HTET Computer Notes (Complete & Updated)

�MS Word

✅ File Extension:

 .doc (Word 97-2003)

 .docx (Word 2007 and later)

�Components:

Title Bar, Ribbon, Status Bar, Ruler, Document Area, Scroll Bars

�Formatting:

Font (type, size), Bold, Italic, Underline, Font Color, Line Spacing, Paragraph
Spacing

�Alignment:

 Left Align (Ctrl + L)

 Center (Ctrl + E)
 Right Align (Ctrl + R)
 Justify (Ctrl + J)

�Indents:

 Adjust from Ruler or Layout → Indentation

 First-line indent, hanging indent

�Borders & Shading:

 Found under Home → Paragraph → Borders

 Apply shading using "Shading" option

�Symbols, Shapes, WordArt:

 Insert tab → Symbol → Special characters (e.g. ₹, ©, ∞)

 Shapes: Arrows, circles, lines, etc.
 WordArt: Decorative text
�ClipArt:

 (Older versions) Now replaced by "Online Pictures"

�Header & Footer:

 Insert → Header/Footer
 Often used for page numbers, document title, date

�Tables:

 Insert → Table
 Rows, columns → merge, split, resize

�Page Setup:

 Layout → Margins, Orientation, Size

�Printing:

 Ctrl + P → Open print dialog

 Choose printer, pages, copies

✅ Important Shortcuts:

Action Shortcut Key

Bold Ctrl + B
Italic Ctrl + I
Underline Ctrl + U
Save Ctrl + S
Open Ctrl + O
Print Ctrl + P
Select All Ctrl + A
Undo Ctrl + Z
Redo Ctrl + Y
Cut/Copy/Paste Ctrl + X / C / V
New Document Ctrl + N
�MS Excel

✅ File Extension:

 .xls (Excel 97-2003)

 .xlsx (Excel 2007 and later)

�Components:

Workbook, Worksheet, Cell, Column (A, B, C...), Row (1, 2, 3...)

�Cell Concepts:

 Cell Address: E.g., A1

 Cell Pointer: Highlighted cell
 Active Cell: Currently selected cell
 Range: E.g., A1:A5

�Entering Data:

Text, numbers, date/time, formulas

�Formatting:

Home → Font, Number, Border, Fill, Alignment

�Formulas:

Begin with =

 =A1+B1, =A1*2, etc.

�Functions:

Function Purpose
=SUM() Adds values
=AVERAGE() Calculates mean
=MAX() Finds highest value
=MIN() Finds lowest value
=COUNT() Counts number cells (excluding text)
�Charts:

 Insert → Chart
 Types: Column, Bar, Line, Pie
 Components: Title, Legend, Axis, Data Labels

�Printing:

 File → Print → Choose range/sheets

✅ Important Shortcuts:

Action Shortcut Key

Save Ctrl + S
Open Ctrl + O
Print Ctrl + P
Select All Ctrl + A
Copy / Paste Ctrl + C / V
Cut Ctrl + X
Bold Ctrl + B
Undo / Redo Ctrl + Z / Y
Go to cell Ctrl + G
New Workbook Ctrl + N
Move to next cell Tab
Move to next worksheet Ctrl + PageDown
Move to previous worksheet Ctrl + PageUp

��MS PowerPoint

✅ File Extension:

 .ppt (PowerPoint 97–2003)

 .pptx (PowerPoint 2007+)

�Components:
Title bar, Ribbon, Slide pane, Notes pane, Slide area

�Elements of a Slide:

Title, Content box, Images, Charts, Text boxes

�Slide Layouts:

 Title Slide, Title & Content, Two Content, Blank

�Slide Views:

 Normal View, Slide Sorter, Notes Page, Reading View, Slide Show (F5)

�Creating and Saving:

 File → New → Blank Presentation → Ctrl + S to Save

�Insert Features:

 ClipArt / Pictures / Shapes / WordArt / Chart

�Header, Footer, Slide Numbers:

 Insert → Header & Footer → Add date/time/slide numbers

�Animations:

 Entrance, Emphasis, Exit

 Found under Animations tab

�Sound Effects:

 Add from Animations → Effect Options → Sound

�Slide Show:

 F5 → Start presentation
 Shift + F5 → Start from current slide
✅ Important Shortcuts:

Action Shortcut Key

New Presentation Ctrl + N
Open Ctrl + O
Save Ctrl + S
Print Ctrl + P
Start Slide Show F5
Exit Slide Show Esc
Duplicate Slide Ctrl + D
Go to Next Slide Right Arrow
Go to Previous Slide Left Arrow
Insert New Slide Ctrl + M

