Lecture Note
On
Cloud Computing
Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is the combination of Network with Internet. It is a technology which is
manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and software resources remotely. It
offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application. It is the on-demand delivery of IT
resources over the Internet.
Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining
physical data centres and servers, one can
access technology services,
such as computing power,
storage, and databases, on an as-needed
basis from a cloud server.
Cloud computing offers platform
independency, that means software is not
required to be installed in a local PC.
In a cloud computing system the Remote
Servers are responsible for
running everything from e-mail to word processing to complex
data analysis programs for the client users and all the computing
process owned by another company.
Cloud can provide services over public and private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.
Applications like e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management (CRM)
executes on cloud.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Back-up and restore data: Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get
backup and restore that data using the cloud computing technology.
• Improved collaboration: Cloud applications have improved collaboration by allowing
groups of people to share information in the cloud quickly and easily.
• Excellent accessibility: It allows us to access and store data or information quickly and
easily from anywhere and anytime using internet connection. Ultimately it increases
the productivity and efficiency of the organization.
• Low maintenance cost: Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software
maintenance costs for an organization.
• Mobility: Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data while on roaming.
• Unlimited storage capacity: Cloud offers us a huge amount of storage capacity for
storing our data such as documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.
• Data security: Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud
offers many advanced features related to security and ensures that the data is safe.
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Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Internet Connectivity: Cloud Server can be accessed only through internet. So if there
is no good internet connectivity or no internet connection, than the data cannot be
accessed properly.
• Vendor lock-in: Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing.
Organizations may face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to
another. As different vendors provide different platforms, that creates a problem to move
data from one cloud to another.
• Limited Control: As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and
monitored by the service provider, so the cloud users have less control on the cloud
servers.
• Security: Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards, but
before adopting cloud technology, the organization must be aware that they are
handing over all the organization's sensitive information to a third party, which is a
cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a
chance that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
Types of Cloud
There are the following 4 types of cloud that
you can deploy according to the
organization's requirements.
Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information through Internet using the pay-
perusage method. In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the
Cloud Service Provider (CSP).
Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM
Smart Cloud Enterprise, Microsoft, Google App
Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
Advantages of Public Cloud o Public cloud is owned
at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry
about the maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to
consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the
internet.
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Disadvantages of Public Cloud
o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud
provider.
o The Client has no control of data.
Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as
an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used
by organizations to build and manage their own data
centres internally or by the third party.
Based on the location and management, National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) divide
private cloud into the following two parts-
o On-premise private cloud
o Outsourced private cloud
Advantages of Private Cloud o Private cloud provides a high level of security and
privacy to the users. o Private cloud offers better performance with improved
speed and space capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources. o The
organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the organization
itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and
data security is the first priority.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud o Skilled people are required to
manage and operate cloud services.
o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and
organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to
maintain and manage the cloud.
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Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud
and the private cloud.
It is partially secure because the services which
are running on the public cloud can be accessed
by anyone, while the services which are running
on a private cloud can be accessed only by the
organization's users.
Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google
Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365 (MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web
Services.
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public
cloud.
o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is
not as good as the private cloud.
o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one
type of deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.
Community Cloud
Community cloud allows systems
and services to be accessible by a
group of several organizations to share the
information between the organization and a
specific community. It is owned, managed,
and operated by one or more organizations
in the community, a third party, or a
combination of them.
Example: Health Care community cloud
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Advantages of Community Cloud
o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several
organizations or communities.
o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud
with more
o security features than the public cloud. o It provides better security than the
public cloud.
o It provides collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other
capabilities among various organizations.
Disadvantages of Community Cloud
o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization. o Security
features are not as good as the private cloud.
o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.
Historical development
History of Cloud Computing
Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which is basically a
centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data and all the controls are
resided on the server side. If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program,
he/she need to connect to the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can
do his/her business.
The concept of Cloud Computing came into existence in the year 1950 with implementation of
mainframe computers, accessible via thin/static clients. Since then, cloud computing has
been evolved from static clients to dynamic ones and from software to services.
