CalculusI

Easy Peasy!

Nalinpat Ponoi
I WISH LIFE WAS AS SIMPLE AS CALCULUS
 “You never fail until you stop trying”
CALCULUS I
 Contents

0 Preliminaries 1

0.1 Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
0.2 Polynomials and Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
0.3 Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
0.4 Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
0.5 Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
0.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1 Limit and Continuity 14

1.1 Limit of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1.2 Trigonometry Limits by Using Substitution . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.3 Limit at Infinity and Infinite Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4 The Squeeze Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.5 The Formal Definition of Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 NALINPAT PONOI

2 Differentiation 40

2.1 Tangent Lines and Their Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

ii
 CONTENTS iii

2.2 The Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.3 Higher-Order Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4 Logarithmic Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.5 Derivatives of Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

3 Applications of Differentiation 61

3.1 Maximum and Minimum Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3.2 The Mean-Value Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3 Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.5 L’Hospital’s Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.6 Linear Approximations and Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.7 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

4 Integration 103

4.1 Antiderivatives and Initial-Value Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.2 Velocity and Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3 Areas as Limits of Sums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.4 Properties of the Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
CALCULUS I

4.5 Properties of the Definite Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

4.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.7 Indefinite Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.8 The Method of Substitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
CONTENTS iv

4.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

5 Applications of Integration 136

5.1 Areas Between Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

5.2 Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.2.1 Disk and Washer Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.2.2 Cylindrical Shells Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

5.3 Arc Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

5.4 Area of a Surface of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

6 Techniques of Integration 169

6.1 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

6.2 Trigonometric Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.3 Trigonometric Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6.4 Partial Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.5 Strategy for Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
6.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

7 Solution to Exercises
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207
 CALCULUS I

1
0.1. FUNCTIONS 2

0. Preliminaries

0.1 Functions

Definition 0.1: Function

A function � is a rule that assigns to each element � in a set D exactly one
element, called � (�) in a set R.

Example 0.1
Let � (�) = 2� 2 + 5. Then,
� (3) =
� (−1) =
� (2� + 1) =

Example 0.2
Which of the following graphs are graphs of functions � = � (�)? Why?

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 0.1. FUNCTIONS 3

Example 0.3: Linear Functions

Example 0.4: Piecewise Defined Functions

Example 0.5: Absolute Value Functions

CALCULUS I
0.1. FUNCTIONS 4

Example 0.6: Circles

Definition 0.2: Algebra on Functions

Let � = � (�) and � = �(�) be functions. Then for every � that belongs to the
domains of both � and �, define

(� ± �)(�) = � (�) ± �(�)�

(� �)(�) = � (�)�(�)�
� � (�)
(�) = � where �(�) �= 0�
� �(�)

Definition 0.3: Composition

Given two functions � and �. The composite function (also called the com-
position of � and �) is defined by

(� ◦ �)(�) = � (�(�))�

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Definition 0.4: Inverse of Functions
Given two functions � and �. If

(� ◦ � )(�) = � and (� ◦ �)(�) = �

for any � in the domain of � and for any � in the domain of �, then � is
called the inverse of � , denoted by � = � −1 .
 0.1. FUNCTIONS 5

Note that the graph of � and � −1 are symmetric across the line � = �.

Definition 0.5: Increasing and Decreasing Functions

A function � is called increasing on an interval I if

� (�1 ) < � (�2 )� whenever �1 < �2 in I�

It is called decreasing on if

� (�1 ) > � (�2 )� whenever �1 < �2 in I�

CALCULUS I
0.2. POLYNOMIALS AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 6

0.2 Polynomials and Rational Functions

Definition 0.6: Polynomials

A polynomial is a function P whose value at � is

P(�) = �� � � + ��−1 � �−1 + ��� + �1 � + �0

where �� � ��−1 � ���� �1 � �0 ∈ R, if � > 0, then �� �= 0. The number � is called

the degree of the polynomial.

Example 0.7: Polynomials

Some necessary tools:

• � 2 + �� + � = (� + �)(� + �), where � + � = � and �� = �

• �� 2 + �� + � = (�� + �)(�� + �), where �� = �, �� = � and �� + �� = �

• � 2 − �2 = (� − �)(� + �)

• � 2 + 2�� + �2 = (� + �)2

• � 2 − 2�� + �2 = (� − �)2

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• � 3 + �3 = (� + �)(� 2 − �� + �2 )

• � 3 − �3 = (� − �)(� 2 + �� + �2 )

• � 3 + 3� 2 � + 3��2 + �3 = (� + �)3

• � 3 − 3� 2 � + 3��2 − �3 = (� − �)3

• The Factor and Remainder Theorems

 0.2. POLYNOMIALS AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS 7

Definition 0.7: Rational functions

A rational function � is a ratio of two polynomials:

P(�)
� (�) = �
Q(�)

where P and Q are polynomials. The domain consists of all values of � such
that Q(�) �= 0.

Example 0.8
The function
1
� (�) =
�
is a rational function with domain ...................

Example 0.9
The function
2� 4 − � 2 + 1
� (�) =
�2 − 4
is a rational function with domain ...................
CALCULUS I
0.3. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 8

0.3 Trigonometric Functions

Let � (�) = sin � and �(�) = cos �. Their graphs are shown in the following figures.

sin �
Let �(�) = tan � = cos � . It graph is shown in the following figure.

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Note1: For all values of �,

• −1 ≤ sin � ≤ 1,

• −1 ≤ cos � ≤ 1
 0.4. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 9

Note2: For all values of �,

• sin2 � + cos2 � = 1,

• sec2 � − tan2 � = 1,

• csc2 � − cot2 � = 1.

Note3: Let � be an integer. For all values of �,

• sin(� + 2�π) = sin �.

• cos(� + 2�π) = cos �.

0.4 Exponential Functions

Definition 0.8: Exponential Functions

The exponential functions are the functions of the form

� (�) = �� � where 0 < � < 1 or � > 1�

• If 0 < � < 1, then ...............................

• If � > 1, then ...............................

CALCULUS I
0.4. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 10

Theorem 0.1: Properties of Exponents

Let �� � �= 0 and �� � be any real numbers.

1. �0 = 1

2. (��)� = �� ��
� �� �
3. �� = ���

4. �� �� = ��+�
��
5. �� = ��−�

6. (�� )� = ���
1
7. �−� = ��
√ 1
8. � = �2
√ �
9. � �� = � �

Example 0.10
2�+5 − 2�+3
Simplify √ .
43 · 2� + 3 · 2�

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 0.5. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 11

0.5 Logarithmic Functions

Definition 0.9: Logarithmic Functions

The logarithmic functions

� (�) = log� ��
where the base 0 < � < 1 or � > 1, are the inverse functions of the
exponential functions.
CALCULUS I
0.5. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 12

Theorem 0.2: Properties of Logarithms

Let �� � be real numbers such that �� � > 0 and �� � �= 1. Let M� N be any

real numbers such that M� N > 0. Let � be a real number.

1. log� 1 = 0

2. log� �� = �

3. �log� M = M

4. log� M � = � log� M

5. log� (MN) = log� M + log� N

� �
6. log� M N = log� M − log� N

1
7. log� M =
logM �
log� M log M
8. log� M = =
log� � log �

Example 0.11
�
3 2
4 � �
Write log in term of log �� log � and log �.
�4

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 0.6. EXERCISES 13

0.6 Exercises
√
1. Find the domains of � � � when � (�) = � and �(�) = � − 1.

2. If � (�) = � + 5 and �(�) = � 2 − 3, find the following.

(a) � (�(0))
(b) �(� (0))
(c) � (�(�))
(d) �(� (�))
(e) � (� (−5))
(f) �(�(2))
(g) � (� (�))
(h) �(�(�))

3. Write a formula for � ◦ � ◦ � where � (�) = � + 1, �(�) = 3� and �(�) = 4 − �.

4. Graph the functions:

1
(a) � − 1 =
� −1
√
(b) � = � + 4
(c) � + 1 = (� + 1)3

5. determine from its graph if the function


1 − � �≤0
� (�) = 2
 � �>0
� +2
is one-to-one.

6. Find simpler expressions for the quantities:

2 +�2 )
(a) �ln(�
CALCULUS I

(b) ln(ln �� )
(c) log4 16
√
(d) 8log8 2
NALINPAT PONOI

14
 1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 15

1. Limit and Continuity

1.1 Limit of Functions

Definition 1.1: An informal definition of limit

If � (�) is defined for all � near � and if we can ensure that � (�) is close to L
by taking � close enough to �, but not equal to �, we say that the function
� approaches the limit L as � approaches �, and we write

lim � (�) = L or � (�) → L as � → ��

�→�

Example 1.1
CALCULUS I
1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 16

Example 1.2

Theorem 1.1: Limit Rules

• lim � = �� where � ∈ R
�→�

• lim � = �
�→�

• If lim � (�) = L and lim �(�) = M, then

�→� �→�

• lim (� (�) ± �(�)) = L ± M,

�→�

• lim (� (�) · �(�)) = LM,

�→�

� (�) L
• lim = , when M = � 0.
�→� �(�) M
� √
�
• If lim � (�) = L, then lim � � (�) = L.
�→� �→�

Example 1.3
Evaluate:

• lim 5 =
�→� NALINPAT PONOI
• lim � =
�→�

• lim � + 3 =
�→1

This example shows that lim � (�) can sometimes be evaluated by just calculating
�→�
 1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 17

......... This will be the case if � (�) is defined in an open interval containing � = � and
the graph of � passes unbroken through the point (�� � (�)).

Example 1.4
Evaluate:

• lim 2� − 7 =
�→4

• lim � 2 − 2� + 5 =
�→−1

• lim |�| + 1 =
�→10

• limπ sin � =
�→ 4

� −1
• lim =
�→3 � +5
1
• lim =
�→1 � 2 + 2� + 1

Example 1.5: (In situations that � (�) is undefined.)

