TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Related Work
Problem
Statement
Objective
Design (Include
Methodology)
Implementation
Result Analysis
Conclusion and Future
Scope References
Appendix
Kamran Mustafa
Btech EEE
2201530210006
1. INTRODUCTION
Street lighting is one of the largest energy expenses for cities, with conventional
systems often operating inefficiently by staying on longer than necessary. These
systems typically follow fixed schedules, turning on before sunset and off after
sunrise, without adapting to actual light conditions. This leads to significant energy
waste and increased operational costs, particularly on days with varying light
conditions, such as sunny or rainy weather. Traditional incandescent bulbs further
exacerbate the problem with their high energy consumption, frequent maintenance,
and environmental impact due to carbon emissions.
This project proposes an automatic street lighting system powered by solar energy to
address these challenges. The system intelligently adjusts lighting based on
pedestrian movement, illuminating paths only when needed and dimming lights
during off-peak hours. It ensures efficient energy use, reduces costs, and minimizes
light pollution. This solution is highly adaptable, benefiting rural areas with limited
electricity and urban settings alike by promoting sustainability and reducing carbon
footprints.
2. RELATED WORKS
[1] [Link] et al have proposed about Street Light Glow on detecting vehicle movement
using sensor isa system that utilizes the latest technology for sources of light as LED lamps. It
is also used to control the switching of street light automatically according to the light
intensity to develop
flow based dynamic control statistics using infrared detection technology and maintain
wireless communication among lamppost and control terminal using ZigBee Wireless
protocol. It also combines various technologies: a timer, a statistics of traffic flow magnitude,
photodiodes, LED, power transistors.
[2] [Link] et al have surveyed on Street Lighting System Based on Vehicle Movements.
The system operates in the automatic mode which regulates the streetlight according to
brightness and dimness algorithm and light intensity. The control can be made according to
the seasonal variation. It includes a time cut-out function and an automatic control pattern
for conserving more electricity. The whole project was implemented using a PIC
microcontroller.
[3]Proposed a ZigBee based Remote Control Automatic Street Light System. The system
is designed with the help of ZigBee modules that helps in detecting the faulty lights and
control the light. It also discusses about an intelligent system that takes automatic
decisions for
ON/OFF/DIMMING considering the vehicle movement or pedestrian and also the surrounding
environment. PIR motion sensor is used to detect movement of both living and non-living
things.
[4][Link] et al have implemented design of traffic flow based street light control system
with effective utilization of solar energy in the year 2015. They used the renewable source of
energy i.e. the solar power for street lighting. They have also used 8052 series microcontroller
and is developed by replacing the normal bulbs with the LEDs due to which the power
consumption is reduced by 3 times. Sensors are placed on either side of the road which senses
the vehicle movement and sends the commands to the microcontroller to switch ON and OFF
the lights. Here all the street lights remain switched off and it glows only when it senses the
vehicle movement. Hence, because of the microcontroller, even when its night the lights are
switched off.
[5][Link] et al have analysed the street light with auto tracking system by which one
can increase the conversion efficiency of the solar power generation. Here, the sun tracking
sensor is the sensing device which senses the position of the sun time to time and gives the
output to the amplifier based on light density of the sun. Sun tracking sensor is LDR, amplifier
unit is used to amplify the LDR signals which converts low level signals to high level signals
and the output is given to comparator. The LM324 IC is used as an amplifier. Comparator
compares the signals and gives the command to AT89C51 microcontroller.
3. PROBLEM STATEMENTS
Statement 1: Street lights are on in the presence of sun light. Statement 2: Street
lights are on in the absence of any vehicle and pedestrian.
Disadvantages of Classical Street Light:
Street lights remain always on when there is presence of light. These street lights need a
manual switching operation.
It also needs man power.
These street lights are unnecessarily glowing with its full intensity in the absence of any
activities in the street. High power consumption and waste of energy.
Advantages of the Proposed System
Automatic Switching of Street lights.
Maintenance Cost Reduction.
Reduction in CO₂ emission.
Reduction of light pollution.
Energy Saving.
Reduction of manpower.
4. OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is to implement an IoT based Automatic Street Lightning System.
As the traffic decreases slowly during late-night hours, the intensity gets reduced progressively till
morning to save energy and thus, the street lights switch on at the dusk and then switch off at the
dawn, automatically. The process repeats every day. White Light Emitting Diodes (LED) replaces
conventional HID lamps in street lighting system to include dimming feature. The intensity is not
possible to be controlled by the high intensity discharge: (HID) lamp
which is generally used in urban street lights. LED lights are the future of lighting because of
their low energy consumption and long life. LED lights are fast replacing conventional lights
because intensity control is possible by the pulse width modulation. This proposed system uses
an Arduino board. Strings of LED are interfaced to the Arduino board. A programmed Arduino
board is engaged to provide different intensities at different times of the night. This project is
enhanced by integrating the LDR to follow the switching operation precisely and IOT to display
the status of street on web browser and help in controlling it.
The main objectives are as follows:
To avoid unnecessary Waste of light.
Provide efficient, automatic and smart lighting system.
Totally based on Renewable energy sources.
Longer life expectancy.
Energy Saving.
5. PROPOSED METHOD
The present system employs power delivery via a single phase line to the streetlight. The
proposed system involves five more components to regulate the power delivery. [7] An Infra -
Red Proximity Sensor at the base of the street light detects presence in a small area around the
street light. The data from the sensor is sent to the Arduino which forms brain of the circuit. The
Arduino then commands to switch between dim and bright modes depending upon the
requirement and thus controls the brightness of the street light. A battery eliminator, also
powered by the single phase line, is used to supply 5V inputs to the sensors and Arduino.
Arduino IDE: The Arduino Software (IDE) is an open source software and it makes easy
to the code and upload it to the board. I t runs on the different plant from Windows, MAC
OS, Linux. The environment is written in Java and before running the IDE Java software to
be installed on the machine this software can be used with any Arduino board.
LDR: A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose
resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light
sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or
simply photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity.
IR Sensor: An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain
characteristics of its surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared
radiation. It is also capable of measuring heat of an object and detecting motion.
Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye.
The design basically includes three working modes:-
OFF mode: When there is enough natural light in the surrounding i.e. during the
daytime, the entire system is switched off and the batteries are charging.
Active mode: When the natural light drops below a certain level the system
automatically turns on and the motion sensors are powered.
ON mode: On the presence of pedestrians, the sensors turns on which in turn switches
on the LED lights. These lights turns off after a period of time.
5.1 PERT CHART:-
Flow chart of Smart lighting system:-
Page-6
6. IMPLEMENTATION
OVERVIEW:
We have used one LDR circuit to distinguish between the day and night. LDR with a small register in
series is connected across the 5V and GND of the Arduino Uno and from the midpoint of the LDR
potential divider circuit the output of the circuit is feed to A0 of
the Arduino which turn on all the street lights which are represented by Led connected to
the output pin (ie: 5 ,6 ,7 ,8,9 ,IO ,71,,12, 13 ).
LDR is a special type of resistor whose value depends on the brightness of the light
which is falling on it. lt has resistance of about 1M-ohm when in total darkness but
a resistance of only 5 k-ohm when brightness is illuminated.
Four infrared receiver and sender circuits are made to detect the movements and
output from the receiver is fed to the input terminal (ie. 1,2,3,4)which corresponds to
the led connected to 5,6,7,8,9,L0,LI,L2,L3 respectively. All the object sensors are
connected between 5V and GND of the Arduino UNO.
WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT:
The output from the LDR is connected to the A0 and initially LDR flag and LDR value is set to zero.
The value of LDR reference value is initialized and set to 500(baud rate). If the Arduino UNO reads
any value from LDR whose value is less than the LDR reference
value than it will turn on the street lights.
The output from lR1 and lR2, lR3, and object lR4 are connected to the pin
A1,A2,A3,A4 and reference value of all sensor is set to 500(baud rate) which
corresponds to led connected to ~3,~5,~6,~9,and~10.
Another four proxy value for each object sensor are set to zero and if any object
sensor detects any presence of objects then Arduino UNO compares the value with
the object reference value. If the sensed value is less than the reference value it will
glow
with 100% of its intensity otherwise LEDs will be off.
PIN DIAGRAM:-
RESULTS:-
The project aims were to reduce the side effects of the current lighting system and find a
Solution to save power. In this project the first thing to do is to prepare the inputs and outputs
of the system to control the lights. The project shown in the figure has been implemented and
works as expected and will prove to be very useful. The prototype of the system with obstacle
detection on the street through IR sensor where the IR Sensor detects the obstacle and switch
ON the Lights.