Vision of Cloud Computing
The vision of cloud computing are
1. Cloud computing provides the facility of virtual hardware, runtime environment and
services to an individual or an organization.
2. The service of cloud server can be accessed as long as the user needed. There is no
requirement of any upfront commitment.
3. The entire collection of computing system is transformed into a collection of utilities,
which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in hours rather
than days, with no maintenance costs.
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4. The long term vision of a cloud computing is that, IT services and business can be
traded as an utilities in an open market without any technological and legal barriers.
5. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help
service providers to potentially increase their revenue.
6. A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competitor service in order to fulfil
its promises to customers.
Characteristics of Cloud computing
According to NIST (National institute of standards) there are five essential characteristics of
cloud computing:
1. On Demand Self Service: User gets on demand computer services like email,
applications etc. without interacting with the service provider. Some of the cloud service
providers are- Amazon Web Service, Microsoft, IBM, Salesforce.com
2. Broad network access: Cloud services is available over the network and can be accessed
by different clients through Cell phone, IPAD, TAB, Laptops etc.
3. Resource pooling: Same resources can be used by more than one customer at a same
time. For example- storage and network bandwidth can be used by any number of customers
and without knowing the exact location of that resource.
4. Rapid elasticity: On users demand cloud services can be available and released. Cloud
service capabilities are unlimited and can be accessed at any time.
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5. Measured service: Resources used by the users can be monitored, controlled. The
reports are available for both cloud providers and consumers. On the basis of this measured
reports cloud system automatically controls and optimizes the resources based on the type of
services.
Cloud computing Reference model
The cloud computing reference model is an conceptual model that characterize and
standardize the functions of a cloud computing environment by partitioning it into conceptual
layers and cross-layer functions. This reference model groups the cloud computing functions
and activities into five logical layers and three cross-layer functions.
Cloud computing layers
Physical Layer
• It is the Foundation layer of the cloud infrastructure.
• It Specifies entities that operate at this layer : Compute systems, network devices and
storage devices. Operating environment, protocol, tools and processes.
• It executes the request which is generated by the virtualization and control layer.
Virtual Layer
• Deployed on the physical layer.
• It Specifies the entities that operate at this layer like Virtualization software, resource
pools, virtual resources.
• It Executes the requests generated by control layer. Control Layer
• Deployed either on virtual layer or on physical layer
• It controls and manages the required software
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• It enables resource configuration, resource pool configuration and resource
provisioning. Executes requests generated by service layer.
Service Orchestration Layer
• Specifies the entities that operate at this layer i.e. Orchestration software.
• It provides workflows for executing automated tasks.
Service Layer
• Consumers interact and consume cloud resources via this layer.
• It specifies the entities that operate at this layer : Service catalogue and self-service
portal.
• Functions of service layer : It stores information about cloud services in service
catalogue and presents them to the consumers. It enables consumer to access and
manage cloud services via a self-service portal.
Cross-layer function Business
continuity
It is responsible for any kind faults as well as responsible for data replication and
backup.
Security
It provides secure data transmission between Cloud and consumer. It protects
consumer’s information
Service Management
Specifies adoption of activities related to service portfolio management and service operation
management.
Service portfolio management :
• Define the service roadmap, service features, and service levels
• Assess and prioritize where investments across the service portfolio are most needed
• Establish budgeting and pricing
• Deal with consumers in supporting activities such as taking orders, processing bills, and
collecting payments
Service operation management :
• Enables infrastructure configuration and resource provisioning
• Enable problem resolution
• Enables capacity and availability management
• Enables compliance conformance
• Enables monitoring cloud services and their constituent elements
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Cloud computing environment
In a cloud environment, consumers can deploy and run their software applications on a
sophisticated infrastructure that is owned and managed by cloud provider (e.g., Amazon Web
Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform). Following are the Cloud Computing
Environments.
1. Application development: Cloud computing provides application services that is same
as the behaviour of a desktop applications that are completely hosted and managed
by the cloud services providers. Example- Web Browsing, Email, Online Purchase etc.