1 1
−
Evaluate: lim � 3 =
�→3 � − 3
CALCULUS I
1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 18

Example 1.6: (In situations that � (�) is undefined)

� 2 − 2� + 1
Evaluate: lim =
�→1 � 2 − 4� + 3

Example 1.7: (In situations that � (�) is undefined)

√
� −2
Evaluate: lim 2 =
�→4 � − 16

Example 1.8: (In situations that � (�) is undefined)

2
Evaluate: lim =
�→3 � − 3

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Tips
 1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 19

Example 1.9
3−�
lim =
�→3 � 3 − 27

Example 1.10
� 2 − 5� + 4
lim √ =
�→1 � −1

Example 1.11
√
� +2−1
lim √ =
�→−1 � +5−2
CALCULUS I
1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 20

Example 1.12
Let �
1 if � ≥ 0;
� (�) =
0 if � < 0;

Then, lim � (�).....................

�→0

Definition 1.2: One-Sided Limits

• We write
lim � (�) = L
�→�−

and say the left-hand limit of � (�) as � approaches � is equal to L if

we can make the values of � (�) arbitrarily close to L by taking � to be
sufficiently close to � and � < �.

• We write
lim � (�) = L
�→�+

and say the right-hand limit of � (�) as � approaches � is equal to L if

we can make the values of � (�) arbitrarily close to L by taking � to be
sufficiently close to � and � > �.

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 1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 21

Example 1.13
The graph of a function � is shown in the following figure. Evaluate

• lim− �(�) =
�→2
lim �(�) =
�→2+
lim �(�) =
�→2

• lim− �(�) =
�→5
lim �(�) =
�→5+
lim �(�) =
�→5

Example 1.14
Let �
1 if � ≥ 0;
� (�) =
0 if � < 0;
CALCULUS I

Then, lim− � (�) =............ and lim+ � (�) =............

�→0 �→0
1.1. LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS 22

Theorem 1.2

lim � (�) = L if and only if lim− � (�) = lim+ � (�) = L�

�→� �→� �→�

Example 1.15
Ex Let �
� 2 + 2� if � ≥ 0;
� (�) =
�2 if � < 0;
Evaluate lim � (�) and lim � (�).
�→0 �→1

Example 1.16
Let 
� 2 + 1 if � ≥ −1;
� (�) = � + 2
 if � < −1;
� +1
Evaluate lim � (�).
�→−1

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 1.2. TRIGONOMETRY LIMITS BY USING SUBSTITUTION 23

Example 1.17
Let
|� − 1|
� (�) =
�
Evaluate lim � (�).
�→1

1.2 Trigonometry Limits by Using Substitution

Theorem 1.3
sin(�) cos(�) − 1
lim =1 lim =0
�→0 � �→0 �

Example 1.18
Evaluate
sin(4�)
• lim =
�→0 3�

tan(3�) + � 2 − 4�
• lim =
CALCULUS I

�→0 �

sin(� − 2)
• lim =
�→2 � 2 − 3� + 2
1.3. LIMIT AT INFINITY AND INFINITE LIMITS 24

1 − cos �
• lim =
�→0 � sin �

1.3 Limit at Infinity and Infinite Limits

Definition 1.3: Limit at Infinity

• If the function � is defined on (�� ∞) and if we can ensure that � (�) is

close to L by taking � large enough, then we say that � (�) approaches
the limit L as � approaches infinity, and we write

lim � (�) = L�
�→∞

• If the function � is defined on (−∞� �) and if we can ensure that � (�) is

close to M by taking � negative and large enough in absolute value,
then we say that � (�) approaches the limit M as � approaches negative
infinity, and we write
lim � (�) = M�
�→−∞

Example 1.19
1 1
Evaluate lim and lim .
�→−∞ � �→∞ �

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 1.3. LIMIT AT INFINITY AND INFINITE LIMITS 25

Example 1.20
� +1
Let � (�) = √ . Evaluate lim � (�).
� +� +1
2 �→∞

Example 1.21
�
Evaluate lim � 2 + � − �.
�→∞

Example 1.22: (Numerator and denominator of the same degree)

2� − 4
• lim
�→∞ � −3
3� 2 + 2� − 2
• lim
�→∞ 2� 2 + 5
�3 − 5
• lim
�→∞ −2� 3 − 2� + 1

−3�
• lim √
�→∞ �2 + �
CALCULUS I

Tips
1.3. LIMIT AT INFINITY AND INFINITE LIMITS 26

Example 1.23: (Degree of numerator less than degree of denominator)

� +6
• lim
�→∞ �3 − 5� − 2
3�
• lim
�→∞ +5�2
√
� −5
• lim
�→∞ 2� 3
Tips

Definition 1.4: Infinite Limits

Let � be a function defined on both sides of �, except possibly at � itself.
Then

• lim � (�) = ∞ means that the values of � (�) can be made arbitrarily
�→�
large by taking � sufficiently close to �, but not equal to �.

• lim � (�) = −∞ means that the values of � (�) can be made arbitrarily
�→�
large negative by taking � sufficiently close to �, but not equal to �.

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Definition 1.5: Vertical Asymptotes

he line � = � is called a vertical asymptote of the curve � = � (�).

 1.3. LIMIT AT INFINITY AND INFINITE LIMITS 27

Example 1.24
2� 2�
Find lim+ and lim− .
�→3 � − 3 �→3 � − 3

Example 1.25
2�
Find lim .
�→3 � − 3

Example 1.26
Find the vertical asymptotes of � (�) = tan �.
CALCULUS I
1.4. THE SQUEEZE THEOREM 28

1.4 The Squeeze Theorem

Theorem 1.4
If � (�) ≤ �(�) is near � (except possibly at �) and the limits of � and � both
exist as � approaches �, then

lim � (�) ≤ lim �(�)�

�→� �→�

Theorem 1.5: The Squeeze Theorem

If � (�) ≤ �(�) ≤ �(�) is near � (except possibly at �) and

lim � (�) = lim �(�) = L

�→� �→�

then
lim �(�) = L�
�→�

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 1.4. THE SQUEEZE THEOREM 29

Example 1.27
1
Show that lim � 2 sin = 0�
�→0 �

Example 1.28
2
Show that lim � 4 cos = 0�
�→0 �
CALCULUS I
1.5. THE FORMAL DEFINITION OF LIMIT 30

1.5 The Formal Definition of Limit

Definition 1.6: The Formal Definition of Limit

lim � (�) = L
�→�

if and only if
for every number � > 0 there exists a number δ > 0, such that if 0 < |� −�| <
δ then |� (�) − L| < �.

Example 1.29
Show that lim � = 0.
�→0

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 1.6. CONTINUITY 31

Example 1.30
Show that lim � + 1 = 2.
�→1

Example 1.31
Show that lim � 2 = 1.
�→1

1.6 Continuity
CALCULUS I
1.6. CONTINUITY 32

Definition 1.7: Continuity on a point

A function � is continuous at � = � if lim � (�) = � (�).

�→�

Example 1.32
Where are each of the following functions discontinuous?

�2 − � − 2
• � (�) =
� −2


1� �= � 0
• � (�) = � 2
1� � = 0�

 2

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� − � − 2
� � �= 2
• � (�) = � −2

1� � = 2�
 1.6. CONTINUITY 33

Example 1.33
Is the function continuous at the given number �?

• � (�) = � 2 − 5� + 1, � = 0.

 2
� − � − 2
� �>2
• � (�) = � −2 ,�=2

2� − 1� �≤2

|�|
• � (�) = ,�=0
�

Example 1.34
Find �� � so that � is continuous at � = �.

�� �=1
• � (�) = � 2 − � ,� =1
 � � �= 1
� −1



� + �� �>1
• � (�) = 2� − 1� � = 1, � = 1
CALCULUS I



�� − �� �<1
1.6. CONTINUITY 34

Definition 1.8: Continuity on an Interval

A function � is continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every number

in the interval.

Example 1.35
√
Show that � (�) = 2 − 4 − � 2 is continuous on [−2� 2].

Theorem 1.6
If � and � are continuous at � and � is a constant, then the following functions
are also continuous at �:
�
� + �� � − �� �� � � �� if �(�) �= 0�
�

Theorem 1.7
The following types of functions are continuous at every number in their
domains:

NALINPAT PONOI
• polynomials

• rational functions

• root functions

• trigonometric functions
 1.6. CONTINUITY 35

Example 1.36
√ � +1 � +1
On what intervals is �(�) = �+ − continuous?
� − 1 �2 + 1

Theorem 1.8: The Intermediate Value Theorem

Suppose that � is continuous on the closed interval [�� �] let N be any number
between � (�) and � (�), where � (�) �= � (�). Then there exists a number
� ∈ (�� �) such that � (�) = N.

Example 1.37
Show that there is a root of sin � = � 2 − � on (1� 2).
CALCULUS I
1.6. CONTINUITY 36

Summary

NALINPAT PONOI
 1.7. EXERCISES 37

1.7 Exercises
1. Find the limits in the following Exercises.

(a) lim (2� + 5) (d) lim 3(2� − 1)2

�→−7 �→−1
(b) lim 8(� − 5)(� − 7)
�→6 (e) lim (5 − �)4/3
� +3 �→−3
(c) lim
�→2 � + 6

2. Find the limits in the following Exercises.

� −5 �4 − 1
(a) lim (f) lim
�→5 � 2 − 25 �→1 �3 − 1
� 2 + 3� − 10 √
(b) lim � −3
� +5 (g) lim
�→−5 �→9 � − 9
2
� +�−2 � −1
(c) lim (h) lim √
�→1 � 2 − 1 �→1 � +3−2
−2� − 4 √
(d) lim 3 � 2 + 12 − 4
�→−2 � + 2� 2 (i) lim
�→2 � −2
1 √
−1 2 − �2 − 5
(e) lim � (j) lim
�→1 � − 1 �→−3 � +3

3. Find the limits in the following Exercises.

(a) lim (2 sin � − 1) 1 + � + sin �

�→0 (c) lim
�→0 3 cos �
√
(b) lim sec � (d) lim � + 4 cos(� + π)
�→0 �→−π

� (�) − 5
4. If lim = 1, find lim � (�).
�→4 � − 2 �→4

5. Let �
3 − �� � < 2
CALCULUS I

� (�) = �
+ 1� � > 2�
2
(a) Find lim+ � (�) and lim− � (�).
�→2 �→2
(b) Does lim � (�) exist? If so, what is it? If not, why not?
�→2
(c) Find lim− � (�) and lim+ � (�).
�→4 �→4
1.7. EXERCISES 38

(d) Does lim � (�) exist? If so, what is it? If not, why not?
�→4

6. For the function � whose graph is given, determine the following limits.

(a) lim � (�) (d) lim � (�) (g) lim � (�)

