HOSILA TUSHUNCHASI VA MISOLLAR. HOSILANI HISOBLASH.

YUQORI TARTIBLI HOSILA. OSHKORMAS VA PARAMETRIK

FUNKSIYALAR HOSILASINI HISOBLASH. TESKARI FUNKSIYA
HOSILASI

FUNKSIYA HOSILASI
y  f ( x) funksiya a , b  kesmada aniqlangan bo‘lib, x, x  x  [a, b] .

Funksiyaning y  f ( x  x)  f ( x) orttirmasini argument orttirmasi  x ga nisbati

y
ning x nolga intilgandagi limiti y  f ( x ) funksiyaning x nuqtadagi hosilasi
x
dy
deyiladi. Quyidagi belgilardan biri bilan belgilanadi: y , f ( x ), . Demak,
dx
dy y f ( x  x)  f ( x)
y   f ( x )   lim  lim .
dx x 0 x x 0 x
Agar bu limit mavjud bo‘lsa, y  f ( x ) funksiya x nuqtada
differensiallanuvchi, hosilani topish jarayoni esa differensiallash deyiladi.
y  f ( x ) funksiyaning x nuqtadagi hosilasi funksiya grafigiga M ( x , f ( x ))
nuqtasida o‘ tkazilgan urinmaning burchak koeffitsientiga teng.
Fizik nuqtai nazardan y   f ( x ) hosila funksiyaning x nuqtadagi argument
x ga nisbatan o‘z garish tezligini aniqlaydi.

Agar C  o‘zgarmas son, u ( x ) va v ( x )  differensiallanuvchi funksiyalar

bo‘lsa, quyidagi differensiallash qoidalari o‘rinli:

1) C   0 ; 2 ) ( u  v )   u   v ; 3 ) ( Cu )  C u ; 4 ) ( uv )   u v  u v ;
 
u u v  u v  C  C v
5)    2
; 6)     2 ;
v v  v  v
7) agar y  f (u ) , u   ( x ), ya’ni y  f ( ( x ))  differensiallanuvchi
funksiyalardan tashkil topgan murakkab funksiya bo‘lsa, u holda
y x  y u u x yoki y   f ( u ) ( x );

8) agar y  f ( x ) funksiya uchun differensiallanuvchi x  g ( y ) teskari

funksiya mavjud va g ( y )  0 bo‘lsa, u holda
1 1
y x  yoki f ( x )  ;
x y g ( x )

1-misol
Ushbu y  x 3 funksiya hosilasini ta’rif bo‘ yicha toping.
►Argumentning ixtiyoriy  x orttirmasida
  y  ( x   x )  x  3 x  x  3 x x   x
3 3 2 2 3
,
y 3 x  x  3 x x   x
2 2 3

u holda y   lim  lim 

 lim 3 x  3 x  x   x
2 2
  3x 2
.◄
x 0 x x 0 x x 0

Funksiya x nuqtada differensiallanuvchi bo‘lsa, u shu nuqtada uzluksiz

bo‘ladi, aksinchasi har doim ham o‘rinli emas, ya’ni x nuqtada uzluksiz funksiya
shu nuqtada differensiallanuvchi bo‘lmasligi ham mumkin.

2-misol

Ushbu y  x funksiya x  0 nuqtada differensiallanuvchi bo‘ladimi?

► Funksiya berilgan nuqtada uzluksiz. Argumentning x  0 nuqtadagi
ixtiyoriy  x orttirmasida funksiya orttirmasi
   x , agar  x  0 bo`lsa ,
y  
  x , agar  x  0 bo`lsa.
Hosila ta’rifiga ko‘ra,
y   1, agar  x  0 bo`lsa ,
y   lim 
x 0  x  1, agar  x  0 bo`lsa.

Bundan kelib chiqadiki, y  x funksiya x  0 nuqtada hosilaga ega emas.◄

3-misol
 ln (arcsin
3
Ushbu y x) funksiyaning hosilasini toping
► Avval y  u murakkab funksiyadan hosila hisoblaymiz y   3u u  , bu yerda
3 2

1
u  ln(arcsin x) , hamda u  ln v bo‘lgani uchun, u  v , v  arcsin x . O‘z navbatida
v
1 1
v  arcsin w , v   w , w  x , w   ( x )  .
1 w
2
2 x
Demak,
1 1 1
y   3 ln (arcsin  
2
x) .◄
arcsin x 1 x 2 x