2. Infrastructure and system development: It is a technology that integrates cloud
recourses like Cloud Server, Cloud Network etc. with the consumer’s network so that
the user will access data and information form the cloud server. It also provides the
solutions to add and remove resources.
3. Computing platforms and technologies: It provides the benefit to different platforms
and frameworks that provides different types of services. Some of the cloud
computing platforms and technologies are:
• Amazon web services (AWS): Provides customers with a wide array of cloud services.
• Google AppEngine: For developing and hosting web applications in Google-managed data
centres.
• Salesforce.com: It is a cloud computing SaaS company that specializes in customer
relationship management (CRM).
Cloud Service requirements
1. Efficiency / cost reduction: By using cloud infrastructure, you don't have to spend huge
amounts of money on purchasing and maintaining equipment.
2. Data security: Cloud offers many advanced security features that secured the stored
data. Cloud storage providers implement baseline protections for their platforms like
authentication, access, control, and encryption.
3. Scalability: Different companies have different IT needs -- a large enterprise of 1000+
employees won't have the same IT requirements as a start-up. Using cloud is a great
solution because it enables enterprise to efficiently and quickly according to their
business demands.
4. Mobility: Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data through
smartphones and devices, which is a great way to ensure that no one is ever left out of
the network. Staff with busy schedules, or away from the corporate office, can use this
feature to keep instantly up-to-date with clients and co-workers.
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5. Disaster recovery: Data loss is a major concern for all organizations, along with data
security. Storing the data in the cloud guarantees that data is always available, even if
the client equipment like laptops or PCs, is damaged. Cloud-based services provides
quick data recovery for all kinds of emergency situation.
6. Control: Cloud enables you complete visibility and control over the data. One can
easily decide which users have what type of data can be accessed.
7. Market reach: The development of cloud technology ensures the Market reach very
easily and quickly for the new IT companies.
8. Automatic Software Updates: Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and
update themselves.
Cloud and Dynamic Infrastructure
1. Service management: This type of
services is provided to the IT based
companies by the cloud service
providers. This facility includes
automation and control of the IT
company.
2. Asset-Management: In this the assets
or the property which is involved in
providing the cloud services are getting
managed.
3. Virtualization and consolidation:
Consolidation is an effort to reduce the
cost of a technology by improving its
operating efficiency and effectiveness. It means migrating from large number of
resources to fewer one, which is done by virtualization technology.
4. Information Infrastructure: It helps the business organizations to achieve the various
Information like compliance, availability of resources, preservation and security
objectives.
5. Energy-Efficiency: Due to energy efficiency, it is not likely to damage or effect any
other things of the IT infrastructure or organization.
6. Security: The Cloud infrastructure is responsible for the risk management. Risk
management Refers to the risks involved in the services which are being provided by
the cloud-service providers.
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7. Resilience (Flexibility): Due to flexibility the infrastructure is safe from all sides and the
IT operations will not be easily get affected.
Cloud Adoption
Cloud adoption means adopting
a service or technology from
another cloud service provider.
Here Cloud means the
environment of cloud where the
cloud services are
being operated. Adoption
term states that accepting the
services of new Technology.
• The Cloud adoption is
suitable for low priority
business applications.
• It supports some interactive applications that combines two or more data sources. For
example:-if a company requires to grow his business in the whole country in a short
span of time then it must need a quick promotion or short promotion across the
country adopting cloud technology.
• Cloud Adoption is useful when the recovery management, backup recovery based
implementations are required.
• It will work well with research and development projects. It means the testing of new
services, design models and also the applications that can be get adjusted on small
servers.
• Applications which requires different level of infrastructure throughout the day or
throughout the month should be deployed Through the cloud.
Cloud applications
Cloud Computing has its applications in almost all the fields such as business, entertainment,
data storage, social networking, management, entertainment, education, art and GPS (Global
Positioning System), etc. Some of the widely famous cloud computing applications are
• Business Applications
Cloud computing has made businesses more collaborative and easy by incorporating
various apps such as MailChimp, Chatter, Google Apps for business, and Quickbooks.
