MOPULY - 04 Feendamen|afy _of Logie “Lref woduefion fs hogie «> Methoet of Reasoning Logie > expwucssect ma _Byrenbolve Language y cattedt Mathemafreat Logie. CH), PROPS, AY propostionts ai Shof emenf (tela tion) Ihreh in a given confevt, can be Sard +o be ebfhew Laue @ -Patgse , but nef posh, Sto thrns (Ext fas Bangalore | won Karrnaifata : ' OH, divisible by 3. WY ey for hig Ne oe deevsvety Aay ‘wie her 1s ‘Ponte @ mol ,tiinless we Kmow Shot wihat we % ane 't) (vinether ik 18° infege (oo Real =e) iggrb var meh a prvpoaitian, -_> propositions ane rsudtly Represented by Sanat} peffess Buth as Pyne Byars : — dhe tmefh Oo She faraity of preoporitn 12, cotttect 12% -Ptfh -bctbte. value. > - > TP 4 proposition 4 “Ime 11s temofed by phe paush vatue 1 .+ If 0° pero posit in in faloe ib 1% denoled by y jhe -tmith value ‘0% ® b ogi cal commnecfives f- ’ i ‘ Dhe jlordg oiKke ‘nol, ‘and’, ‘if then’, f and only fp, Buch Wows arre catled of Logs caf commnecfives, ° yu obtained by combining uaging the logical pro poztion : (#) Compound proposition One new prropgzit ton 4+he 4100 gwen poo positions comnecfives are catled oF compound Gr) Stenple paropazitlon = proposition iaiinch do nef confans anf rogical commnecpivee ave called Byonple prro position. @) Negadon (~) A proposition ig obtained by ingesting the cmot? mm an appropriate piace vz called She oZitton, hiowd of the given prop ag denoted by ~P me gaction One meg aston of % proposition ‘p ege- Ps % a poime mumber — 1 : 13 not a pome mumber — O wp: 3 Toouefh sable:@) Pp: Biz divwible by 3 —O | op: & w mot divisible by 3-4 Imeth fable 2P pO}v co, 6) Conjunction (47 A compound proposition ra obtained by ingerhng the Word tand’ Jefween two given propositions 1% called comjuncfion of the given proposition. dhe comjunefion of P and cy ts clemofed by Pry, Dhe conjunction of pand cy ws +e only lsthen beth p and qr ave Aoue, tn aul other cases ft I Salge. ee =LABIE: Di P ja | PAY oO oO Oo o | 4 oO a o | 6 At oy aCY) Diajuncfion ( v) A compound propozition 72 obtained by inserting She Wierd ‘07’ befreen treo given: pwopositin iven proposition. is catled disjuncfion of the J Dhe disjunction of pandas va dencted by PV. #)2yre doa punchioo of pond pvy | (K) Dhe disjunction pyy eg Palge omly when ont beth ps wy are false ofhewinnse it fae Joudh £able * Po ols FOR oi2 (#) Exctusive digjuncfien () Dhe exclusive disjunction of treo proposi Hons p and y 33 denofed by pyy ( Read it as etthew p@y) Dhe exclusive a p wiue OY iz £rue iajuncfion ts }-rite omly When cither but not beth Tresh Jable:% Conditional (—) corapend propozition 12 oblained by inzerfing A in an appropriate place 1% Called the werd ‘f then’ tne conditional. dhe conditional af p and 9/ vez denoted by P—ray, ' [reead az if phen gy). Dhe Conditional p--ay iz Palze only Iwihen P te true and ay % falze. . . Truth table: , [Fle [ee PR Oo aE In 0 | -| () Bi-conditional '- (<>) Ai