What is Spring Framework?

Spring Framework is a powerful, open-source framework for building Java-based enterprise

applications. It provides a comprehensive programming and configuration model for modern Java
applications — from simple web apps to complex enterprise-level systems.

Key Features of Spring Framework

Dependency Injection (DI)

Reduces tight coupling between components by injecting dependencies at runtime.

Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)

Helps in separating cross-cutting concerns (e.g., logging, security) from business logic.

Web MVC Framework

Supports building web applications using the Model-View-Controller (MVC) pattern.

Transaction Management

Provides a consistent programming model for transaction management, abstracting away the
underlying complexities.

Security

Supports secure authentication and authorization using Spring Security.

Lightweight and Fast

Unlike traditional Java EE, Spring is lightweight and promotes faster development and deployment.

What is Inversion of Control (IoC)?

Inversion of Control (IoC) is a design principle used in software engineering to invert the flow of
control in a program. Instead of the programmer creating objects and managing dependencies
manually, the control is given to a framework or container

Key Benefits of IoC

Loose Coupling, Better Testability, Reusability, Flexibility

What is dependency injection and how is it implemented

in Spring and the types of dependency injection
Dependency Injection (DI) is a design pattern and a key concept in Inversion of Control (IoC), where
an object’s dependencies are provided (injected) from the outside rather than being created by the
object itself.
Dependency Injection means passing the required objects (dependencies) into a class instead of
creating them inside the class.

Why Use DI?

 Promotes loose coupling

 Increases testability

 Makes code cleaner and more maintainable

How DI is Implemented in Spring Framework:

 Spring handles DI through its IoC container, which automatically creates and
injects dependencies using annotations or XML configuration.

Type Description Example

1. Constructor Dependencies are injected through class @Autowired on
Injection constructors. constructor
Dependencies are injected
2. Setter Injection @Autowired on setters
using public setter methods.
Dependencies are injected
3. Field Injection @Autowired on fields
directly into fields.

Explain concept of inversion of control in Spring and what

are the advantages of using spring for dependency
injection and inversion of control
inversion of Control (IoC) is a core principle of the Spring Framework. It refers to the reversal of
control flow in a program. Instead of the developer manually creating and managing objects, the
control of object creation, configuration, and management is handed over to the Spring IoC
container.

In Spring, IoC is mainly implemented through Dependency Injection (DI). The framework
automatically injects required objects (dependencies) into classes during runtime.

How Spring Implements IoC

 Spring uses a container (called the IoC container) to create, manage, and inject beans
(objects).

 Beans and their dependencies are defined in:

o XML configuration, or

o Annotations (like @Component, @Autowired), or

o Java-based configuration (@Configuration, @Bean).

Advantages of Using Spring for IoC and DI

Advantage Explanation
Objects are independent and don't create their own dependencies.
🔄 Loose Coupling This makes the code easier to manage and extend.
🧪 Improved Dependencies can be easily mocked or swapped in tests, especially
Testability with constructor injection.
Since objects are loosely coupled, components can be reused in
🔄 Reusability different contexts.
⚙️ Centralized All dependencies and object creation logic are managed centrally by
Configuration the Spring container.
🔁 Lifecycle Spring handles the entire lifecycle of beans — creation,
Management initialization, and destruction.
📦 Modular and Only the required components/modules are used, reducing
Flexible complexity.
Reduces boilerplate code and simplifies application development,
🚀 Productivity especially for enterprise apps.

What is aspect oriented programming? how does aspect

oriented programming work in spring, provide example
Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) is a programming technique used to separate cross-cutting
concerns (like logging, security, or transactions) from the main business logic of a program
In Spring, AOP allows us to write such common functionalities once in a separate class (called an
Aspect) and apply them to multiple methods or classes without repeating code.

Key Points:
 AOP improves modularity and reusability.

 It helps in writing clean and maintainable code.

 Common AOP terms: Aspect, Advice, Join Point, Pointcut.

 Spring implements AOP using proxies and annotations.

How AOP Works in Spring Framework

 Spring AOP is based on proxy-based programming. It uses proxies to wrap around

objects and intercept method calls, adding additional behavior before, after, or
around the execution.