Logarifmlab differensiallash. Oshkormas va parametrik funksiya hosilalari

Funksiyani ketma-ket logarifmlash va differensiallash jarayoniga logarifmlab

differensiallash deyiladi: (ln f ( x ) )   f ( x ) f ( x ) . Bu qoida funksiyani avval
logarifmlash hosila topishni soddalashtiradigan hollarda qo‘llanadi.
4-misol
 x  3 2 3 x 1
Ushbu y funksiya hosilasini toping.
4
 x  2 3
►Avval logarifmlash maqsadga muvofiq,
1 3
ln y  2 ln( x  3 )  ln( x  1)  ln( x  2 ).
3 4
Tenglikdan hosila hisoblaymiz
y 2 1 3
   ;
y x3 3 ( x  1) 4( x  2)

 x  3 2 3 x 1  2 1 3 
y      ;
4
 x  2 3  x  3 3 ( x  1) 4 ( x  2 ) 

( x  3 )(19 x  26 x  3 )
2

y  .◄
12 ( x  2 ) 3  x  1
2 4
( x  2)
3

yu , bu yerda u  u ( x ), v  v ( x ) , ko‘rinishdagi funksiyaning hosilasini

v

hisoblashda avval logarifmlash quyidagi formulaga olib keladi:

v 1
y   u ln u  v   vu  u .
v

5-misol
3

Ushbu y  x sin x funksiya limitini hisoblang.

3 3
sin x  1
► ln y  sin x  ln x , y  x ln x  3 x cos x  sin x  x .◄
3 sin x 2 3 3

Agar y va x orasidagi bog‘lanish oshkormas ko‘rinishda, F ( x , y )  0

tenglama bilan berilgan bo‘lsa, bunday funksiya oshkormas funksiya deyiladi. y 
hosila F ( x , y )  0 tenglikning ikki tarafidan, y x ning funksiyasi ekanligini
e’tiborga olgan holda, hosila olib topiladi.

6-misol

Agar x 3  y 3  3 xy  0 bo‘lsa, y  hosilani hisoblang.

► Tenglikning ikki tarafidan hosila olamiz
3 x  3 y y   3 y  3 xy   0,
2 2

so‘ ngra tenglamadan y  ni topamiz

y  ( y  x ) ( y  x) . ◄
2 2
 Agar y funksiyaning x argumentga bog‘liqligi parametrik ko‘rinishda,
x  x ( t ), y  y ( t ) tenglamalar bilan berilgan bo‘lsa, bunday funksiya parametrik
y t
funksiya deyiladi. y yoki y x hosila y x  formula bilan hisoblanadi.
x t
7-misol
 x  1  t 2 ,
Quyidagi  tenglama bilan berilgan funksiyaning y x hosilasini toping.
 y  tg 1  t

y t t 1 1 1
► y x  , x ( t )  , y ( t )    .
x t 1 t
2
cos
2
1 t 2 1 t 2 1  t cos
2
1 t

1 t 1 t
2

y x    .◄
2 t 1  t cos 1 t 1 t
2 2
2 t cos

Yuqori tartibli hosilalar.

Berilgan y  f ( x ) funksiyaning hosilasidan olingan hosila ikkinchi tartibli
hosila, (n  1)  tartibli hosilasidan olingan hosila n  tartibli hosila deyiladi va mos
2 n
d y ( n 1) d y
y   ( y )   f ( x )   (y )  f (x) 
(n) (n)
ravishda 2
, y n
kabi belgilanadi.
dx dx
Yuqori tartibli hosila hisoblashda quyidagi formulalar o‘rinli
u  u ( x ) , v  v ( x ) ):
1) ( u  v ) u v  Cu
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n)
; 2 ) ( Cu ) ;
n ( n 1) n ( n  1) (n 2)
u v   v   v   ...  u  v
(n) (n) (n)
3 ) ( uv ) u u .
1! 2!
Oxirgi 3) formula Leybnis formulasi deb ataladi.

8-misol
Leybnis formulasi yordamida hisoblang: y  x 2  1  log 2 x , y (10 )  ?
► Qulaylik uchun quyidagicha belgilashlar kiritamiz va hosilalarini
hisoblaymiz:
u  log x, v  x  1.
2
2

1 1 2! 3! 8! 9!
u  , u    , u     
(4) (9) (10 )
2 3
,u 4
, ... , u 9
,u 10
.
x ln 2 x ln 2 x ln 2 x ln 2 x ln 2 x ln 2
v   2 x , v   2 , v   v  ...  v  0.
(4) (10 )

Leybnis formulasini n  10 uchun yozib olamiz

10 10  9
u v   v   v   ...  u  v
(10 ) (10 ) (9) (8 ) (10 )
( uv ) u u .
1! 2!
Yuqoridagi hosilalarni hisobga olsak, yig‘indining birinchi uchta hadi qoladi, ya’ni
10  8 ! 90  7 !
y
(10 )
 