�→2 �→−3 �→0
(b) lim + � (�) (e) lim+ � (�) (h) lim � (�)
�→−3 �→0 �→∞
(c) lim − � (�) (f) lim− � (�) (i) lim � (�)
�→−3 �→0 �→−∞

7. Find the limits:

�
� +2
(a) lim
�→−0�5− � +1
� � � � 2� + 5 �
(b) lim +
�→−2 � +1 �2 + �
√ √
�2 + 4� + 5 − 5
(c) lim+
�→0 �
8. Find the limits:
√
sin 2θ sin θ
(a) lim √ (d) lim
θ→0 sin 2θ
θ→0 2θ
sin 3� (e) lim θ cos θ

NALINPAT PONOI
(b) lim θ→0
�→0 4�
tan 2� tan 3�
(c) lim (f) lim
�→0 � �→0 sin 8�

9. Find the limits:

 1.7. EXERCISES 39

1 (d) lim tan θ

(a) lim+ θ→(π/2)−
�→0 3�
3
(b) lim− (e) lim− (1 + csc θ)
�→2 � − 2 θ→0
4
(c) lim
�→7 (� − 7)2

1
10. Find the limits lim as
�2
−4
(a) � → 2+ (b) � → 2− (c) � → −2+ (d) � → −2−
� 2 �
� 1
11. Find the limits lim − as
2 �
√
(a) � → 0+ (b) � → 0− (c) � → 3
2 (d) � → −1

12. Find the limits:

� � � �
(a) lim ( � 2 + 25 − � 2 − 1) (c) lim ( � 2 + 3� − � 2 − 2�)
�→∞ �→∞
�
(b) lim (2� + 4� 2 + 3� − 2)
�→−∞

13. At what points are the functions in the following Exercises continuous?
1 2 tan �
(a) � = − 3� (f)
� −2 �2 + 1
√
� +1 (g) 2� + 3
(b) �= 2
� − 4� + 3 (h) � = (2� − 1)1/3
(c) � = |� − 1| + sin �  2
� − � − 6
cos � � � �= 3
(d) �= (i) �(�) = � −3
� 
5� �=3
(e) � = csc 2�

�2 − 9
14. Define �(3) in a way that extends �(�) = to be continuous at � = 3.
� −3
�3 − 1
CALCULUS I

15. Define � (1) in a way that extends � (�) = to be continuous at � = 1.

�2 − 1
�
� 2 − 1� � < 3
16. For what value of � is � (�) = continuous at every �?
2��� �≥3
17. Find the limits �
lim � cos( � 2 + 1)�
�→0
NALINPAT PONOI

40
 2.1. TANGENT LINES AND THEIR SLOPES 41

2. Differentiation

2.1 Tangent Lines and Their Slopes

Definition 2.1: The Average Rate of Change

� (�) − � (�)
The average rate of change of � with respect to � over [�� �] = .
�−�
∆� � (�2 ) − � (�1 )
The instantaneous rate of change = lim = lim .
∆�→0 ∆� �2 →�1 �2 − �1
CALCULUS I
2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 42

Definition 2.2: Tangent Lines

The tangent line to the curve � = � (�) the point P(�� � (�)) is the line through
P with slope

� (�) − � (�) � (� + �) − � (�)

� = lim = lim
�→� � −� �→0 �
provided that this limit exists.

Example 2.1
Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola � = � 2 + 1 at the point
P(1� 2).

2.2 The Derivative

Definition 2.3: The Derivative

The derivative of a function � at a number �, denoted by

� (�) − � (�) � (� + �) − � (�)

� � (�) = lim = lim
�→� � −� �→0 �
if this limit exists.

Example 2.2

NALINPAT PONOI
Find the derivative of the function � 2 − 5� at the number �.
 2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 43

Definition 2.4: The Derivative of Functions

We can regard � � as a new function, called the derivative of �

� (� + �) − � (�)
� � (�) = lim
�→0 �
if this limit exists.

�
Note : The symbols D and are called differentiation operators.
��
Definition 2.5: Differentiable
A function � is differentiable at � if � � (�) exists. It is differentiable on an open
interval if it is differentiable at every number in the interval.

Theorem 2.1
If � is differentiable at �, then � is continuous at �.

Example 2.3
Find formulas for � � (�).

• � (�) = � 3 − 2�

√
• � (�) = �
CALCULUS I
2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 44

Example 2.4
Where is the function � (�) = |�| differentiable?

Example 2.5

Theorem 2.2
Let � be a constant. Then
�
� = 0�
��

Theorem 2.3
Let � be a real number. Then
� �
� = �� �−1 �
��

Example 2.6

Theorem 2.4 NALINPAT PONOI

Let � be a constant and � be a differentiable function at �. Then �� is a

differentiable function at � and
� �
�� (�) = � � (�)�
�� ��
 2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 45

Theorem 2.5
Let � and � be differentiable functions at �. Then � + � and � − � are
differentiable functions at � and
� � �
(� (�) ± �(�)) = � (�) ± �(�)�
�� �� ��

Example 2.7
Differentiate
√ 4
• � (�) = −3 � 7 + �π + √ + 9
3

� �

• � (�) = (� + 2)2

Example 2.8
Differentiate
� 2 + 3� + 2
• � (�) =
� +1

� 5 − � 3/2 + 1
• � (�) = √
CALCULUS I

�
2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 46

Theorem 2.6: Derivative of Exponential Functions

Let � > 0. Then

� �
� = �� �
��
� �
� = �� ln ��
��

Example 2.9
Differentiate � (�) = 2�� − 3� .

Theorem 2.7: Derivative of Logarithmic Functions

Let � > 0. Then

� 1
ln � = �
�� �
� 1
log� � = �
�� � ln �

Example 2.10
Differentiate � (�) = log3 � − 5 ln �.

NALINPAT PONOI
Note that if � �= 0,
� 1
ln |�| = �
�� �
Pf

• For � > 0,

• For � < 0,
 2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 47

Example 2.11
Differentiate � (�) = log3 � − 5 ln �.

Theorem 2.8: Product Rule

et � and � be a differentiable functions at �. Then � � is a differentiable
function at � and
�
[� (�)�(�)] = � (�)�� (�) + �(�)� � (�)�
��

Example 2.12
Differentiate � (�) = (� 2 − 2)(3� + 1).

Example 2.13
√
• Differentiate � = (2� 3 − �)( � + 5).

√
• Find the tangent line to � = (2� 3 − �)( � + 5) at � = 1.
CALCULUS I
2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 48

Theorem 2.9: Quotient Rule

�
Let � and � be a differentiable functions at � and �(�) �= 0. Then � is a
differentiable function at � and
� �
� � (�) �(�)� � (�) − � (�)�� (�)
= �
�� �(�) [�(�)2 ]

Example 2.14
�2 − 2
Differentiate � (�) = .
3� + 1

Example 2.15
√
�2 + �
• Differentiate � = .
2� − 1

� −1
• Let � (�) = . Find � � (0).
(� 3 + 1)(� 2 − 5)

NALINPAT PONOI
 2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 49

Example 2.16
Let
(� + 1)�(�)
�(�) =
�2
where �(�) is a non-zero function with �(1) = 1 and �� (1) = 3. Find the equation
of the tangent line to the graph � = �(�) at � = 1.

Theorem 2.10: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

� �
(sin �) = cos � (csc �) = − csc � cot �
�� ��
� �
(cos �) = − sin � (sec �) = sec � tan �
�� ��
� �
(tan �) = sec2 � (cot �) = − csc2 �
�� ��

Example 2.17
Let � (�) = −5 sin � + (sec �)(2� + 5) − tan �. Find � � (�).

Theorem 2.11: Chain Rule

Let � and � be differentiable functions. Then
CALCULUS I

(� ◦ �)� (�) = � � (�(�)) · �� (�)�

2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 50

Example 2.18
Differentiate

• � (�) = (2� + 1)3

• � (�) = (−� 5 + 4� 3 )100

• � (�) = (� 4 + sin3 (�))200

Example 2.19
� � π� �
� + tan
2
Differentiate � (�) = �
4
3 �
+1−π
2

NALINPAT PONOI
 2.2. THE DERIVATIVE 51

Example 2.20
� �
�3
Differentiate � (�) = cos3
� 2 + sin(5�)

Definition 2.6
For any real number �, the hyperbolic sine of � is

�� − �−�
sinh(�) =
2
and the hyperbolic cosine of � is

�� + �−�
cosh(�) = �
2

Theorem 2.12: Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

� �
sinh(�) = cosh(�) cosh(�) = sinh(�)
�� ��
� �
tanh(�) = sech2 (�) coth(�) = − csch2 (�)
�� ��
� �
sech(�) = sech(�) tanh(�) csch(�) = − csch(�) coth(�)
�� ��

Example 2.21
CALCULUS I

Differentiate
√
• � = sinh( � 2 + 3� − 5�)
2.3. HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES 52

• � = coth(6� 3 + �2� ) + log3 (� 2 + 1)

2.3 Higher-Order Derivatives

Definition 2.7: Higher-Order Derivatives

A derivative of � � , denoted by � �� , is called the second derivative of � .

Example 2.22
Let � (�) = � 2 + 2�. Then

Definition 2.8: �th Derivative

The �th derivative of a function � = � (�) is

�� � ��
�(�) = � (�) (�) = = � (�)
�� � �� �
and it is defined to be the derivative of the (� − 1)st derivative.

Example 2.23
Let � (�) = � 4 − 5� 3 − 3� + 1. Find � (100) (�).

NALINPAT PONOI
 2.3. HIGHER-ORDER DERIVATIVES 53

Example 2.24
Let � (�) = sin(2� 3 ) + 2 cos(5� − 1). Find (� � + � �� )(�).

Tips

Example 2.25
�� �2 �
Find and .
�� �� 2

Example 2.26
��
Find at (�� �) = (1� 1) if � 3 + �3 = 6��.
��
CALCULUS I
2.4. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION 54

Example 2.27
��
Find if sin(� + �) = �2 cos �.
��

2.4 Logarithmic Differentiation

Steps in Logarithmic Differentiation
1. Take natural logarithms of both sides of � = � (�) and simplify.
2. Differentiate implicitly with respect to �.
3. Solve the resulting equation for �� .