compound pvopozition vz obtained by rngcating rn an approperiate prace dhe word ‘ef and only if’ hon. gz called az piconditronal of the given pooposi TL ig dencted by P~KY- dhe picondittonal “pera w frue only when beth pand ay have-fhe Zame foruth values etherw ise if w alge.She btconditional of P and qr 18 denoled by Pex = (PW) Afcy-¥p) Toth table : h fable :- pag pva| pyall Pra] Perey o}|0 a a oO 9 0 4 a ol4 {4} o] o 4 a fot ? A oO 0 A Oo 4 A 5 oO ajafojoj] 4 | 4 ° ° ‘ | VP ; | °PROBLEMS : oo kef pi A circle %8 a Conic VV: fe ts a eat mUmber. vi Exponential Sevies ts com verg ent. Express the Following compound prbpositions in biords (i) Palma) (i (op Vay BD PY (war) GY V(~P) W) pr(vyy Wi) opoy soln) PAC ray): A cache ww a comic and Ve 1 nef a veal np. (i) (mRPIVe : A cntle % nofa conic OF Je x a weal Tumber- ty PY (ey): EttherA ciacle ra a come ot SS tS a Teal Number. (but ne} both? Gv) vt (eR)! TH Se wa -real mumbex , then a ciocle mot a comic ww) Pav): . Th a ciacfe 1 a comic then elther Io acveal md or tne exponenfial Bevies 1s convergent (put mot beth). Vi) a Pay Tf A cache mot a con) Po sf 18 a veal TMUMbey Fhe a ciacle c Shen vlo 13 ao area} number and vs mofa conic.(a) Constwme¢ 4he +4mefh tables forthe following compound propostions: (3) PA(way) (WD Ce p)Vay Gili) P> (ea) iv) (oP) v (wa) -[p fa [apma] patea) |(op)vay]_ p> (nar) [(ep) v (xay) | OO} 1 ' Oo 1 1 ° o}a}ijo ° | ' \ ajojols ! o J ) 4 |2}o]o ° J oO O | ! @) kel pray and w be the propozttions having South: Values 0,0 and 1 nespecfively. Find jhe tmcth values of the following Compound Propo? j) (Pyar (0 (pag) ++ Gi p+(v4(ew) sol®- G) (pva)vr = (ovovi = ovi = 42 Hons. W (pay)+r = (ory 4 = o7wa = ef (li) p+ [yscmay) = o-+ [0-0] = ovr af(4) construct the Jruth table Por Ine following compound propositions. (0) Cpra— (eo W Arlwrsp) | play | x | pag Jor rap-e9 7 Playaforse)’ o}/o]o} 0 ic ; lo so oO lo ) O O° ty a 0 o}! fo f.o rf | o 0 o |) ! ° ° ! | \ 1590 0 ° ' J J Oo \ (0 ! oO ° | \ Oo 1 | biol rf | 1y Tarttorogy : A com a j pond Proposition hihich 1 +aue for al possible +mtth values of its cormnponents is called fon Laefology. ) Contra icfion : A compound proposition whieh 1g false for atl possible $mtth values of its Com pone ns$s rs called a comtvradicfion ia Contingency : A compound p70 posi Lion fJnefcan pe 4rue ow falze (depending upon tne +mn values of its Component] w called a comfingency. epee comfingenty % o compound proposition lanich 32 meither & Facefotogy mora compra icsten PROBLEMS - (1) prove that for any proposition Pp» py~Pp we gautology and PrctP vx a compradicfton Hence PVP B a fawlolegy and prA~p a comf-rad icHon,(@) Show tnat for any propositions pand » the Compd proposition po (pvy) ts a Farefology and she compd. proposition pa(~p AY). to confradichion Vv p—>(pyv) 0 oO a} a o 4 afta Hence, P*(PYY) w% tre for possible mith value hence th ts faufology prtepra) is falge “Pow atl pess ible, Leth. valves hence 16 18 Comfractiefion i (3) prove haf foriany propositions pay. hen ne compound’ proposition{ P-* (arr) F[(P ry Hp 13 Qa Lautology. 