COMPUTER SCIENCE

GRADE : XI
Chapter 1 : Computer System Organisation

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM

DATA VS INFORMATION
Data are raw numbers or other findings which, by themselves, are of limited value.
Information is data that has been converted into a meaningful and useful context.

Computers are being used extensively nowadays in everyday life/every field In the form of laptop,
desktop, smartphone, gadgets etc.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Huge storage
• Versatility
• Tirelessness

DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
• Data security issue
• Computer crimes
• Health risk
• Bad impact on environment if not properly disposed off.

FUNCTIONS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTERS SYSTEM

HARDWARE
Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements/parts that constitutes a computer system,
such as the monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard drive disk (HDD), system unit
(graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of which are physical objects
& can be touched.

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SOFTWARE
Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and instructions, often broken
into two major categories: system software that provides the basic non-task specific functions of the
computer, and application software which is used by users to accomplish specific tasks.

FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM [BLOCK DIAGRAM]

TYPES OF HARDWARE
 Input Units : Input Unit A device through which data and programs from the outside world
enter the computer system. Input devices can send data or information to a computer or
another device.
 Keyboard: It is an input device which sends data in to the computer. The data send
depends on the key pressed by the user.
 Mouse: A mouse is a small handheld input device which controls a cursor in a graphical
user interface. It can move and select text, files, folders etc. on our computer according
to the user input.
 Scanner: Scanner optically reads and document, file or image and then changes it into
digital signal and sends to the computer.
 OMR: optical mark recognition/ reader, is used to read marks on a document and send
them to computer.
 OCR: OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition, is an input device which reads printed
text and sends that to computer.
 MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Reader is an input device which generally finds application
is banks to process cheques.
 Microphone: it receives audio generated by some input source and sends it to a
computer.
 Webcam: it sends the captured images to a computer.
 Graphics Tablets: This input device is used to draw using hand.
 Trackballs: an upside down mouse, encased within a socket. Is a cursor control device.
 Barcode reader: It is used to read the barcode of various items and feed the same to
computer. Game pad: Also known as joy pad is the input controller for video games.
 Joystick: these input devices are used to control video games.

 Output Unit : Output unit A device through which results stored in the computer memory are
made available outside the computer system. Output devices receive data from computer or
another device and create output with that data is called output device.
 Monitor: A monitor is an output device that is responsible for receiving data from a

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 computer and displaying that information as text or images for users to see.
 Speakers: Receives sound signal from a computer and then plays that sound signal and
thus we hear songs or music or any other audio.
 Projector: Gets data from a computer and displays or projects the same information onto
a screen or a wall. Projector cannot directly accept data from a user and send that data to
another device.
 Plotters : A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make line
drawings on paper with one or more automated pens. Unlike a regular printer, a plotter
can draw continuous point-to-point lines directly from vector graphic files or commands.
 Central processing unit : CPU comprises of three parts
 Arithmetic/Logic : Unit Performs basic arithmetic operations such as addition and
subtraction Performs logical operations such as AND, OR, and NOT. Most modern ALUs
have a small amount of special storage units called registers that can be accessed faster
than main memory.
 Control unit : It organizes the computer to work computer as single unit & generates
control signals for various devices regarding read/write or execute operation

 Memory : A collection of cells, each with a unique physical address. That stores intermediate
results.
 Primary Memory : Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of volatile memory that is
stores information on an integrated circuit which hold the data mainly when the program
is being executed by the CPU. As it is volatile in nature so it can't store data permanently.
Read Only Memory (ROM) - a non-volatile memory chip in which data are stored
permanently, and cannot be altered by the programmer.
 Secondary Memory : A storage, which supplements the main memory of a computer.
Often refferred to as secondary storage, this section of computer's memory is nonvolatile
and has low cost per bit stored, but it generally has an operating speed far slower than
that of the primary storage.
 Cache Memory : A small high speed memory, which is used to increase the speed of
processing by making current programs and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate.
Cache Memory is the volatile computer memory which is very nearest to the CPU, so also
called CPU memory, and is between CPU and RAM all the Recent Instructions are Stored
into the Cache Memory. It is very fast memory that provides high-speed data access to a
computer microprocessor.
 Register : Registers are a type of computer memory built directly into the processor
or CPU (Central Processing Unit) that is used to store and manipulate data during the
execution of instructions. A register may hold an instruction, a storage address, or any
kind of data (such as a bit sequence or individual characters).

INTERCONNECTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMORY

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MEMORY UNITS
How much memory is required for a file/data/progam etc. is measured by memory units.
Following are the memory units.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RAM AND ROM

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF HARD DISK

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BOTH INPUT / OUTPUT DEVICES
An input/output device is capable of receiving data from users or another devices and also sending
data to another devices or computers. That means a device which can be used as both input device
and output device are called Input / Output (I/O) devices. Some examples of input/output devices
are as:
 USB drive: Also known as pen drive or flash stick works as both input device to computer and
as an output device. USB drives receive or save data from a computer as an input and it can
also send data to a computer or another device.
 Facsimile: Facsimile or FAX machine has a scanner which is an input device and a small
printer to provide output.
 Modems: It is used to transmit and receive data from one computer to another computer or
other devices using telephone lines
 CD-RW drives and DVD-RW drives: Receives data from a computer as input to copy onto and
save into writable CD or DVD. We also use CDs or DVDs to transfer data to a computer.
 Touch Screen: Touch screen is both input and output device. By touching the screen input is
provided and being a screen, it is used as an output device.
 Headsets: Headset consists of speaker as an output device and microphone functions as an
input device.

MOBILE SYSTEM
Mobile Phone Components
1. A circuit board as brains of the phone
2. An antenna
3. A liquid crystal display (LCD)
4. A keyboard / A touch screen
5. A microphone
6. A speaker
7. A battery

MOBILE SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

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SOFTWARE IS AVAILABLE A VARIETY OF FORM
 Packaged software: It’s copyrighted software that’s available in computer stores or on the Internet.
 Custom software: If you want specific software to suit your needs, you can use programmers to
create custom design software for you, which generally cost more than packaged software.
 Web application: It is a website that allows users to access software from any computer that is
connected to the internet. Types of web applications include e-mail, word processing, and game
programs, online booking, online money transfer, etc.
 Open Source Software (OSS) : You can use and make changes to open-source software. It can
normally be downloaded for free from the internet.
 Shareware: It is patented software that has been released free of charge for the trial duration. You
must pay the software creator if you choose to use the service after the trial period.
 Free ware: It is proprietary software that is distributed free of charge by a person or a corporation
that maintains all rights to the software.
 Foss & Floss : FOSS means for “Free and Open Source Software” where FLOSS means “Free/Libre
Open Source software”.
 Proprietary software : Proprietary software refers to software that is privately owned, controlled,
and distributed under specific licensing terms that restrict users' rights to modify, distribute, or
access its underlying source code.

SYSTEM BUS
A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system, combining the
functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent or read from,
and a control bus to determine its operation. The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve
modularity, and although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, more modern computers use a variety of separate buses
adapted to more specific needs.

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