Example 2.28
√
�3 � + 2
Differentiate � (�) = .
(� + 2)5

Example 2.29

NALINPAT PONOI
√
Differentiate � (�) = � �.
 2.5. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS 55

2.5 Derivatives of Inverse Functions

Recall

Note

Example 2.30
Let � (�) = 2� + 3. Find � � (�)� (� −1 )� (�) and (� −1 )(3).

Theorem 2.13: Derivatives of Inverse Functions

Let � be a one-to-one differentiable function such that � � (�) �= 0 for all � ∈
(�� �). Then � −1 is differentiable and

� −1 1
� (�) = � −1 �
�� � (� (�))

Example 2.31
Let � (�) = 2� + 3. Find (� −1 )� (�).
CALCULUS I
2.5. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS 56

Example 2.32
Let � (�) = � 3 + �. Find (� −1 )� (10).

Theorem 2.14: Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

� 1 � −1
(sin−1 �) = √ (cos−1 �) = √ , |�| < 1
�� 1 − �2 �� 1 − �2
� 1 � −1
(tan−1 �) = (cot−1 �) =
�� 1 + �2 �� 1 + �2
� 1 � −1
(sec−1 �) = √ (csc−1 �) = √ , |�| > 1
�� |�| � 2 − 1 �� |�| � 2 − 1

Example 2.33
Let � = tan−1 (2� + 1). Find �� .

NALINPAT PONOI
 2.5. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS 57

Example 2.34
Let � = sin−1 (� 2 − 3). Find �� .

Example 2.35
Let � = sec−1 (� 3 ). Find �� .
CALCULUS I
2.5. DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS 58

Summary

NALINPAT PONOI
 2.6. EXERCISES 59

2.6 Exercises
1. Find the derivatives of the following functions.
� √ �2
(a) � = � 5 − 0�125� 2 + 0�25� �
(p) �=
(b) � = � 3 − 3(� 2 − π 2 ) 1+�
�
(c) � = (� + 1)2 (� 2 + 2�) �2 + �
(d) � = (θ 2 + sec θ + 1)3 (q) �=
√ �2
� � �2
(e) � = √ sin θ
1+ � (r) �=
cos θ − 1
(f) � = 2 tan2 � − sec2 � √
(s) � = (2� + 1) 2� + 1
(g) � = cos4 (1 − 2�)
3
(h) � = (sec � + tan �)5 (t) � =
√ (5� 2 + sin 2�)3/2
(i) � = 2θ sin θ
√ (u) � = 10�−�/5
(j) � = sin 2θ
1 2 1 4� 1
(k) � = � 2 csc (v) � = �� − �4�
2 � 4 16
(l) � = � −1/2 sec(2�)2 (w) � = ln(sin2 θ)
(m) � = 5 cot � 2
(x) � = log2 (� 2 /2)
(n) � = � 2 sin2 (2� 2 )
� �−2 (y) � = 8−�
4�
(o) � = (z) � = 5� 3�6
�+1

2. Find the derivatives of the following functions.

√ √
(a) � = sin−1 1 − �2 � 0 < � < 1 (d) � = � sec−1 � − � 2 − 1� � > 1
(b) � = ln cos−1 � (e) � = csc−1 (sec θ)� 0 < θ < π/2
1
(c) � = � tan−1 � − ln �
2

3. Find ��/�� by implicit differentiation.

CALCULUS I

�
(a) �� + 2� + 3� = 1 (d) �2 =
� +1
(b) � 3 + 4�� − 3�4/3 = 2� (e) ��+2� = 1
√ −1
(c) �� = 1 (f) ��tan � =2

4. Find ��/�� if �3 + 4�� − 3�2 = 2.

2.6. EXERCISES 60

5. Find ��/�� if � cos 2� + sin2 � = π.

� 1
6. Are there any points on the curve � = + where the slope is −3/2?
2 2� − 4
If so, find them.

7. The parabola � = � 2 + C is to be tangent to the line � = �. Find C .

8. Find equations for the lines that are tangent to the curve at the given point.

(a) � 2 + 2�2 = 9� (1� 2)

(b) �� + 2� − 5� = 2� (3� 2)
√
(c) � + �� = 6� (4� 1)

9. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of � with respect to the

appropriate variable.

2(� 2 + 1)
(a) � = √
cos 2�
� �
(� + 1)(� − 1) 5
(b) � = ,�>2
(� − 2)(� + 3)
√
(c) � = (sin θ) θ

NALINPAT PONOI
 CALCULUS I

61
 62
3. Applications of Differ-
3.1. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES

entiation

3.1 Maximum and Minimum Values

Definition 3.1
Let � be a number in the domain D of a function. Then � (�) is the

• absolute maximum value of � on D if � (�) ≥ � (�) for all � in D.

• absolute minimum value of � on D if � (�) ≤ � (�) for all � in D.

Definition 3.2
The number � (�) is a

• local maximum value of � if � (�) ≥ � (�) when � is near �.

• local minimum value of � if � (�) ≤ � (�) when � is near �.

Example 3.1
Consider the graph of the function
� (�) = 3� 4 − 16� 3 + 18� 2 � where − 1 ≤ � ≤ 4�

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.1. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES 63

Example 3.2
Consider the graph of the function

� (�) = � 3 � on R�

Theorem 3.1: The Extreme Value Theorem

If � is continuous on a closed interval [�� �], then � attains an absolute maxi-
mum value � (�) and an absolute minimum value � (�) at some numbers � and
� in [�� �].

Example 3.3
CALCULUS I
3.1. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES 64

Theorem 3.2: Fermat’s Theorem

If � has a local maximum or minimum at �, and if � � (�) exists, then � � (�) = 0.

Definition 3.3: A
critical number of a function � is a number � in the domain of � such that
either � � (�) = 0 or � � (�) does not exist.

The Closed Interval Method

To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous function � on a
closed interval [�� �]:
1. Find the critical numbers of � in (�� �).
2. Evaluate � (�) at all critical numbers. 3. Find � (�) and � (�).
4. The largest of the values from 2. and 3. is the absolute maximum value; the
smallest of these values is the absolute minimum value.

Example 3.4
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
� �
2 1
� (�) = � on − � 1 �
2

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.1. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES 65

Example 3.5
Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of on the given interval.

• � (�) = 5 + 54� − 2� 3 , [0� 4]

• � (�) = (� 2 − 1)3 , [−1� 2]

�
• � (�) = , [0� 3]
�2 −� +1
CALCULUS I

√
• � (�) = 3
�(8 − �), [0� 8]
3.2. THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM 66

• � (�) = 2 cos � + sin 2�, [0� π2 ]

Example 3.6
If � and � are positive numbers, find the maximum value of

� (�) = � � (1 − �)� � where 0 ≤ � ≤ 1�

3.2 The Mean-Value Theorem

Theorem 3.3: Rolle’s Theorem

NALINPAT PONOI
Let � be a function satisfying:

1. � is continuous on [�� �].

2. � is differentiable on (�� �).

3. � (�) = � (�).

Then there is � ∈ (�� �) such that � � (�) = 0.

 3.2. THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM 67

Example 3.7
Verify that the function satisfies the three hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem on the
given interval. Then find all numbers � that satisfy the conclusion of Rolle’s
Theorem.

• � (�) = 5 − 12� + 3� 2 on [1� 3]

�π 7π
�
• � (�) = cos 2� on 8� 8
CALCULUS I
3.2. THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM 68

Theorem 3.4: Mean-Value Theorem

Let � be a function that satisfies the following hypotheses:

1. � is continuous on [�� �].

2. � is differentiable on (�� �).

Then there is � ∈ (�� �) such that

� (�) − � (�)
� � (�) = �
�−�

Example 3.8

Let � (�) = � 3 − �� � = 0, � = 2.

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.2. THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM 69

Example 3.9
Suppose that � (0) = −3 and � � (�) ≤ 5 for all values of �. How large can � (2)
possibly be?

Example 3.10
Verify that the function satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on
the given interval. Then find all numbers � that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean
Value Theorem.

• � (�) = � 3 − 3� + 2 on [−2� 2]

1
• � (�) = on [1� 3]
�

Theorem 3.5
If � � (�) = 0 for all � in an interval (�� �), then � is constant on (�� �).
CALCULUS I

Pf
3.3. DERIVATIVES AND THE SHAPE OF A GRAPH 70

Corollary 3.1

If � � (�) = �� (�) for all � in an interval (�� �), then � − � is constant on (�� �);
that is, � (�) = �(�) + � where � is a constant.

Pf

3.3 Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph

Increasing/Decreasing Test

• If � � (�) > 0 on an interval, then � is increasing on that interval.

• If � � (�) < 0 on an interval, then � is decreasing on that interval.

Example 3.11
Find where the function � (�) = 3� 4 − 4� 3 − 12� 2 + 5 is increasing and where it is
decreasing.

The First Derivative Test

Suppose that � is a critical number of a continuous function � .

NALINPAT PONOI
• If � � changes from positive to negative at �, then � has a local maximum at �.

• If � � changes from negative to positive at �, then � has a local minimum at �.

• If � � does not change sign at �, then � has no local maximum or minimum at �.

 3.3. DERIVATIVES AND THE SHAPE OF A GRAPH 71

Example 3.12
Find the local maximum and minimum values of the function

� (�) = 1 + � − 2 cos(�)� where 0 ≤ � ≤ 2π�

Example 3.13
Find the local and absolute extreme values of � (�) = � 4 − 2� 2 − 3 on the interval
[−2� 2]. Sketch the graph of � .
CALCULUS I
3.3. DERIVATIVES AND THE SHAPE OF A GRAPH 72

Definition 3.4: Concavity

If the graph of � lies above all of its tangents on an interval I, then it is called
concave upward on I. If the graph of � lies below all of its tangents on I, it
is called concave downward on I.

Concavity Test

• If � �� (�) > 0 for all � ∈ I, then the graph of � is concave upward on I.

• If � �� (�) < 0 for all � ∈ I, then the graph of � is concave downward on I.

Definition 3.5: Inflection Points

point P on a curve � = � (�) is called an inflection point if � is continuous
there and the curve changes from concave upward to concave downward or
from concave downward to concave upward at P.