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• MailChimp: MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides various
options to design, send, and save templates for emails.
• Chatter: Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization
in real time.
• Quickbooks: Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise anytime,
anywhere, on any device." It provides online accounting solutions for the business.
It allows more than 20 users to work simultaneously on the same system.
• Data Storage and Backup
Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on
the cloud and access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider
is responsible for providing security, so they offer various backup recovery application for
retrieving the lost data. A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud are given below -
• Box.com: Box provides an online environment for secure content management,
workflow, and collaboration. It allows us to store different files such as Excel,
Word, PDF, and images on the cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it
provides drag & drop service for files and easily integrates with Office 365, G Suite,
Salesforce, and more than 1400 tools.
• Mozy: Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and
business data. It schedules automatically back up for each day at a specific time.
• Oukuu: Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup
files. Many users use joukuu to search files, folders, and collaborate on
documents.
• Google G Suite: Google G Suite is one of the
best cloud storage and backup application. It includes Google Calendar, Docs,
Forms, Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud storage and tools for managing cloud
apps. The most popular app in the Google G Suite is Gmail. Gmail offers free email
services to users. • Management Applications
Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage
all types of cloud activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and
disaster recovery. These management tools also provide administrative control over
the platforms, applications, and infrastructure. Some important management
applications are -
• Toggl: Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.
• Evernote: Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes,
and other notes in one convenient place. It is available for both free as well as a
paid version. It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and
Unix.
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• Outright: Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It
helps to track income, expenses, profits, and losses in real-time environment.
• GoToMeeting: GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting
apps, which allows you to start a meeting with your business partners from
anytime, anywhere using mobile phones or tablets. Using GoToMeeting app, you
can perform the tasks related to the management such as join meetings in
seconds, view presentations on the shared screen, get alerts for upcoming
meetings, etc.
• Social Applications
Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other
using social networking applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.
Following are some of cloud based social applications -
• Facebook: Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to
share files, photos, videos, status, more to their friends, relatives, and business
partners using the cloud storage system. On Facebook, we will always get
notifications when our friends like and comment on the posts.
• Twitter: Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows
users to follow high profile celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It sends
and receives short posts called tweets.
• Yammer: Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of
employees to chat, share images, documents, and videos.
• LinkedIn: LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.
• Art Applications
Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive
cards, booklets, and images.
Some most commonly used cloud art applications are given below:
• Moo: Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and
printing business cards, postcards, and mini cards.
• Vistaprint: Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products
such as business cards, Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitations cards.
• Adobe Creative Cloud: Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists,
filmmakers, and other creative professionals. It is a suite of apps which includes
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PhotoShop image editing programming, Illustrator, InDesign, TypeKit,
Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.
• Education Applications
Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online
distance learning platforms and student information portals to the students. The advantage of
using cloud in the field of education is that it offers strong virtual classroom environments, Ease
of accessibility, secure data storage, scalability, greater reach for the students, and minimal
hardware requirements for the applications.
These are the following education applications offered by the cloud -
• Google Apps for Education: Google Apps for Education is the most widely used
platform for free web-based email, calendar, documents, and collaborative study.
• Chromebooks for Education: Chromebook for Education is one of the most
important Google's projects. It is designed for the purpose that it enhances
education innovation.
• Tablets with Google Play for Education: It allows educators to quickly implement
the latest technology solutions into the classroom and make it available to their
students.
• AWS in Education: AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to
universities, community colleges, and schools.
• Entertainment Applications
Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target
audience. Cloud computing offers various entertainment applications such as online
games and video conferencing.
• Online games: Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important
entertainment media. It offers various online games that run remotely from
the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are GeForce Now, Vortex, Project
xCloud, and PlayStation Now.
• Video Conferencing Apps: Video conferencing apps provides a simple and
instant connected experience. It allows us to communicate with our business
partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-based video conferencing. The
benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces cost, increases
efficiency, and removes interoperability.
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