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CHAPTER 12
Radiation Heat Transfer
in Three-Surface Enclosures
We now consider an enclosure consisting of three opaque, diffuse, gray sur-
faces, as shown in Figure 12–26. Surfaces 1, 2, and 3 have surface areas
A1, A2, and A3; emissivities 1, 2, and 3; and uniform temperatures T1, T2, and
T3, respectively. The radiation network of this geometry is constructed by fol-
lowing the standard procedure: draw a surface resistance associated with each
of the three surfaces and connect these surface resistances with space resis-
tances, as shown in the figure. Relations for the surface and space resistances
are given by Eqs. 12–26 and 12–31. The three endpoint potentials Eb1, Eb2,
and Eb3 are considered known, since the surface temperatures are specified.
Then all we need to find are the radiosities J1, J2, and J3. The three equations
for the determination of these three unknowns are obtained from the require-
ment that the algebraic sum of the currents (net radiation heat transfer) at
each node must equal zero. That is,
Eb1 J1 J2 J1 J3 J1
0
R1 R12 R13
J1 J2 Eb2 J2 J3 J2
0
R12 R2 R23
J1 J3 J2 J3 Eb3 J3
0 (12-41)
R13 R23 R3
Once the radiosities J1, J2, and J3 are available, the net rate of radiation heat
transfers at each surface can be determined from Eq. 12–32.
The set of equations above simplify further if one or more surfaces are “spe-
cial” in some way. For example, Ji Ebi Ti4 for a black or reradiating sur-
·
face. Also, Q i 0 for a reradiating surface. Finally, when the net rate of
·
radiation heat transfer Q i is specified at surface i instead of the temperature,
·
the term (Ebi Ji)/Ri should be replaced by the specified Q i.
ε1, A1, T1
1
R12 = ——–
. A1F12
Q1 Eb1 J1 J2 Eb2 .
ε 2, A2, T2 . Q2
1 1–ε Q12 . 1–ε
R1 = ——–1 . Q23 R2 = ——–2
2 A1ε1 A2ε2
Q13
1
R13 = ——– 1
A1F13 R23 = ——–
A2 F23
3 J3
ε 3 , A3, T3
1–ε
R3 = ——–3
A 3ε 3
Eb3
.
Q3
FIGURE 12–26
Schematic of a three-surface enclosure and the radiation network associated with it.
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HEAT TRANSFER
T1 = 700 K
1 ε1 = 0.8 EXAMPLE 12–8 Radiation Heat Transfer in a Cylindrical Furnace
ro Consider a cylindrical furnace with r0 H 1 m, as shown in Figure 12–27.
The top (surface 1) and the base (surface 2) of the furnace has emissivities
1 0.8 and 2 0.4, respectively, and are maintained at uniform tempera-
tures T1 700 K and T2 500 K. The side surface closely approximates a
3 blackbody and is maintained at a temperature of T3 400 K. Determine the
H Black net rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface during steady operation and
T3 = 400 K explain how these surfaces can be maintained at specified temperatures.
SOLUTION The surfaces of a cylindrical furnace are maintained at uniform
temperatures. The net rate of radiation heat transfer at each surface during
steady operation is to be determined.
2 T2 = 500 K Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The surfaces are opaque,
ε2 = 0.4 diffuse, and gray. 3 Convection heat transfer is not considered.
FIGURE 12–27 Analysis We will solve this problem systematically using the direct method to
The cylindrical furnace demonstrate its use. The cylindrical furnace can be considered to be a three-
considered in Example 12–8. surface enclosure with surface areas of
A1 A2 ro2 (1 m)2 3.14 m2
A3 2roH 2(1 m)(1 m) 6.28 m2
The view factor from the base to the top surface is, from Figure 12–7, F12
0.38. Then the view factor from the base to the side surface is determined by
applying the summation rule to be
F11 F12 F13 1 → F13 1 F11 F12 1 0 0.38 0.62
since the base surface is flat and thus F11 0. Noting that the top and bottom
surfaces are symmetric about the side surface, F21 F12 0.38 and F23
F13 0.62. The view factor F31 is determined from the reciprocity relation,
A1F13 A3F31 → F31 F13(A1/A3) (0.62)(0.314/0.628) 0.31
Also, F32 F31 0.31 because of symmetry. Now that all the view factors are
available, we apply Eq. 12–35 to each surface to determine the radiosities:
1 1
Top surface (i 1): T14 J1 [F1 → 2 (J1 J2) F1 → 3 (J1 J3)]
1
1 2
Bottom surface (i 2): T24 J2 [F2 → 1 (J2 J1) F2 → 3 (J2 J3)]
2
Side surface (i 3): T34 J3 0 (since surface 3 is black and thus 3 1)
Substituting the known quantities,
1 0.8
(5.67 10 8
W/m2 · K4)(700 K)4 J1 [0.38(J1 J2) 0.68(J1 J3)]
0.8
1 0.4
(5.67 10 8
W/m2 · K4)(500 K)4 J2 [0.28(J2 J1) 0.68(J2 J3)]
0.4
(5.67 10 8
W/m2 · K4)(400 K)4 J3