�Bonus: Common MCQ Topics for HTET

 What is the extension of MS Word/Excel/PPT? → .docx, .xlsx, .pptx

 Shortcut for Save? → Ctrl + S
 Function to find sum? → SUM()
 View to run slide show? → F5
 Name of intersection of row and column? → Cell
Some important topic for htet

✅ Main Excel File Extensions

Extension Description
Default Excel Workbook (Excel 2007 and later) – does not support
.xlsx
macros
.xls Legacy Excel Workbook (Excel 97–2003) – older format
.xlsm Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook – supports macros
.xlsb Excel Binary Workbook – faster and smaller file size
.xltx Excel Template (no macros)
.xltm Excel Macro-Enabled Template
.xla Excel Add-in
.xlam Excel Macro-Enabled Add-in

�HTET Tip:

For HTET or most exams, focus on these three:

 .xlsx – modern default format

 .xls – older versions
 .xlsm – used when macros are present

How Many Excel Sheets Can Be Created in a Workbook?

There is no fixed number of sheets you can create in an Excel workbook.

Instead, it depends on:

�Available System Memory (RAM)

 Excel allows you to create as many sheets as your system can handle.
 If your computer has a lot of RAM, you can create hundreds or even
thousands of sheets.
�Typical Details:

Criteria Value
Default sheets (new Excel) 1 sheet
Default sheets (Excel 2003) 3 sheets
Maximum sheets Limited by available memory (RAM)
Practical range 200–255 sheets or more, depending on data

Shortcut Keys for Selection in Excel

Action Shortcut Key

Select entire column Ctrl + Space
Select entire row Shift + Space
Select entire worksheet Ctrl + A
Extend selection to entire column Ctrl + Shift + Down Arrow
Extend selection to entire row Ctrl + Shift + Right Arrow
Go to beginning of row Home
Go to beginning of worksheet Ctrl + Home

�HTET Important Tip:

 Ctrl + Space → Select column

 Shift + Space → Select row

What is Animation Schemes in PowerPoint?

Animation Schemes in Microsoft PowerPoint are predefined sets of animation

effects that you can apply to slides to enhance the presentation.
✅ Definition:

Animation Scheme is a preset combination of entrance, emphasis, and exit effects

applied to slide elements like text, images, and titles — with one click.

�What Do Animation Schemes Do?

 Automatically animate titles, bullets, and other content

 Add motion to make presentations more engaging
 Control how and when content appears on slides

�Examples of Animation Schemes:

Scheme Name Effect Description

Fade Smooth fade-in for text/images
Appear Elements appear suddenly
Fly In Slide content flies in from a direction
Zoom Content zooms in on entry
Bounce Text bounces while appearing

�Where to Find It in PowerPoint:

1. Go to Animations tab
2. In older versions: Slide Show > Animation Schemes
3. Select a scheme (e.g., "Fade", "Fly In")
4. Apply it to current or all slides
 Emerging Trends
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 AI is the ability of machines to mimic human intelligence.

 Examples: Chatbots, face recognition, self-driving cars.
 Used in: Education, healthcare, banking, etc.

Types of AI (Based on Capability)

Type Description Example
1. Narrow AI Can perform only specific tasks; most common Siri, Alexa, Google
(Weak AI) today. Assistant
Can perform any intellectual task a human can
2. General AI Not yet fully developed
do.
Hypothetical; more intelligent than humans in Exists only in
3. Super AI
every aspect. theory/fiction

✅ Types of AI (Based on Functionality)

Type Description Example
1. Reactive Respond to current inputs; no memory or past IBM’s Deep Blue
Machines learning. (chess)
2. Limited Memory Can learn from past experiences for short periods. Self-driving cars
3. Theory of Mind Understand emotions, beliefs, and thoughts. Still under research
4. Self-aware AI Sentient machines that can think and feel. Exists only in theory

� Important Topics in AI (HTET-Focused)

Topic Description
Machine Learning AI technique where machines learn from data (subset of AI).
Natural Language Processing AI that understands and responds in human languages (e.g.,
(NLP) chatbots).
AI-based decision-making systems (used in medicine,
Expert Systems
business, etc).
 Topic Description
Speech Recognition Converts spoken words into text (used in voice assistants).
Enables machines to understand images/videos (used in face
Computer Vision
detection).
Robotics Field of AI dealing with robot behavior and control.
Automation Use of AI to perform repetitive tasks automatically.