7 . | [vs] preva] Pay | Pe Pa xa rT em aes) Pro OG Oly oF OPP BSE > > | PPP pags ep > ing p Bb jPsoPPPPPRi PROVE that for any proposition’ p,q, x the compound proposition. ' { Prva a{ (pa) (ay-+v)}] 4+ ¥ is acefology, : p | v | Pp (PI) A ipwarya TRVaALP TONGS STS Pches (v4) feuds ia olololo [1/4 "i ofol2}o Pry \ a ; ‘ ofalola}yfo 6 7 ; { Paha p dade I! i \ } S latolof1 fofs ° 5 ' ; / E fafofapr ppt ey ! ) a}a}ol1 |o}o]o oO i aie}a|s rly \ Hence, frpvanatipra lara] 77 a Pautolegy. 2 , a fautology prove that (3) (PY UW. V(PSYV) % - (wy) (P¥yw A(py) % compingency: > [pla | pyvjpey| pha ci) | Gi | Gv Oo 3 oO | 1 | 0 o oj4]t ° i } 0 Z ajo] 3 o 14 «ft df. | 8, alajo \ 7 \ o |o!hogical E qyativalemee (< \) pata po be Two proposilrons uand Vo aie thand Vo hee the Logically eqtivatent jatheneves Bame -melh value nie pane, UsrU, Hew “he symbol fe} Stands fox "fogicatty eqaivalent Jo”. Nete: 1. ihen the propositions and wo clave ‘nol Dogicatly equivalent , late pole wef. 2. laihenever ues is cdiyays , Lcuuwlology, uand yoare logreatly ecyuurnr at ent then problems : - (i) prove thot Pow any three proposibions pr Vie {¢ pvay) + ae [(ponAta-ry]. ln io. ie = L 3 Pla [= [pvalinapraealv roa F)_| [o | 0), 0° ! \ 1 1 oyjyoy;! ° 1 1 ! | 1! O};tjoj;) ° I ° é outed ! i J \ ry;ot;o} ° ° a4 5 oe 1 ) 1 1 ry rir yor 9° o |o - par ta a ' t } My Ik 14 Logreatly eayuivatent.@) Exawmne jarhethew compound proposition [Cpvy)—+] ey [nor > ~(pvay)) -So}h i a ee a PLY | | pry pra] ot mipyy)| vr eC pvay) olololo! 1 1 / q O;O};1 fo] o} | 1 oO ) oO | | fe} 1 oO oO oj! joy) ) 0 0 | 1iolo}t) © 1] 9 oO biota] 1 o| oO j ! | rfo/t] . | 0 o pistol | ! ol o ' Hence. Tk 18 Pogicatly ecyaivatent: 4 6 She: kos of bogie ). poove Pha pow any three propositions pry ,a (p> (ynw] PP ACY (iD) w(paq&y op Vv vv (q) Associative Law Gi) pvlqsv2 = (pyvqnvr (ii), paar nx) <> (PAVIA ® Wo Distyibutive Law (i) py lunar (pvayrCpv? (id palv van) < (PAV) V (pa) YF) Law for tne conditional pov pV P » by Absorphtes las [pvevv(xpyyrq) by De-morgoria (ovo (pry ar) (WRT (paw v (prarar) Pade wPVeyET, —Y [(pav) vf ( paw) Ao} kIKT Absooplion Law <=> PAY yy pv (paa [P VE) VV <=y PV Y (ii) (paajalrvn (9 vey) Jy ~(yvp) So]? :- Cprayaleva(rveray) €y (poqalovalevvy] | zy (pawalev] by Absorplion Lax, aay (pvajara , dev pwem) v (asrarev) ey ~lp voy) Vv Fo wpvlevvy =» (wpy~y vr cy ~(prw) Vo dy (pruw* *Y (ty) [~palev ar] v(vnr) Vl prawey © . SoM! [eprlevry] v(aawy ( rom [(W~Prmw Av)V eink™) v (pay) v (pam) par) [(pvv)a (7A) KEY (pvqpalvar) SY [(pvaaa] av Absooptien Caw. eae VAT Y/Y ( Assdcrative Lew) commufafive Law. (3) prove Jh at [Cpvey rwfapr(we Vary] V(mPr WS) % a faufology vw paw) soln hef wr demofe the given popostion , vt = [Cpvayrr{ypalna Very) Vv (eprra)y (“Ps Wo ar ne Now x ey [(pvaprnfe para veny] 9 [(pvayrnfopr o(arn] <} [(pvajn ~{r (Pv (arr Again: cf eameagan’ —& [Cpvaya(pvcanzy)] py double megasion ey pvfanterr} 'y wvlKEyu vv xo {Pv (arr) vel pucsche <> To y Dhus tne given compound proposition 1B Latrfology, &) Stmprfy She following cemapound proposition using the haus of kogte. (a) (pvayn[nif{top awd] <= (pvwy) Aferp Vv voy) by demorganis Cao KY (pvy)a {py ma] << pv (Vavnay) _- (by cistwibufive geno) w[owpv viva] Ky OP Velyva) demorgows Raw <> NY PA ww Carva) <=y wp rtyve) x 1 not-q veal mo and HI a ace iomal MD oe 10raflomal mo.@), Duality Suppose Cu ws a Compound pwoposition ancl jks cluality %% obtained by replacing @) each a and Vo by MK andr —sespedively (i) each To & Fo by Fo & To vespecfively And 12 & denofed by ad. exis ut palar Ver) Vv (SATo) ud: pv (av rawaa(sV fo) (4) Comverse , Inverse and comfrapesiiVe: comsider a conditional pov then (4) worP ww catted jhe Conv Ewe of prov @) ~poeu % Ceitfed Je taVerBe Of PY (3) wy>nep % called Fhe comfraposibive of Py. @) RULE OF INFERENCE : consider a Bef of propositions P, Po» Ps --- Pn and a proposition Q.- Dhen a compound prroposificn of tne Porn (PA PAPA =“ APA)? a 1 cal’ | a cvzgumenf + FHewe Py» Pp» —-~Pm AFC called Fhe premises of the argument and Q xz cathe & concluston of tne awgument.Tf i rreprrenenied zn the fom of tabular form (he Py Po Pg 1 1 Pray = “SQ =y She prre ceding arg umenf- xg Zaid to be valid f premises Pre Por n> Po phe mevey” each of the conclusion Q 18 Qikenwe Fae. ts fmte , then tne am ether Klos _ the arrquinent (1p, 0 Po A Psd —-APa) — & v3 valid when : (PLAPLAP AAW —- A Pay =Q For finding ane waledity of Aregument usethe e cwwuleg are cated Hhe Rules of hogrc and thes Rules of Imferrence onjunc give Bim paicag ion. (a) Rule oF < Fow any 4wo poop fame ositions panty » WP pay ve faue then Pp ie = pay =rP2 Se Ras of Disjundive Araptifica}ion for any +0 propositions pP and cy .ef prs Grue +hen pvy fouc Ie por PvVY 3) Rule of Sytogiem: fow any Three propos and YT me gions » Pr We if pow % fmte then pra re fae he {pray = PTT In 4d abulaw form poy yoser pre 4) Modus ponte Dhig aruele Brafes phat vw fave -then VY vg Joue Le {pr (p-rv)} ay an fFapular fowm P pay of VV if pw frue and pry5) Modus Tollens : ohig wule Stateg dnaf ff pay fue and gy -falge , then p % falge {(paaya way = ~P Im fabulax fowm, poy uy oP 6) Rale Of pesjunePve Sy togis™ : Dhig wwe Shafeg Shaf if pyay 6 foe and p ts false -fhen gy ws Eme re [(pva AP] ay Ta -+abular fowm , prVeyvy ~P vPRoBtems ; Tes} whethey She Poltoseing are Vahe avrgument. a) Ff Sachin hts a Cenferay athen he gets a-free car. Sachin hits a Cenfuvy 2 Sachin gels a-free car. p: Sachin hrig a Cercfursy SOfP:- het qt Sachin Gels a-frree can. Ohe gwen aegumend vs of the form py Pp “3 a [(PaR)rrjov Yy (By Modus pones) ons 1 a vaued argument tf Sachin hita a cenfury he ges a Prec cay mn doee mot gef afwee Caw Sachtn has mot hik a ComfUvy @) Sachr colts Ret Pe Sachin hike a cempusy Yt Sachty gas a free ccia~Dhe given argument w of Jne fowm pov ny mt P (P->ay)ravgy) > or one 13 a walid argument. (by Modus Tomes] ) Tf Sachin his a cenfury uhe gets afaree cava. Sachin gu Qa free caw Sachroy has. Ie a cerfursy, hef p? Gachrim hikes a cerfursy ay: Gachtn gus a free car. Soln:- Dhe given argument & poy v P [~Pra)av)] =P &y [~Pvu)ny) er: d= Yy ( absorphioe fav) Ohe given awgument yg mof a Valicl,A Tf I dive fo Wok then I Will avove +ired LT am nok tived (irthen T arvive af wok) “SL do mof dive Jo Wook, - Soln- hef pi LD dvive fo block ai LT aveve faied. ghe given arguenen w of the fown pay “ay ~pP [poy ov) yep [ by Modus Tones) Tk 1% aalrd argument DT wil) mot become A (65) ZL will become famous @ Mustclan JT wel) become a musgrcian J Will become famous solmi- kef pr TL mitt become Pamous yi IT Will become aq musicran Ohe given argument 13 pve : Vv ay Pp[(pyea av] => p <7 (Vpay WIkT py <=y aan (arp) Dey Modug pones mele =p PAPI Wa Vv Hence 12 Wwoa walid avrgunenf. (6) If LT study, tren Jy do Mok Put in the examinalior If I do motfat mn the exqaminafion, amy fodher GAS a Fro0- wheeler fom of 1 Study tthen my father grfis a 0 —Wheelew fo me. pi: 7 Study ait do netfail in tne examnasion My fafner gts a Jroo-utheeler to me. Sol bef vw: one given arrgument qveadg pou yor ae poe [tpsayatev-raay par (Py a of Sy llogizm) ah yw a walrd argumenf.() = , : PF pay goes otf klHh fatends— he Latl) not 36 udy TH Ravi does not study , his Safes becomes aren ‘ ) Hig fodnew 38 mol angoy “% Ravi has nok gone ouf Lith Patends, Soln:- fef- pz Ravi goes out ith Porends qi: Ravi does nok Biudy at Hee feefher pecornes angoy Ohe given argument Ww pry Yr yr ———__—— a's up ([ (poy (y4aaavr] = ~p Now, [(pragatu-rare (Rule of syllogizm) >(P + aanr) (by Rule of Modus qollen >eP %S) If x study , 1 TF F do moe Watch Jv itt nof fail rm Jhe examines ion Ane evenings 1 will Shudy J faited en the examinafion J must have lalafched TV 9 the evenings,Solm- hef pi T Study Yt Jd fail inthe examimefion wi DT Wetch Jv in the evenings. She given aregum ere} w Prey wot P Yv “ rT [ (prea) a (wr p)AV] => 7 7 [ (orp) A(prev)av) Rufe of sytiogis™ + [wr OY)AY] — pqotus tollene =y w(0r) (C pPau)acy > ~P) a> Hs at Vale aregqum ert. de A on this couse or Twill nol graduate (9) T wir gt gra af do nog grractucdt LL wil) yon she anny rt will mot jor +he avmy, LX ge qe A mn Fhe Couwse heb pt vt Zr do mot qrraducte So|h -v2 I jon fhe avmy pvy Bro Pp Shen he given arrgument iB nar [cpvapr (v+DAP) Ke loo yvawaA - [ ( pve)” ( : D y) Lato for condittona f x< [ (~p say) Aq 9) AP) —_— Dt of syllogism. <= [ (~P-e)Ap) &y [fompvy ag) xy [(Py=p) by Absooption la Te w mot a valid Dhere vs mo ME (if) TPL pave Pale, & and wWlook hard ,+hen T wni) perome gwuceessful) m pife TF F become Successful m Lt TP a will mot be happy, then 1 did mot @ ZT do not have Halen. SOM hep Pr T