delineation.
Some observers have questioned whether the Renaissance was a cultural
"advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism
and nostalgia for classical antiquity, while social and economic historians,
especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity
between the two eras, which are linked, as Panofsky observed, "by a
thousand ties".
The word has also been extended to other historical and cultural
movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance (8th and 9th centuries),
Ottonian Renaissance (10th and 11th century), and the Renaissance of the
12th century.[
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected
European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy,
and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence
was felt in art, architecture, philosophy, literature, music, science,
technology, politics, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.
Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and
searched for realism and human emotion in art.