Example 3.14

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.3. DERIVATIVES AND THE SHAPE OF A GRAPH 73

Example 3.15
Sketch a possible graph of a function � that satisfies the following conditions:

• � (0) = 0� � (2) = 3� � (4) = 6 and � � (0) = � � (4) = 0

• � � (�) > 0 for 0 < � < 4, � � (�) < 0 for � < 0 and for � > 4

• � �� (�) > 0 for � < 2, � �� (�) < 0 for � > 2

The Second Derivative Test

Suppose � �� is continuous near �.

• If � � (�) = 0 and � �� (�) > 0, then � has a local minimum at �.

• If � � (�) = 0 and � �� (�) < 0, then � has a local maximum at �.

CALCULUS I
3.3. DERIVATIVES AND THE SHAPE OF A GRAPH 74

Example 3.16
Consider the curve � = � 4 − 4� 3 . Find concavity, points of inflection, and local
maxima and minima. Use this information to sketch the curve.

Example 3.17
2 1
Sketch the graph of the function � (�) = � 3 (6 − �) 3 .

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 75

3.4 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes

Definition 3.6: Limits at Infinity

Let � be a function defined on some interval (�� ∞). Then

lim � (�) = L�
�→∞

means that the values of � (�) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking �
sufficiently large.

Definition 3.7: Limits at Infinity

Let � be a function defined on some interval (−∞� �). Then

lim � (�) = L�
�→−∞

means that the values of � (�) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking �
sufficiently large negative.
CALCULUS I
3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 76

Example 3.18
� 2 −1
Consider a graph of � (�) = � 2 +1
.

Definition 3.8: Horizontal Asymptotes

The line � = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve � = � (�) if

either
lim � (�) = L or lim � (�) = L�
�→∞ �→−∞

Example 3.19

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 77

Example 3.20
Find the infinite limits, limits at infinity, and asymptotes for the following function.

Example 3.21
For the function � whose graph is given, state the following.
(a) lim � (�) (b) lim � (�)
�→∞ �→−∞
(c) lim � (�) (d) lim � (�)
�→1 �→3
(e) The equations of the asymptotes

Theorem 3.6: Limits at Infinity

If � > 0 is a rational number, then

1
CALCULUS I

lim = 0�
�→∞ ��
If � > 0 is a rational number such that � � is defined for all �, then
1
lim = 0�
�→−∞ � �
3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 78

We can see that........................and...........................

Example 3.22
3� 2 − � − 2
Evaluate lim �
�→∞ 5� 2 + 4� + 1

Tips:

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 79

Example 3.23
Evaluate
(2� 2 + 1)2
• lim
�→−∞ (� − 1)2 (� 2 + �)

√
�−� �
• lim 3
�→∞ 2� 2 + 3� − 5

Example 3.24
Evaluate
√
9� 6 − �
• lim
�→∞ � 3 + 1

�
• lim ( 9� 2 + � − 3�)
�→∞
CALCULUS I
3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 80

Note: (Infinite limits at infinity)

• If the value of � (�) become large as becomes � large, we will write

lim � (�) = ∞�
�→∞

• Similar meanings are attached to the following symbols:

lim � (�) = ∞ lim � (�) = −∞ lim � (�) = −∞
�→−∞ �→∞ �→−∞

Example 3.25
Evaluate lim � 3 and lim � 3 .
�→∞ �→−∞

Example 3.26
2� 2 + 1
Evaluate lim .
�→−∞ 1 − �

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 81

Example 3.27
1
Evaluate lim cos and lim cos �.
�→∞ � �→∞

Example 3.28
Evaluate
� 4 − 3� 2 + �
• lim
�→∞ � 3 − � + 2

1 + �6
• lim
�→−∞ � 4 + 1
CALCULUS I

Example 3.29
Evaluate
√
• lim (� − �)
�→∞
3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 82

√ 1
• lim � sin
�→∞ �

Definition 3.9: Limits at Infinity (Precise Definitions)

Let � be a function defined on some interval (�� ∞). Then

lim � (�) = L
�→∞

means that for every � > 0 there is a corresponding number N such that

if � > N then |� (�) − L| < ��

Definition 3.10: Limits at Infinity (Precise Definitions)

Let � be a function defined on some interval (−∞� �). Then

lim � (�) = L
�→−∞ NALINPAT PONOI

means that for every � > 0 there is a corresponding number N such that

if � < N then |� (�) − L| < ��

 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 83

Example 3.30
1
Use the definition of limits to show that lim = 0.
�→∞ �2

Definition 3.11: Infinite Limits at Infinity (Precise Definitions)

et � be a function defined on some interval (�� ∞). Then

lim � (�) = ∞
�→∞

means that for every M > 0 there is a corresponding number N such that

if � > N then � (�) > M�

CALCULUS I
3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 84

Example 3.31
Use the definition of limits to show that lim � 2 + � = ∞.
�→∞

Guidelines for Sketching a Curve

The following checklist is intended as a guide to sketching a curve by hand.

1. Domain

2. Intercepts

3. Symmetry

4. Asymptotes

5. Intervals of Increase or Decrease

6. Local Maximum and Minimum Values

7. Concavity and Points of Inflection

8. Sketch the Curve

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 85

Example 3.32
2� 2
Use the guidelines to sketch the curve � = .
�2 − 1
CALCULUS I
3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 86

Example 3.33
sin �
Use the guidelines to sketch the curve � = .
1 + cos �

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 87

Example 3.34
Sketch the graph of a function that satisfies all of the given conditions.

• � � (2) = 0

• � (2) = −1, � (0) = 0,

• � � (�) < 0 if 0 < � < 2

• � � (�) > 0 if � > 2,

• � �� (�) < 0 if 0 ≤ � < 1 or � > 4,

• � �� (�) > 0 if 1 < � < 4

• lim � (�) = 1,
�→∞

• � (−�) = � (�) for all �.

CALCULUS I
3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 88

Example 3.35
Sketch the graph of a function that satisfies all of the given conditions.

• �(0) = 0

• ��� (�) < 0 for � �= 0,

• lim �(�) = ∞,
�→−∞

• lim �(�) = −∞,

�→∞

• lim− �� (�) = −∞,

�→0

• lim+ �� (�) = ∞.
�→0

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.4. LIMITS AT INFINITY; HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 89

Some curves have asymptotes that are oblique, that is, neither horizontal nor
vertical.

Definition 3.12: Slant Asymptotes

If
lim [� (�) − (�� + �)] = 0
�→∞

then the line � = �� + � is called a slant asymptote.

Example 3.36
�3
Sketch the graph of � (�) = .
�2 + 1
CALCULUS I
3.5. L’HOSPITAL’S RULE 90

3.5 L’Hospital’s Rule

Theorem 3.7: L’Hospital’s Rule

uppose � and � are differentiable and �� (�) �= 0 on an open interval I that

contains � (except possibly at �). Suppose that

lim � (�) = 0 and lim �(�) = 0

�→� �→�
or lim � (�) = ±∞ and lim �(�) = ±∞.
�→� �→�

Then
� (�) � � (�)
lim = lim �
�→� �(�) �→� � (�)

if the limit on the right side exists (or is ∞ or −∞).

Example 3.37
Evaluate
sin �
• lim
�→0 �

ln �
• lim
�→1 � − 1

��
• lim
�→∞ 5� 2

��

NALINPAT PONOI
• lim
�→1 3� 3

ln �
• lim √
�→∞ 3 �

tan � − �
• lim
�→0 �3
 3.5. L’HOSPITAL’S RULE 91

sin �
• lim−
�→π 1 − cos �

Example 3.38
Let � be a positive integer. Prove that

��
lim = ∞�
�→∞ � �

Example 3.39: (Indeterminate Products)

Evaluate

• lim+ � ln �
�→0

• lim ���
CALCULUS I

�→−∞
3.5. L’HOSPITAL’S RULE 92

Example 3.40: (Indeterminate Differences)

Evaluate

• lim (sec � − tan �)

�→(π/2)−

• lim (� − ln �)
�→∞

Example 3.41: (Indeterminate Powers)

Evaluate
• lim+ (1 + sin 4�)cot �
�→0

• lim+ � �
�→0

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 93

� �2�+1
2� − 3
• lim
�→∞ 2� + 5

3.6 Linear Approximations and Differentials

Recall: An equation of the tangent line of � = � (�) at (�� � (�)) is

� = � � (�)(� − �) + � (�)�

Definition 3.13: Linearization

Let � = � (�) be a differentiable function at a number �. Then a linearization
of � at � is the function

L(�) = � � (�)(� − �) + � (�)�

If � ∈ R is close to �, then � (�) can be approximated by L(�), i.e.

� (�) ≈ L(�)�

This approximation is called a (local) linear approximation or tangent line

approximation of � at �.
CALCULUS I
3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 94

Example 3.42
Find the linearization of � (�) = � 4 + 3� 2 at � = −1.

Example 3.43
√
Find the linearization of √
the function√ � (�) = � + 3 at � = 1 and use it to
approximate the numbers 3�98 and 4�05.

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 95

Let � = � (�) be a differentiable function. If the value of � changes from � to

� + ∆, then the different is ∆� = (� + ∆�) − �� The function value will be changed
from � (�) to � (� + ∆�), i.e. ∆� = � (� + ∆�) − � (�).

Definition 3.14: Differential

Let � = � (�) be a differentiable function. The differential �� is an inde-
pendent variable. The differential �� is then defined in terms of �� by the
equation
�� = � � (�)���
CALCULUS I
3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 96

Example 3.44
Find �� for � = � 2 sin(2� + 1).

Example 3.45
Find �� for � = 3� 5 + �sin(2�) .

Example 3.46
Compare the value of ∆� and �� if � = � 3 − 5� + 2 and � changes

• from 2 to 2.05

• from 2 to 2.01. NALINPAT PONOI

 3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 97

Example 3.47
The circumference of a sphere was measured to be 84 cm with a possible error
of 0.5 cm.

• Use differentials to estimate the maximum error in the calculated surface

area. What is the relative error?

• Use differentials to estimate the maximum error in the calculated volume.

What is the relative error?