have Talent Vt LT wll pook hare Twill become successfull m frfe Pe then 1 will be happy lAloakt hartBB. L ull be happy Dhe given argument 18 (paya® w+ 8 aG wb (ey VP) [ ( paar ( +3) ays (ev veep) now, (prag—yr) A(r->3) =y (paws = VS lPary) — (de-morrgan's) Sy WA opvey Sy WB wy VeP Rate of Syllvgizm Te rg walid argument (11) TPR Ravi Stuctes -fhen he wail] pass in Discsete Metlhs. paper If pay does nef play CvcKeF , Shen he bull stacy Ravi failed mn Discrede Masha papey “4 Ravi played capekef- gol~ ps Ravi studies Vt Ravi wll pass piscrrefe Maths papty a: Ravi play corckef. given argument s Pp oY nr yap ayig [ (pa) A (vrs p) a ey) yr now, [ (poy) alorpany) [Wr4) rev) (sy legs) > w() (by Modus tolleng) > v FR 1% q Walid argument.@ P prev ey rv sit pr (prev aley oy = pa( per) — (sylegss) JF vry @ por Va by Modus pones (pra) 7 som (paralar—ra) =p (pvad> Ky (wp oy vO dy (epreyv ?ZY (payalmpaaa(rs) Ga [vs using conf-raposThVve y (paau)rhprs) (using contre op) 0 (op 74) ( sy llog:am) Sy evs) > Vv VAY Te iz vated 6) POY THs ay Vs © (par) Sols (pay) r (x78) % (ov os) haw for cond” ey (pry ater (V4~9) . by Commut: ey (py)aly—>os) (778) tes . (syllog»3rm) > (P78) i (~+8) by confoaposi tive Sy (prasjahssor) > (p-por) (by syllogsm) ty wpyer z o(pdy re w avahd argument6) pos apy Vs rs Bln (pre) a (copra) (4798) —————_ Syllogism => (paz (xp 38) by contvaposiftive ay (wrap) A(~ ps) = Oty by Syllogism Teh 1 valid. ) (w~pyvew) > (73) +t ok a P salni- [(wpvea)Hrra]a (27D AME yyy = [lepvea) (org) 9 9 > [ (wpvey) (ana) JA perves) (by drsjunsiog <> [opvanyaa(mna}s noms) omen “yo (apveg) by NIT zy (al praa) _ ay pay =r Pp (by comsuodros),- @) poy ogy > ep P ow Solns- (pa ly49 (yan) Alryre pa Ap py commutative = (polar) ap a(n) > (a ya) by Modus pones. Vv ya (evr ep) by confwciposi}ive > (vAaVA( PU) py commufapive [0 => (pray)alv+%) > payer by Syllegem a> Ow Cy pws dae trea 7 vs [Link]-}mte) () wp (mpryarly+rp) o (yraDAr™ ne toop-2egdalar imp) A D5) 2” comamaohve fo. APA LY ~ — commeafatve law 7 [oprrapanala tyro) > awlep) ACY >erP) =y paly—ep) =) (yrrep)rP >P by Mti) Polya) Png Vv Bae Sojrr- olm:-( p-¥(qr-+99) A ( pves) AY commutative lav = (ply) A (WB VP) AY —_—_—— comdarhonal haw = (pal(v4)” (2>p)ay —_— panemudedive Ia = (on A LPF py —~ gyllegrr Jaw for cond? = (By lvaD) av <7 [~* vey) an drgtribuhve Jaw day (va) v{( [erga] by MP ky (wana)V FT Se by conjungive gimptrFrcadion 7) A [ro eves [ws awua Bylo [wun] > Associagwe [(epvaJ (a ve] A 08 ALwunr(er -ret)) dl Bh : > [(epva— (avy]rez A we) —_ 7 ———_+4 clemosgans law 7 [(epvereve) * ofevy) a_i y M.T > 0 (wpyav) demmorgans FJ MMP Med v PArY by Comjunctive Svmnpl Ficefion, > Py Te ix walid. oe f3) Pvy op VO aor Soin (pyv) a (apy) (wv) — ——— comditenal Law = (Prva (PID ANT ay mr = (onpeaya oF = Pry)rrp by Mp =y V7 valid argument.