9!
10
x 2
1   9
2x  8
,
x ln 2 x ln 2 x ln 2
 2  7!
  ( x  36 ). ◄
(10 ) 2
y 10
x ln 2

F ( x, y )  0
tenglama x ga bog‘liq y funksiyani aniqlasa, bu funksiyadan
yuqori tartibli hosila olish uchun y va uning hosilalari x ning funksiyasi ekanini
e’tiborga olgan holda, tegishli marta differensiallash kerak.
Parametrik ko‘rinishda berilgan x  x ( t ), y  y ( t ) funksiyadan ikkinchi tartibli
hosila quyidagi formula bilan hisoblanadi:
y t   y   1 y  x   y  x 
y x  , y xx   y x t  x t   t   yoki y xx  tt t 3 t tt .
x t  x t  t x t  x t 
9-misol
 x  arcsin t ,
Quyidagi  parametrik funksiya berilgan bo‘lsa y xx ?
 y  ln( 1  t )
2

y t 1  2t  2t
► y x  , x ( t )  , y t  , y x  .
x t 1 t
2
1 t
2
1 t
2

t
 2  2t 1  t
2

2 t  2 t (1  t ) 2t (2  t )
2 2
1 t
2
1
y xx  ( y x ) t    1 t   .◄
2

x t 1 t 1 t 1 t
2 2 2

Mavzuga doir topshiriqlar

3x  2
1. y  funksiya hosilasini ta’rifdan foydalanib toping.
1 4x
2. y  sin 2 x funksiya hosilasini ta’rifdan foydalanib toping.
3. y  cos 3 x funksiya hosilasini ta’rifdan foydalanib toping.

4. y  3 funksiya hosilasini ta’rifdan foydalanib toping.

x

5. y  ln 5 x funksiya hosilasini ta’rifdan foydalanib toping.

5x  3
6. y  funksiya hosilasini ta’rifdan foydalanib toping.
1  4x

7. y  x funksiya x  0 nuqtada uzluksiz va differensiallanuvchi bo‘ladimi?

3

Quyidagi funksiyalarning hosilalarini toping(8-20):

8. y  3 x 3  4 5 x 4  5 x
2
.
9. y  x 3  2 x tgx .
10. y  x 2 cos x  ln x .
11. y  e x x 2  1 .
 x
12. y  arctg 1 e .
13. y  2  cos 3 x
 sin 3 x .
2

14. y  x tg 5 x  3 .
3 sin x

15. y  lg ( x  sin
2 5 2
x)

16. y 
x
2
x k 
2 k
2
ln x   x k
2
.
2
2x
17. y  arcsin , x  1.
1 x
4

1  sin x
18. y  ln
1  sin x
19. y  log x.
2
2
sin
x ln x  1
20. y  ln .
x ln x  1
x
tg
21. y  e 2
funksiya y  sin x  y ln y tenglamani qanoatlantirishini tekshiring.
22. 
y  x 1 e  C
2
 x
 funksiya y 
2 xy
e
x
x 2
1  tenglamani qanoatlantirishini
x 1
2

tekshiring.
Quyidagi hosilalarni logarifmlab differerensiallash qoidasi asosida
hisoblang(23-26):
 x  2 2
a) y 
23. ;.
( x  1) x2
3

 x  2 2 3 x 1
24.
d) y  .;
x3

25.b ) y  ( x  2 )
3 cos x
;.

e ) y  (ln x )
tg 2 x
26. .
27. Oshkormas ko‘rinishda berilgan funksiyaning y x hosilasini toping.
a) x  y  x y ; d) x  y ;
4 4 2 2 y x

b ) y  ( x  3) y  x cos y  0;
2
e ) y  x  arctgy .

28. Parametrik ko‘rinishda berilgan funksiyaning y x hosilasini toping.

 x  a ( t  sin t ),
a) 
 y  a (1  cos t ),
 x  1  t 2 ,
b) 
 y  t  t 3 ,
  1 t
 x ,
 1 t
2
d) 
 y  2t ,