� HTET Exam Key Points:

 AI is the brain, Robotics is the body
 ML and NLP are branches of AI
 Most AI today is Narrow AI
 General and Super AI are still theoretical

✅ 2. Machine Learning (ML)

 Subset of AI where machines learn from data.

 No need for explicit programming.
 Example: Spam email filtering.

Types of Machine Learning

Machine Learning is mainly divided into three types:

1�⃣ Supervised Learning

 Data is labeled (input + correct output is given).

 The algorithm learns from this data to predict outcomes.

�Examples:

 Spam Email Detection

 Predicting house prices
 Face recognition
�Common Algorithms:

 Linear Regression
 Decision Trees
 Support Vector Machine (SVM)

2�⃣ Unsupervised Learning

 Data is not labeled (no outputs provided).

 The system tries to find patterns or groups in the data.

�Examples:

 Customer segmentation (grouping customers by behavior)

 Market Basket Analysis

�Common Algorithms:

 K-Means Clustering
 Hierarchical Clustering
 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

3�⃣ Reinforcement Learning

 A model learns by trial and error through rewards and punishments.

 It interacts with the environment and improves over time.

�Examples:

 Self-driving cars
 Game playing (e.g., AlphaGo, Chess AI)
 Robotics

�Key Concepts:

 Agent
 Environment
  Reward System

�HTET Quick Notes:

Type Data Used Goal Example

Supervised Labeled Predict outcomes Email spam filter
Unsupervised Unlabeled Find patterns/clusters Customer segmentation
Reinforcement Trial & error Learn best actions Robot navigation, game AI

✅ 3. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

 Computers understand, interpret, and respond in human languages.

 Example: Siri, Alexa, Google Translate.

✅ 4. Robotics

 Robots are machines that perform tasks automatically.

 Controlled by AI or programmed instructions.
 Used in manufacturing, medicine, defense.

✅ 5. Big Data

 Large volume of data that is too complex for traditional tools.

 3Vs: Volume, Velocity, Variety.
  Used in: Business, weather forecasting, traffic control.

✅ 6. Data Science

 Field that uses statistics, data analysis & ML to extract insights from data.
 Helps in decision-making.
 Used in finance, marketing, and social media.

✅ 7. Internet of Things (IoT)

 Network of connected devices (sensors, mobiles, vehicles).

 Communicate and share data over the internet.
 Example: Smart homes, fitness trackers.

✅ 8. Sensors

 Devices that detect and respond to physical inputs (light, heat, motion).
 Used in IoT systems and smart gadgets.

✅ 9. Smart Cities

 Cities using digital technology (IoT, AI, sensors) to improve infrastructure,

transport, power, etc.
 Features: Smart lighting, waste management, traffic control.
✅ 10. Cloud Computing

 Storing and accessing data/applications over the internet instead of local

computers.
 Examples: Google Drive, iCloud, AWS.

Types of cloud computing

1. Deployment Models

These describe who owns and manages the cloud infrastructure.

Model Description Example

Services offered over the public
AWS, Microsoft Azure,
Public Cloud Internet; infrastructure owned by a
Google Cloud
third-party provider.
Cloud infrastructure operated solely
A bank’s internal data
Private Cloud for one organization; can be
center in cloud form
on-premises or hosted.
Combination of public + private Sensitive data in private
Hybrid Cloud clouds, allowing data/workloads to cloud, general apps in
move between them. public cloud
Shared by several organizations with
Community Government departments
common concerns (e.g., security,
Cloud sharing resources
compliance).

2. Service Models

These define what level of service the cloud provider offers:

What You What Provider

Model Examples
Manage Manages
IaaS OS, middleware, Virtualization, Amazon EC2,
(Infra-as-a-Service) runtime, data, servers, storage, Google Compute
 What You What Provider
Model Examples
Manage Manages
apps networking Engine
Heroku, Google
OS, middleware,
PaaS Runtime, data, App Engine,
virtualization,
(Platform-as-a-Service) apps Azure App
servers
Service
All underlying Gmail,
SaaS Your data, user
layers (OS through Office 365,
(Software-as-a-Service) settings
networking) Salesforce

�HTET Quick Facts

 Public vs. Private: Public = multi-tenant; Private = single-tenant.

 Hybrid: Best of both—flexibility + security.
 IaaS: ―Build your own‖ in the cloud.
 PaaS: ―Deploy your code‖ without managing servers.
 SaaS: ―Use software‖ over the Internet with zero infrastructure.

✅ 11. Grid Computing

 A distributed computing model using computers in a network to solve large

problems.
 Like sharing computing power.