Definition 3.15: Taylor and Maclaurin Series

The Taylor series of the function � at � is the series defined by

�
∞ (�)
� (�)
� (�) = (� − �)� � when |� − �| < R�
�!
�=0

For the special case � = 0, the series

CALCULUS I

�
∞ (�)
� (0)
� (�) = (�)� � when |�| < R�
�!
�=0

is called the Maclaurin series.

Remark
3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 98

Example 3.48
Find the Maclaurin series of the function � (�) = �� .

Example 3.49
Find the Taylor series centered at π/3 of the function � (�) = sin �.

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 99

Example 3.50
Find the Maclaurin series of the function � (�) = � cos �.
CALCULUS I
3.6. LINEAR APPROXIMATIONS AND DIFFERENTIALS 100

Summary

NALINPAT PONOI
 3.7. EXERCISES 101

3.7 Exercises
1. Does � (�) = � 3 + 2� + tan � have any local maximum or minimum values? Give
reasons for your answer.

2. Does � (�) = (7 + �)(11 − 3�)1/3 have an absolute minimum value? An absolute

maximum? If so, find them or give reasons why they fail to exist. List all
critical points of � .

3. Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of � (�) = � − 2 ln �

over the interval 1 ≤ � ≤ 3.

4. Show that �(�) = sin2 � − 3� decreases on every interval in its domain. How
many solutions does the equation sin2 � − 3� = 5 have? Give reasons for your
answer.

5. Graph the curves in the following Exercises.

√
�3 (e) � = � 3 − �
(a) � = − �2
6 (f) � = (� − 3)2 ��
(b) � = −� 3 + 6� 2 − 9� + 3
(g) � = ln(� 2 − 4� + 3)
(c) � = � 3 (8 − �) � �
−1 1
(d) � = � − 3� 2/3 (h) � = sin
�

6. Sketch the graphs of the rational functions in the following Exercises.

� +1
(a) � =
� −3
�2 + 1
(b) � =
�
7. Use l’Hospital’s Rule to find the limits

� 2 + 3� − 4 (d) lim sec 7� cos 3�

(a) lim �→π/2−
�→1 � −1
CALCULUS I

tan � (e) lim (csc � − cot �)

(b) lim
�→π � �→0

sin2 � � �
(c) lim (f) lim ( � 2 + � + 1 − � 2 − �)
�→0 tan(� 2 ) �→∞

8. Find the limits.

3.7. EXERCISES 102

10� − 1 � − ln(1 + 2�)

(a) lim (d) lim+
�→0 � �→0 �2
� � �
2sin � − 1 � 1
(b) lim (e) lim+ −
�→0 �� − 1 �→0 � �
� �
5 − 5 cos � � ��
(c) lim (f) lim 1 +
�→0 �� − � − 1 �→∞ �

9. Find the linearizations of

(a) � (�) = tan � at � = −π/4

(b) � (�) = sec � at � = −π/4
√
(c) � (�) = 1 + � + sin � − 0�5 at � = 0

10. The circumference of the equator of a sphere is measured as 10 cm with a

possible error of 0�4 cm. This measurement is then used to calculate the
radius. The radius is then used to calculate the surface area and volume of
the sphere. Estimate the percentage errors in the calculated values of

(a) the radius.

(b) the surface area.
(c) the volume.

11. Find the Taylor series.

(a) � (�) = � 3 − 2� + 4, � = 2
1
(b) � (�) = 2 , � = 1
�
(c) � (�) = cos(2� + π/2), � = π/4

12. Find the Maclaurin series.

(a) 7 cos(−�)
�� + �−�

NALINPAT PONOI
(b) cosh � =
2
4 3
(c) � − 2� − 5� + 4
 CALCULUS I

103
4.1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEM 104

4. Integration

4.1 Antiderivatives and Initial-Value Problem

Definition 4.1: Antiderivatives

A function F is called an antiderivative of � on an interval I if F � (�) = � (�)
for all � ∈ I.

Example 4.1
Let � (�)=x+2.

Theorem 4.1
If is F an antiderivative of on an interval I, then the most general antideriva-
tive of F on I is

NALINPAT PONOI
F (�) + C
where is C is an arbitrary constant.

Example 4.2
Find the most general antiderivative of each of the following functions.

• � (�) = sin � + 1
 4.1. ANTIDERIVATIVES AND INITIAL-VALUE PROBLEM 105

• � (�) = � � where � ≥ 0

• � (�) = � −3

Table of Antidifferentiation Formulas.

Function Particular Function Particular

antiderivative antiderivative
�� (�) �F (�) cos � sin �
� (�) + �(�) F (�) + G(�) sin � − cos �
� �+1
� � , � �= −1 sec2 � tan �
�+1
sec � tan � sec �

Note : We use the notation F � = � and G � = �.

Example 4.3
Find all functions � such that
√
� 2 �3 − �
� (�) = 3� + sin � + �
�2
CALCULUS I
4.2. VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION 106

Example 4.4
Find � if � � (�) = 2� + sin � and � (0) = 1.

Example 4.5
Find � if � �� (�) = 12� 2 + 2� − 3, � (0) = 1 and � � (−1) = 2.

4.2 Velocity and Acceleration

Antidifferentiation is particularly useful in analyzing the motion of an object moving
in a straight line. Let �(�) be a position function of the object. Then the velocity
function �(�) is
�(�) = �� (�)

NALINPAT PONOI
and the acceleration function �(�) is

�(�) = � � (�) = ��� (�)�

 4.2. VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION 107

Example 4.6
A particle moves in a straight line and has acceleration given by �(�) = 3� + 1.
Its initial velocity is �(0) = 3 and its initial displacement is �(0) = 5 cm. Find its
position function �(�).

Example 4.7
A stone is dropped from the upper observation deck (the Space Deck) of the CN
Tower, 450 m above the ground.
(a) Find the distance of the stone above ground level at time �.
(b) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
(c) With what velocity does it strike the ground?
(d) If the stone is thrown downward with a speed of 5 m/s, how long does it take
to reach the ground?
CALCULUS I
4.3. AREAS AS LIMITS OF SUMS 108

Example 4.8
Show that for motion in a straight line with constant acceleration �, initial velocity
�0 , and initial displacement �0 , the displacement after time � is

1 2
�= �� + �0 � + �0 �
2

4.3 Areas as Limits of Sums

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.3. AREAS AS LIMITS OF SUMS 109

Definition 4.2: Areas as Limits of Sums

The area A of the region S that lies under the graph of the continuous
function � is the limit of the sum of the areas of approximating rectangles:

� = lim R� = lim [� (�1 )∆� + � (�2 )∆� + · · · + � (�� )∆�]�

�→∞ �→∞

Remark

Example 4.9
From the following figure, show that

1
lim R� = �
�→∞ 3
CALCULUS I
4.3. AREAS AS LIMITS OF SUMS 110

In fact, we could take the height of the �th rectangle to be the value of � at any
number �1∗ in the �th subinterval [��−1 � �� ]. The numbers �1∗ � �2∗ � ���� ��∗ are called the
sample points.

NALINPAT PONOI

� = lim [� (�1∗ )∆� + � (�2∗ )∆� + · · · + � (��∗ )∆�]�

�→∞

Let � be a function defined for � ≤ � ≤ �. Divide [�� �] into � subintervals of

equal ∆� = �−� � . Let � = �0 � �1 � �2 � ���� �� = � be the endpoints of these subintervals.
Let �1∗ � �2∗ � ���� ��∗ be any sample points in these subintervals.
 4.4. PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 111

Definition 4.3: Definite Integral

The definite integral of � from � to � is

� � �
�
� (�)�� = lim � (��∗ )∆��
� �→∞
�=1

If the limit exists, we say that � is integrable on [�� �].

Note The sum ............................... is called a ..................................

4.4 Properties of the Definite Integral

Theorem 4.2
If � is continuous, then � is integrable.

Theorem 4.3: Properties of the Integral

Let � be an integrable function on an interval containing the points �� �� �.

��
1. � � �� = �(� − �)
�� ��
2. � � (�) �� = − � � (�) ��
�� ��
3. � �� (�) �� = � � � (�) ��
�� �� ��
4. � [� (�) ± �(�)] �� = � � (�) �� ± � �(�) ��
�� �� ��
5. � � (�) �� + � � (�) �� = � � (�) ��
CALCULUS I
4.5. PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 112

4.5 Properties of the Definite Integral

Definition 4.4: Odd/Even Function

Let � be a function.

• � is even if � (−�) = � (�) for any � in the domain.

• � is odd if � (−�) = −� (�) for any � in the domain.

Theorem 4.4: Integrals of Symmetric Functions

Let � be an integrable function on [−�� �].

�� ��
1. If � is even, then −� � (�) �� = 2 0 � (�) ��.
��
2. If � is odd, then −� � (�) �� = 0 ��.

Example 4.10
� 1
Evaluate � 6 + � 4 − 2 ���
−1

Example 4.11
� 1
sin �
Evaluate ���
1 + �4 − �8

NALINPAT PONOI
−1
 4.6. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 113

Theorem 4.5: Comparison Properties of the Integral

Let � be an integrable function. Let �� � be real numbers.

��
1. If � (�) ≥ 0 for � ≤ � ≤ �, then � � (�) �� ≥ 0.
�� ��
2. If � (�) ≥ �(�) for � ≤ � ≤ �, then � � (�) �� ≥ � �(�) ��.

3. If � ≤ � (�) ≤ M for � ≤ � ≤ �, then

� �
�(� − �) ≤ � (�) �� ≤ M(� − �)�
�

Example 4.12
�4√
Estimate 1 � �� using the above theorem.

4.6 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem 4.6: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1

If � is continuous on [�� �], then the function � defined by

� �
�(�) = � (�) ��� � ≤ � ≤ �
�

is continuous on [�� �] and differentiable on (�� �), and �� (�) = � (�).

CALCULUS I
4.6. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 114

Example 4.13
� �
Find the derivative of the function �(�) = 1 − � 2 ��.
0

Example 4.14
� � �
Find the derivative of the function �(�) = 1 + � 3 ��.
0

Example 4.15
� �4
�
Find sec � ��.
�� 1

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.6. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 115

Example 4.16
� sin � √ ��
If � (�) = 0 1 + � 2 �� and �(�) = 3 � (�) ��, find ��� (π/6).