 1 t
2

 1
 x  arcsin ,
 1 t
2

e) 
 y  arccos t
.
 1 t
2

 
29. y  arctg x  1  x 2 funksiyaning ikkinchi tartibli hosilasini hisoblang.
30. y  ln x  x 2  k  funksiyaning ikkinchi tartibli hosilasini hisoblang.
31. Oshkormas tenglama bilan berilgan funksiyalarning y '' hosilasini toping.
a ) ln y  x  y , b ) arctgy  x  y .
32. Parametrik tenglama bilan berilgan funksiyalardan y '' hosilasini hisoblang
x  t4  x  a ( t  sin t )
a)  b) 
 y  ln t ,  y  a (1  cos t ).
3 x 1
33. y  2 funksiyaning n  tartibli hosilasini toping.
34. y  sin 2 x funksiyaning n  tartibli hosilasini toping.
35. y  ln x funksiyaning n  tartibli hosilasini toping.
36. y  cos 3 x funksiyaning n  tartibli hosilasini toping.
Leybnis formulasidan foydalanib ko‘rsatilgan tartibli hosilalarni toping(37-
40):
37. y  x e , y  ?
2 x (5)

38. 
y  x 1 2
3
 x 10 
, y ?
39. 
y  x  3 x  1 cos 3 x , y
3 2
 15 
?

40. y  ( x  1) sin x , y  ?
2 ( 20 )

Mustaqil yechish uchun testlar

Quyidagi funksiyalarning hosilalarini toping(1-5):

1 1
1. y  63 x  2
 ;
3 2
2x x
1 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 x  
2
  2 x  
3 3 2
A) ; B) 3
; C) 3
;
x 3 x 3
x
2 x 3
3 x
5 x 3
3 x
5

2 1 2
D)   .
3 2 x 3 5
x 3 x
 2x  3
2. y  ;
x 1
2

A)

2 x  3x  1
2
 ; B) 2 x  3 x  1 ; C) 2 3 x 2 2
 3x  1  ; D) 2 1  3 x  x  . 2

 x  1
2 2
x  1 x 2 2 2
1  2
x  1 2 2

y  ( 2 x  7 ) ln( x  1) 
2
3. a ;
2x  7
2
7 2x  7
2 2
4x
A) 4 x ln( x  1)  ; B) ; C) 4 x  2 x ; D) 4 x ln( x  1)  
1
.
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2 a

4. y  x cos 3 x  arctg
2
x 1 ;
1 1
A)  6 x sin 3x  ; B) 2 x cos 3 x  3 x 2 sin 3x  ;
x x 1 2 x x
2

1 1
 6 x sin 3 x  2 x cos 3 x  3 x sin 3 x 
2
C) ; D) .
2x x 1 2x x 1
y  log 2 sin
2 x
5. 2 ;
x x x x x
2 cos 2 2 ctg 2 x 1 x
2 ctg 2
A) 2 x
ln 2 ; B) ; C) 2 ctg 2 ; D) x
.
sin 2 ln 2 sin 2
6. Quyidagilardan qaysi biriga logarifmlab differensiallash qoidasi qo‘llanadi:
A) y  tg (sin
2 2
x ); B) y  xtgx sin
3
x;

D) y  tgx  sin x ; E) y  xtg ( x sin x ).

7. Quyidagilardan qaysi biriga logarifmlab differensiallash qoidasi qo‘llanadi:
2

A) y  2 x  y ln 2 ; B) y  x y  (cos x ) ln 2 ; D) y  x1 ln 2 ; E) y  2 x x ln x .
8. y  2 x  y ln 2 tenglama bilan berilgan berilgan funksiya …
2

A) logarifmlab differensiallanadi. B) murakkab funksiya bo‘ladi.

D) oskormas funksiya bo‘ladi. E) parametrik funksiya bo‘ladi.
9. x  y  4 x  2 y  3  0 tenglama bilan berilgan egri chiziqga
2 2
( 0 , 3)

nuqtasida o‘tkazilgan urinma tenglamasini yozing.

A) y  3  x , B) y  2 x  3 , D) y  x  3 , E) y  3  2 x .
 x  a cos 3 t ,
10.  tenglama bilan berilgan funksiya hosilasini toping.
 y  a sin 3 t

y  ctg x y  tg x .
2 2
A) y   ctgx , B) y   tgx , D) , E)
11. Quyidagilardan qaysi biri y  x  ln x
3
tenglama bilan berilgan
funksiyaning uchinchi tartibli hosilasi bo‘ladi?
A) y   6  2 x , B) y   6  1 2 x , C) y   6  4 x , D) y   6  2 x .
3 3 3 3

y  4x
2
12. Quyidagilardan qaysi biri tenglama bilan berilgan funksiyaning
ikkinchi tartibli hosilasi bo‘ladi
 A) y    2 y , B) y   2 y , C) y    4 y , D) y   4 y .
2 2 3 3

13. Quyidagilardan qaysi biri y  t 2  1, x  ln t parametrik tenglamalar bilan

berilgan funksiyaning ikkinchi tartibli hosilasi bo‘ladi
A) y    2 t , B) y    4 t , C) y    4t , D) y    2 t .
3 2 2