Fig: 6.1(Initial Setup Phase 1)
The Fig 6.1 depicts the initial setup of the hardware. All the components are in accordance to
every other component. The five IR sensors are placed next to each other. The Arduino board is
connected to the external power supply for the flow of current. All the five IR sensors are
connected to the Arduino board. The resistor is placed on the bread board to control the flow of
current.
Fig: 6.2 (Initial Setup Phase 2)
The Fig 6.2 depicts the second phase where all the LED’s glow immediately for few seconds and
then switches off. It glows on as soon as it becomes dark. Except the first LED, all the other
LEDs are switched off.
Fig: 6.3(Object detection)
The Fig 5.3 depicts the vehicle movement or object movement. As shown in the fig, the
third streetlight is switched on as it detected the object. Immediately, as the vehicle passes
by, these lights are switched off and the next block of lights are switched on.
7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
Using this smart project, we can also estimate the speed of the vehicle, recognizing the number
plate, recognizing the accidents took place on roads etc. This Smart Street light project not only
helps in rural areas but also beneficial in urban areas too. As we are moving towards more
advancement we require more power so use of renewable resources is useful and advantageous.
With this project, we can even add smart parking of vehicle
and it is even useful for driverless cars.
With the advances in technology and good resource planning the cost of the project can be cut
down and also with the use of good equipment the maintenance can also be reduced in terms of
periodic checks. The LEDs have long life, emit cool light, donor have any toxic material and can
be used for fast switching. For these reasons our project presents far more advantages which can
over shadow the present limitations. Keeping in view the long term benefits and the initial cost
would never be a problem as the investment return time is very less. The project has scope in
various other applications like for providing lighting in industries, campuses and parking lots of
huge shopping malls. This can also be used for surveillance in corporate campuses and
industries. This project “IoT Based Smart Intelligent Lighting System for Smart City “ is a cost
effective, practical, eco-friendly and the safest way to save energy and this system the light status
information can be accessed from anytime and anywhere. It clearly tackles the two problems that
world is facing today, saving of energy and also disposal of incandescent lamps, very efficiently
Arduino Program
// Smart Street Lighting System using Arduino
// Define pin connections
const int motionSensorPin1 = 2; // Pin for PIR sensor 1
const int motionSensorPin2 = 4; // Pin for PIR sensor 2
const int streetLightPin = 3; // Pin for LED/Streetlight
void setup() {
pinMode(motionSensorPin1, INPUT);
pinMode(motionSensorPin2, INPUT);
pinMode(streetLightPin, OUTPUT);
[Link](9600); // For debugging purposes
}
void loop() {
int motionDetected1 = digitalRead(motionSensorPin1); // Read motion sensor 1 value
int motionDetected2 = digitalRead(motionSensorPin2); // Read motion sensor 2 value
// Print values for debugging
[Link]("Motion Detected Sensor 1: ");
[Link](motionDetected1);
[Link]("Motion Detected Sensor 2: ");
[Link](motionDetected2);
// Check if motion is detected by either sensor
if (motionDetected1 == HIGH || motionDetected2 == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(streetLightPin, HIGH); // Turn on the streetlight
} else {
digitalWrite(streetLightPin, LOW); // Turn off the streetlight
}
delay(100); // Short delay to avoid rapid toggling
}
REFERENCE
[1].[Link] [2].S. Suganya, R. Sinduja, T. Sowmiya& S.
Senthilkumar, Street light glow on detecting vehicle movement using sensor
[3]. [Link] Sheela,[Link], Survey on Street Lighting System Based On
Vehicle Movements
[4]. Srikanth M, Sudhakar K N,ZigBee Based Remote Control Automatic Street Light System
[5]. [Link], Syed ajram shah, [Link], K,Arun Kumar, Design and implementation of
traffic flow based street light control system with effective utilization of solar energy,
International journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, IJSEAT, Vol 3, Issue
9,
September -2015
[6]. [Link], [Link], [Link], Analysis of Solar energy based street light
with auto tracking system, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol 2, Issue 7, July 2013 [7]. Steve Chadwick,“Street
Light Monitoring – a Practical Solution magazine”
November/December 2002 [8]. “Intelligent Street Lighting System Using Gsm” International
Journal of Engineering
Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734,
[10] Archana. G, Aishwarya N, Anitha J “Intelligent Street Light System” International
Journal of Recent Advances in Engineering & Technology,
Vol-3, Issue-4, 2015.
LINKS-
[Link]
aving_function_based_on_the_sensor_network
[Link] lamanna12/yr2proj/[Link]