✅ 12. Blockchain Technology

 A secure, decentralized digital ledger used to record transactions.

 Basis of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
 Tamper-proof and transparent.
✅ 13. 5G Network

 Fifth generation of mobile network.

 Faster speed, low latency.
 Enables high-speed internet and smart tech (IoT, self-driving cars).

✅ 14. E-Commerce

 Buying/selling goods and services over the internet.

 Examples: Amazon, Flipkart, Myntra.
 Types: B2B, B2C, C2C.

What is Boolean Algebra?

Boolean Algebra is a branch of algebra that deals with binary values — 0 (False)
and 1 (True).
It is used in digital electronics, computer logic, and programming.

�Basic Boolean Operators

Operator Symbol Description Example Output

AND · or ∧ Returns 1 if both inputs are 1 A·B = 1·1 1
A+B=1+
OR + Returns 1 if at least one input is 1 1
0
Reverses the input (1 becomes 0 and vice
NOT ' or ¬ A' (if A=1) 0
versa)

�Truth Tables

1. AND (A·B)

A B A·B
0 0 0
0 1 0
A B A·B
1 0 0
1 1 1

2. OR (A + B)

ABA+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

3. NOT (A')

A A'
0 1
1 0

�Important Laws of Boolean Algebra

Example (A=1,
Law Name Expression Result
B=0)
Identity Law A+0=A;A·1=A 1+0=1 ✅
Null Law A+1=1;A·0=0 0+1=1 ✅
Idempotent Law A+A=A;A·A=A 1·1=1 ✅
Complement Law A + A' = 1 ; A · A' = 0 0+1=1 ✅
Double Negation (A')' = A (0)' = 1, then (1)' = 0 ✅
Commutative Law A + B = B + A ; A·B = B·A 1+0=0+1=1 ✅
Associative Law (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) ✅
Distributive Law A·(B + C) = A·B + A·C ✅
De Morgan's (A·B)' = A' + B' ; (A + B)' =
A'·B' ✅
Laws
�De Morgan's Theorems (Very Important)

1. (A · B)' = A' + B'

→ The complement of a product is the sum of the complements.
2. (A + B)' = A' · B'
→ The complement of a sum is the product of the complements.

These are used for simplifying Boolean expressions and designing logic gates.

�Example Questions

Q1: Simplify:

A + A·B

Solution:
Use Absorption Law:
A + A·B = A

Q2: Apply De Morgan:

(A + B)'

Solution:
Using De Morgan's Law:
(A + B)' = A' · B'

�Real-World Application of Boolean Algebra

 Designing digital circuits (AND, OR, NOT gates)

 Search filters (e.g., AND, OR in Google)
 Computer programming (if-else conditions)
 Network firewall rules (allow/block rules)
�Summary for HTET

Symbol Meaning Logic

+ OR A or B
· AND A and B
' NOT Invert A

Htet Question
Boolean expression ~ (A * B) * (~A + B) * (~B + B) is equal to which of the
following ? give me solution of this and more example like this

Let's solve the Boolean expression step-by-step and then give you more practice
examples like this for HTET or computer logic practice.

�Expression:

~(A * B) * (~A + B) * (~B + B)

This means:

(NOT A AND B) AND (NOT A OR B) AND (NOT B OR B)

✅ Step-by-Step Simplification:

1�⃣ Start with the last term:

(~B + B) = 1

Because:
A variable OR its complement is always 1.
�This is Complement Law: A + A' = 1
Now the expression becomes:

~(A * B) * (~A + B) * 1

Multiplying with 1 does not change value, so:

~(A * B) * (~A + B)

2�⃣ Now simplify ~(A * B)

�Use De Morgan’s Law:

~(A * B) = ~A + ~B

Now the expression is:

(~A + ~B) * (~A + B)

3�⃣ Distribute using Boolean Algebra:

(~A + ~B) * (~A + B)

= ~A + (~B * B)

�Now simplify ~B * B
Again using Complement Law:

~B * B = 0

So:

~A + 0 = ~A

✅ Final Answer:

~A

�Therefore:
The Boolean expression simplifies to: ~A

�More Examples for Practice

Example 1:

A + A·B

�Apply Absorption Law:

A + A·B = A

Example 2:

A·(A + B)

�Apply Absorption Law:

A·(A + B) = A

Example 3:

A + A'·B

�Apply Distributive Law:

= (A + A') · (A + B)
= 1 · (A + B) = A + B

Example 4:

(A + B)·(A + B')

�Apply Distributive Law:

= A + (B·B') = A + 0 = A