Theorem 4.7: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2

If � is continuous on [�� �], then

� �
� (�) �� = F (�) − F (�)
�

where F is any antiderivative of � , that is, a function such that F � = � .

Example 4.17
� 5
Ex Evaluate � 3 ��.
3
CALCULUS I
4.6. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 116

Example 4.18
� 5
Evaluate 3� 2 ��.
3

Example 4.19
� 0
Evaluate �� ��.
−1

Example 4.20
Find the area under the parabola � = � 2 from 0 to 1.

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 117

Example 4.21
Find the area under the cosine curve from 0 to �, where 0 ≤ � ≤ π/2.

4.7 Indefinite Integrals

Definition 4.5: Indefinite Integrals

�
We use the notation � (�) �� for an antiderivative of � that is
�
� (�) �� = F (�) which means F � (�) = � (�)�

It is called an indefinite integral.

Note
CALCULUS I
4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 118

Theorem 4.8: Table of Indefinite Integrals)(I)

� �
�� (�) �� = � � (�) ��
� � �
[� (�) ± �(�)] �� = � (�) �� ± �(�) ��
� �
� �+1
� �� = �� + C � � �� = + C (� �= −1)
�+1

Theorem 4.9: Table of Indefinite Integrals(II)

� �
sin � �� = − cos � + C cos � �� = sin � + C
� �
sec2 � �� = tan � + C csc2 � �� = − cot � + C
� �
sec � tan � �� = sec � + C csc � cot � �� = − csc � + C
� �
tan � �� = ln | sec �| + C cot � �� = ln | sin �| + C
� �
sec � �� = ln | sec � + tan �| + C csc � �� = ln | csc � − cot �| + C

Theorem 4.10: Table of Indefinite Integrals(III)

�
1
�� = ��(|�|) + C
� �
�� �� = �� + C
�
��
�� �� = +C
log �

Theorem 4.11: Table of Indefinite Integrals(IV)

� �

NALINPAT PONOI
sinh � �� = cosh � + C cosh � �� = sinh � + C
 4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 119

Theorem 4.12: Table of Indefinite Integrals

� � �
1 1 −1 �
�� = tan +C
� 2 + �2 � �
� � �
1 1 −1 �
√ �� = sin + C, � > 0
�2 − � 2 � �

Example 4.22
Find the general indefinite integral
�
(10� 5 − sin � + sec2 �) ���

Example 4.23
Evaluate �
cos θ
�θ�
sin2 θ
CALCULUS I
4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 120

Example 4.24
�
Evaluate (1 + � 2 )2 ���

Example 4.25
� 2
Evaluate (1 + � 2 )2 ���
0

Example 4.26
� 2� �
1 4
Evaluate − ���
1 �2 �3

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 121

Example 4.27
� 64 √
1+ 3�
Evaluate √ ���
1 �

Example 4.28
� π/4
1 + cos2 θ
Evaluate �θ�
0 cos2 θ

Example 4.29
� π/3
sin θ + sin θ tan2 θ
Evaluate �θ�
0 sec2 θ
CALCULUS I

Note:
4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 122

Example 4.30
� 2
Evaluate |2� − 1| ���
0

Example 4.31
� 2
Evaluate |� − 2|�|| ���
−1

Example 4.32
� 3π/2
Evaluate | sin �| ���
0

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 123

Example 4.33
�
Evaluate 2�� + 3� − π ���

Example 4.34
�
Evaluate (sin � + sinh �) ���

Example 4.35
� 10
2��
Evaluate ���
−10 sinh � + cosh �
CALCULUS I
4.7. INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 124

The velocity of the object is �(�) = �� (�). Then

� �2
displacement = �(�) ���
� �2 �1
distance = |�(�)| ���
�1

The acceleration of the object is �(�) = � � (�). Then

� �2
�(�) �� = �(�2 ) − �(�1 )
�1

is the change in velocity from time �1 to time �2 .

Example 4.36
A particle moves along a line so that its velocity (in �/�) at time � is

�(�) = � 2 − 2� − 3�

(a) Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1 ≤ � ≤ 5.
(b) Find the distance traveled during this time period.

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 125

Example 4.37
Given an acceleration function (in �/�2 )

�(�) = � + 4

and the initial velocity �(0) = 5. Find

(a) the velocity at time 0 ≤ � ≤ 10
(b) the distance traveled during the time interval.

4.8 The Method of Substitution

Theorem 4.13: The Substitution Rule

If � = �(�) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and � is
continuous on I, then
� �
�
� (�(�))� (�) �� = � (�) ���

Example 4.38
�
Find � 5 cos(� 6 − 2) ��.
CALCULUS I
4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 126

Example 4.39
� √
Find 3� − 2 ��.

Example 4.40
�
�
Find ��.
1 + 2� 2

Example 4.41
�
Find tan � ��.

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 127

Example 4.42
�
Find cot � ��.

Example 4.43
�
Find � sin(� 2 ) + cos(3�) ��.

Example 4.44
� �
Find 1 + � 2 � 5 ��.
CALCULUS I
4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 128

Example 4.45
�
sin(ln �)
Evaluate ��.
�

Example 4.46
�
sin(2�)
Evaluate ��.
1 + cos2 �

Example 4.47
�
(ln �)2
Evaluate + �� sin(�� ) ��.
�

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 129

Example 4.48
�
Evaluate �tan � sec2 (�) ��.

Theorem 4.14: The Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals

If �� is continuous on [�� �] and � is continuous on the range of � = �(�), then

� � � �(�)
� (�(�))�� (�) �� = � (�) ���
� �(�)

Example 4.49
� 5√
Evaluate 3� + 1 ��.
1
CALCULUS I
4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 130

Example 4.50
� 1√
3
Evaluate 1 + 7� ��.
0

Example 4.51
� � �
Evaluate � � 2 + �2 ��, � > 0.
0

Example 4.52
� π/2
Evaluate cos � sin(sin �) ��.
0

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 131

Example 4.53
� π/3
Evaluate � 4 sin � ��.
−π/3

Example 4.54
� 1
cos(� −2 )
Evaluate ��.
1/2 �3

Example 4.55
� T /2
Evaluate sin(2π�/T − α) ��.
0
CALCULUS I
4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 132

Example 4.56
� �4
��
Evaluate √ .
� � ln �

Example 4.57
� 9 � 3
If f is continuous and � (�) �� = 4, find �� (� 2 ) ��.
0 0

Example 4.58
If � is continuous on [0� π], use the substitution � = π − � to show that
� π �
π π
�� (sin �) �� = � (sin �) ���
0 2 0

NALINPAT PONOI
 4.8. THE METHOD OF SUBSTITUTION 133

Summary
CALCULUS I
4.9. EXERCISES 134

4.9 Exercises
1. Find an antiderivative for each function.

(a) � 2 − 2� + 1
(b) � −4 + 2� + 3
1
(c) − � −4/3
3
2. Solve the initial value problems.

�� ��
(a) = 2� − 7� �(2) = 0 (c) = 3� −2/3 � �(−1) = −5
�� ��
�� 1 ��
(b) = 2 + �� � > 0, �(2) = 1 (d) = 1 + cos �� �(0) = 4
�� � ��

3. Find the derivatives.

� √
� � �3
� �
(a) cos � �� (c) �−� ��
�� 0 �� 0
� �4
� √
(b) � ��
�� 0

��
4. Find .
��
� �
� � ��
2
(a) � = 1 + � 2 �� 1
0
(c) � = √ ��
0 �
� 0 � sin−1 �
(b) � = √ sin(� 2 ) �� (d) � = cos � ��
� 0

5. Evaluating Indefinite Integrals.

� �

NALINPAT PONOI
(a) (� 3 + 5� − 7) �� (e) � 3 (1 + � 4 )−1/4 ��
� �
√ 4 �
(b) 3 � + 2 �� (f) sec2
��
� 10
� � √ √
��
(c) (g) csc 2θ cot 2θ �θ
(� + 5)2
� � �
(d) 3θ θ 2 + 1 �θ (h) 2(cos �)−1/2 sin � ��
 4.9. EXERCISES 135
� �
2
(i) (� − 2/�)(� + 2/�) �� (n) �3� ��
� �
√ 3 ��
(j) � sin(2� 3/2 ) �� (o) �
1 − 4(� − 1)2
�
� ��
(p) �
(k) �� sec2 (�� − 7) �� (2� − 1) (2� − 1)2 − 4
� � −1 √
�sin �
(l) (sec2 �)�tan � �� (q) √ ��
2 � − �2
�
� ��
(ln �)−3 (r) �
(m) �� tan−1 �(1 + �2 )
�

6. Evaluating definite Integrals.

� 1 � π/2
2
(a) (3� − 4� + 7) �� (j) 5(sin �)3/2 cos � ��
−1 0
� 2 � π/2
4 3 sin � cos �
(b) �� (k) � ��
1 �2 0 1 + 3 sin2 �
� 4 � 4� �
�� � 1
(c) √ (l) + ��
1 � � 1 8 2�
� 1 � −1
36 ��
(d) (m) �−(�+1) ��
0 (2� + 1)3 −2
� 1 �ln 5
(e) � −1/3 (1 − � 2/3 )3/2 �� (n) �� (3�� + 1)−3/2 ��
1/8 0
� π � �
1
(f) sin2 5� �� (o) (1 + 7 ln �)−1/3 ��
0 1 �
� π/3 � 8
log4 θ
(g) sec2 θ �θ (p) �θ
0 1 θ
� 3π � 3/4
� 6
(h) cot2 �� (q) √ ��
π 6 −3/4 9 − 4� 2
CALCULUS I

� 0 � 2
3
(i) sec � tan � �� (r) ��
−2 4 + 3�
2
−π/3
NALINPAT PONOI

136
 137
5. Applications of Integra-
5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES

tion

5.1 Areas Between Curves

CALCULUS I

�
�
� = lim [� (��∗ ) − �(��∗ )]∆�
�−
→∞
�=1
5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 138

Theorem 5.1: Areas Between Curves

The area A of the region bounded by the curves � = � (�), � = �(�) and the
lines � = �, � = � ,where � and � are continuous and � (�) ≥ �(�) for all �
in [�� �], is
� �
A= [� (�) − �(�)] ���
�

Theorem 5.2: Areas Between Curves

The area between the curves � = � (�) and � = �(�) and between � = � and
� = � is � �
A= |� (�) − �(�)| ���
�

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 139

Example 5.1
Find the area of the region bounded above by � = � 2 + 1, bounded below by
� = �, and bounded on the sides by � = 0 and � = 1.