What are different types of Bean scope is Spring explain

each one and describe the spring Bean life cycle
Types of Bean Scopes in Spring
In Spring, a bean scope defines the lifetime and visibility of a bean — in other words, how long the
bean will exist and how many instances will be created.

🌱 1. Singleton (Default Scope)

 Only one instance of the bean is created per Spring container.

 That same instance is reused for every request.

 Most commonly used.

🔁 2. Prototype

 A new bean instance is created every time the bean is requested.

 Useful when you need different states for each use.

🌐 3. Request (Web-aware only)

 A new bean is created for each HTTP request.

Available only in Spring Web applications.

 Scope ends when the request is completed.

🌐 4. Session (Web-aware only)

 A new bean is created for each HTTP session.

 Same bean is reused during that user’s session.

🌐 5. Application

 One bean is created for the entire lifecycle of a web application.

 Shared across all sessions and requests.

🧪 6. Websocket

 A new bean is created for the lifecycle of a WebSocket connection.

🌀 Spring Bean Life Cycle

The Spring Bean Life Cycle represents the stages a bean goes through from creation to destruction.

🔄 Steps in Spring Bean Life Cycle:

1. Bean Definition

o Bean is defined in XML, Java Config, or using annotations like @Component.

2. Instantiation

o Spring creates an instance of the bean.

3. Populate Properties (Dependency Injection)

o Dependencies (other beans) are injected into the bean.

 4. BeanNameAware (Optional)

o If the bean implements BeanNameAware, Spring passes the bean’s ID.

5. BeanFactoryAware / ApplicationContextAware (Optional)

o If implemented, Spring provides the container reference.

6. Pre-initialization (@PostConstruct or [Link]())

o Custom init logic can be placed here.

7. Custom Init Method (Optional)

o Called if specified in configuration (e.g., init-method="init").

8. Bean is Ready to Use

o Bean is now fully initialized and available for use.

9. Destruction (@PreDestroy or [Link]())

o When the container is closed, Spring calls the destroy methods.

10. Custom Destroy Method (Optional)

 Called if specified in config (e.g., destroy-method="cleanup").

What do you understand by rest full web services in

springwood what are its advantages how to build restful
web services in Spring boot explain get put post and delete
method with respect to rest API with example
RESTful Web Services are web-based services that follow the principles of REST (Representational
State Transfer) architecture. They allow systems to communicate over the internet using HTTP
methods.

In Spring Boot, RESTful services are built easily using Spring MVC annotations, where you can
expose your business logic via HTTP endpoints (URLs) to allow other systems or applications to
interact.

Advantages of RESTful Web Services in Spring Boot

Advantage Description

🚀 Easy to Build Spring Boot auto-configures everything, reducing boilerplate code.

🔄 Stateless
Each HTTP request is independent, making the service scalable.
Communication

📱 Platform Independent REST APIs can be consumed by web, mobile, or any other client.
Advantage Description

🌍 Supports Multiple
Mainly uses JSON or XML for data exchange.
Formats

REST services can be easily integrated with frontend frameworks like

🧪 Easily Integrates
React, Angular, etc.

GET Method

 Purpose: To retrieve or fetch data from the server.

 Nature: Read-only; does not modify data.

 Idempotent: Yes (calling multiple times gives the same result).

 Usage in REST: Used to fetch resources like a list of users, product details, etc

 Example GET /students

POST Method

 Purpose: To create a new resource on the server.

 Nature: Write; sends data to the server to be saved.

 Idempotent: No (multiple calls may create multiple records).

 Usage in REST: Used to create a new entry in the database, like adding a new student or
product.

POST /students

Body: {

"name": "John",

"age": 22

PUT Method

 Purpose: To update an existing resource completely.

 Nature: Update; replaces the existing data with new data.

 Idempotent: Yes (multiple calls with same data give same result).

 Usage in REST: Used when a full update of a resource is required.

PUT /students/101

Body: {

"name": "John Updated",

"age": 23
}

DELETE Method

 Purpose: To delete a resource from the server.

 Nature: Delete; removes data.

 Idempotent: Yes (deleting the same resource again has no further effect).

 Usage in REST: Used to remove a record from the database.

 DELETE /students/101