(ia) por r+ Evens abtvu uy . vp Bol®-- ( poaa(a73) A(E Veg) (abu) Aru Ayilog!3m Tormmmudeive comd sy tance and cond rhonaf FT PMALBIO ACES y) rwu Ay llogiam <7 (pra) AZ uawu SY ogi DP (poujreu by sete > “ Y TR ix Walid, 1) poy oy (8) wor (mE VU) pak eee UW soln Cpaa(y reams) A for viet ven) (PED By\logisn = {po (7™3)) A for v ¢tvu)] A (pat)= [polars r [(erver)v uj a (pat) . demorgans Commufativ = [ pans] a (pa) n [ wlan vu) coma ona} yy [poteng)a (prtyal(aat)— uJ 7 Palen ap ata [taney by M.p TF CRIAE ALONE) os vmufachive =y Gnb) 12 a (Cmb)— 4) Jals <7 Garant tnt-ru) as by M.p > UNS by comj ungive Qrampise > _ Jy Pp (Q) cvp pg, (evn) +H BN} eH (AA ~B) yg Anrep) RV 3S Ws RVAOPEN STATEMENTS / QUAN IIFIERS STATEMENTS () Open Shofements decfavafive Zerfences Pike HIGH 3 , XEN Ohe aX Aivigible by 2 ,IMShegze genfencexy a’ B »,X7O , mob defined, Buch Shajemen|z ave celled as open callecl the Pree variables. med indo popes — Ohig open Btafemen- can be conve tions by giving Jhe Valucs fo x) form universal Bey (vw) 7 Open Btofements ave denoted by pla) and #0 0”. Statement anc ‘nx 2 Ula), al) comsider At9=6 and the 22} Of rrcal number R- Now, Ons emfences becomes OW proposition aaa AB vrepraced by any etemerf of R. for example °° tf Xv replaced by 3 Joe proposition and Ff a 4 aacpraced by 5 > ik becomes a false }- UNIV EVEL ‘oe UNI Vemse prropozifico , Hewe Wie FAY Rw e vtec e universal Sef consist of att Bs afermerdS fol) ov'Ng open Example (4): Suppose Ih odd , y(a) 1. % 70 veeg ew ‘ cong ider -Jhe prayi xs > qin: uri dopn She Qrauth valuce of the follotsing , ts Iiaite(i) pla t We've PIAS XSF yaa, => plajt ASB Tb 1s twee > 1 Gi) wa l+) _ 1 octal weve qty: a+4 2» qy(4) rata wyla) % falee 7° 1a odd (iy PENA YY) spe irda RETO TG gt) Ata =Q ve motodd > Falze — 0 pty aati) [ ar0}, # false. (ev) ~ p(a) V 70) pty: 3< 3 = pla) w false — 0 1 false 0 OoOAD= 0 = falge. yw fme -— 4 (0) 1 0 70 mpg Aro) co @&) playa [vee v arvtey tue a =- pla: ax<3 is odd 5 tue — 4 \ qyCo) : ota =4 rowta) 1 279 i =y wrlay: a ohe Symbol \/ hag been used F0 demofe Fhe phrases ‘for atl” “fon each’ and thege are called =y one Bymbo) 4 h pltases rere exists’ hese are catled as exiatendral qyuandisrers. > A proposition involving univerza) @D existen : - tial ; “Por evesy’, ‘forany", yarsifier’. to demote Dhe , Sor arfteast-, universal ag been used , pow somqyuan}ifier 12 catled a qrangifrer Shafemenf =y Ohus a qruanfifred Staternen} 18 A proposibion of tne Porm “\VxeS , pO" 69 “Ff neg, play” lathere plot) 1 an open SRatewmenf and S 1% +ne universe Pow % IN Pla). dhe wWartadbie present ma gy ceandifred Statement ts called a bound Variable? Example:- Fowdhe universe of aul relegess shef play: wo Ata + % IB eVeEn (a) 2p A WW perfect Bayucre Ba), % 1 divigible by 3. lar 2 x divisible by F- Polloioing qyeeanffreck zs apemenfZ 10 (arate Wate downm the Symbolic form, (@) Dt Jeast one mgeger even wl Ff xES , QV xists Cc posifive indeg er hat 1 even (ii) Theme @ er a (pew aay) (ig Some een mMegens He ettber ev ear tow-odet, colt A