale 3g iW) Given |G) = 640 te] 64 = Pee 4S By Sey t,covem oa) ote) oa) = oC) 660 = kK of) —{1) Ee = and aA 2 GH) >) > o() =n o(’) ofs) = ne& 8 o(H) =Ix 64 =330 Tq eS, 052 OD o() =2x6h 72 ssible \calvs J [rr] erm Rr @ ww. -. the P