Example 5.2
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas � = � 2 and � = 2� − � 2 .
CALCULUS I
5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 140

Example 5.3
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves � = sin �, � = cos �, � = 0
and � = π/2.

Some regions are best treated by regarding � as a function of �.

Theorem 5.3
If the region is bounded by � = � (�), � = �(�), � = � and � = � ,where �
and � are continuous and � (�) ≥ �(�) for all � ≤ � ≤ �, then
� �
A= [� (�) − �(�)] ���
�

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 141

Example 5.4
Find the area of the region bounded by the line � = � − 1 and the parabola
�2 = 2� + 6.

Remark

Example 5.5
Find the area of the shaded region.
CALCULUS I
5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 142

Summary

Example 5.6
Sketch the region enclosed by the given curves.Then find the area of the region.

• � = � + 1, � = 9 − � 2 , � = −1, � = 2

• � = � 2 − 2�, � = � + 4

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 143
√
• �= � − 1, � − � = 1

Example 5.7

• � = −� 2 + � + 6, �-axis

• � = � 2 − � − 6, �-axis
CALCULUS I
5.1. AREAS BETWEEN CURVES 144

Example 5.8

• � = 1 − �2 , � = �2 − 1

• 4� + �2 = 12, � = �

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.2. VOLUMES 145

5.2 Volumes
5.2.1 Disk and Washer Methods

�
�
V = lim A(��∗ )∆�
�−
→∞
�=1

Definition 5.1
Let S be a solid that lies between � = � and � = �. If the cross-sectional
area of S in the plane P� , through � and perpendicular to the �-axis, is A(�),
CALCULUS I

where A is a continuous function, then the volume of S is

� �
V = A(�) ���
�
5.2. VOLUMES 146

Example 5.9
4 3
Show that the volume of a sphere of radius � is V = π� .
3

Example 5.10
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis the region
√
under the curve � = � from 0 to 1.

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.2. VOLUMES 147

Example 5.11
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by � = � 3 ,
� = 8, and � = 0 about the �-axis.

Example 5.12
The region R enclosed by the curves � = � and � = � 2 is rotated about the
�-axis. Find the volume of the resulting solid.
CALCULUS I
5.2. VOLUMES 148

Example 5.13
The region R enclosed by the curves � = � and � = � 2 is rotated about the line
� = 2. Find the volume of the resulting solid.

Example 5.14
The region R enclosed by the curves � = � and � = � 2 is rotated about the line
� = −1. Find the volume of the resulting solid.

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.2. VOLUMES 149

Example 5.15
A wedge is cut out of a circular cylinder of radius 4 by two planes. One plane
is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. The other intersects the first at an
angle of 30◦ along a diameter of the cylinder. Find the volume of the wedge.

Example 5.16
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by the given
curves about the specified line.

• � = 1 − � 2 , � = 0; about the �-axis

CALCULUS I
5.2. VOLUMES 150

• � = � 3 , � = �, � ≥ 0; about the �-axis

• �2 = �, � = 2�; about the �-axis

• � = � 2 , � = 4; about � = 4

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.2. VOLUMES 151

5.2.2 Cylindrical Shells Methods

CALCULUS I

�
�
V = lim 2π�� � (�� )∆�
�−
→∞
�=1
5.2. VOLUMES 152

Definition 5.2
The volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the �-axis the region
under the curve � = � (�) from � to �, is
� �
V = 2π�� (�) ��� where 0 ≤ � < �
�

Example 5.17
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the �-axis the region
bounded by � = 2� 2 − � 3 and � = 0.

Example 5.18
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the �-axis the region
between � = � and � = � 2 .

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.2. VOLUMES 153

Example 5.19
Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by � = �−� 2
and � = 0 about the line � = 2.

Example 5.20
Use the method of cylindrical shells to find the volume generated by rotating the
region bounded by the given curves.

• � = � 3 , � = 0, � = 1, � = 2 about �-axis
CALCULUS I
5.2. VOLUMES 154

• � = � 2 , � = 6� − 2� 2 about �-axis

• � = � 3 , � = 8, � = 0 about �-axis

• � + � = 3, � = 4 − (� − 1)2 about �-axis

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.3. ARC LENGTH 155
√
• �= �, � = 0, � = 1 about � = −1

5.3 Arc Length

�
�
From the figure, L = lim |P�−1 P� |. Consider
�→∞
� �=1
|P�−1 P� | = (∆�)2 + (∆�� )2
�
= (∆�)2 + [� � (��∗ )∆�]2
�
= 1 + [� � (��∗ )]2 ∆�
Then
� �
CALCULUS I

�
L = lim 1 + [� � (��∗ )]2 ∆��
�→∞
�=1
5.3. ARC LENGTH 156

Theorem 5.4: The Arc Length Formula

If � � is continuous on [�� �], then the length of the curve � = � (�), � ≤ � ≤ �,

is � ��
L= 1 + [� � (�)]2 ���
�

Remark If a curve has the equation � = �(�), � ≤ � ≤ �� and �� (�) is continuous,

then � � �
L= 1 + [�� (�)]2 ���
�

Example 5.21
Find the length of the arc of the curve �2 = � 3 from (1� 1) to (4� 8).

Example 5.22
Find the length of the arc of the curve � = � 2/3 from � = 1 to � = 8.

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.3. ARC LENGTH 157

Definition 5.3: Arc Length Functions

The arc length function represented the distance along the curve � = � (�)
from the initial point P0 (�� � (�)) to the point Q(�� � (�)) is defined by
� ��
�(�) = 1 + [� � (�)]2 ���
�

Example 5.23
1
Find the arc length function for the curve � = � 2 − ln � taking P0 (1� 1) as the
8
starting point.

Example 5.24
Find the length of the curve � = ln(cos �), 0 ≤ � ≤ π/3.
CALCULUS I
5.4. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 158

Example 5.25
Find the length of the curve �2 = 4(� + 4)3 , 0 ≤ � ≤ 2, � > 0.

5.4 Area of a Surface of Revolution

�1 �1 + �
Note that A = π�2 (�1 + �) − π�1 �1 = π[(�2 − �1 )�1 + �2 �]. From the figure, =
�1 �2
which implies
(�2 − �1 )�1 = �1 ��

NALINPAT PONOI
Then �� + � �
1 2
A = 2π ��
2
 5.4. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 159

��−1 + �� �
Consider A = 2π |P�−1 P� | where |P�−1 P� | = 1 + [� � (��∗ )]2 ∆�. If ∆� is
2
small, then
��−1 + ��
≈ � (��∗ )�
2
Consider
�
� �
� �
S = lim 2π� (��∗ )|P�−1 P� | = lim 2π� (��∗ ) 1 + [� � (��∗ )]2 ∆��
�→∞ �→∞
�=1 �=1

Definition 5.4: Area of a Surface of Revolution

Let � be a function such that � � is continuous and � (�) ≥ 0 for � ≤ � ≤ �.
The surface area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve � = � (�),
� ≤ � ≤ � about the �-axis is
� � �
S= 2π� (�) 1 + [� � (�)]2 ���
�

Remark1 If the curve is described as � = �(�), � ≤ � ≤ �, the surface area

formula becomes �
� � � �2
��
S= 2π� 1 + ���
� ��
Remark2 The formula in the definition can be written in the form
�
S = 2π� ���
CALCULUS I

Remark3 For rotation about the �-axis, the surface area formula becomes
�
S = 2π� ���
� � �2 � � �2
�� ��
where �� = 1+ �� or �� = 1+ ��.
�� ��
5.4. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 160

Example 5.26
√
The curve � = 4 − � 2 , −1��� ≤ 1, is an arc of the circle � 2 + �2 = 4. Find the
area of the surface obtained by rotating this arc about the �-axis.

Example 5.27: 3
The arc of the parabola � = � 2 from (1� 1) to (2� 4) is rotated about the �-axis.
Find the area of the resulting surface.

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.4. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 161

Example 5.28
√
Find the exact area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve � = 1 + 4�,
1 ≤ � ≤ 5 about the �-axis.

Example 5.29
Find the exact area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve 9� = �2 + 18,
2 ≤ � ≤ 6 about the �-axis.
CALCULUS I
5.4. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 162

Example 5.30
Find the exact area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve � = 1 − � 2 ,
0 ≤ � ≤ 1 about the �-axis.

NALINPAT PONOI
 5.4. AREA OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTION 163

Summary
CALCULUS I
5.5. EXERCISES 164

5.5 Exercises
1. Find the total area between the region and the x-axis.

(a) � = −� 2 − 2�, −3 ≤ � ≤ 2
(b) � = � 3 − 3� 2 + 2�, 0 ≤ � ≤ 2

2. Find the areas of the shaded regions.

(d)

(a)

(e)

(b)

NALINPAT PONOI

(c) (f)
 5.5. EXERCISES 165

(g)
(h)

3. Find the areas of the regions enclosed by the lines/curves.

(a) � = � 2 − 2 and � = 2
(b) � = � 4 − 4� 2 + 4 and � = � 2
(c) � = 2�2 � � = 0 and � = 3
(d) �2 − 4� = 4 and 4� − � = 16
�
(e) � = �2 − 1 and � = |�| 1 − �2
(f) 4� 2 + � = 4 and � 4 − � = 1
(g) � = 2 sin � and � = sin 2�, 0 ≤ � ≤ π
(h) � = cos(π�/2) and � = 1 − � 2
(i) � = sec2 �, � = tan2 �, � = −π/4 and � = π/4
4. Find the area of the region between the curve � = 2�/(1 + � 2 ) and the interval
−2 ≤ � ≤ 2 of the x-axis.
5. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded on the left by the
√
�-axis, below by the line � = �/4� above left by the curve � = 1 + �� and
√
above right by the curve � = 2/ �.
6. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the shaded region about
the given axis.
(a) About the �-axis
CALCULUS I
5.5. EXERCISES 166

(b) About the �-axis

(c) About the �-axis

7. Find the volumes of the solids generated by revolving the regions bounded by
the lines and curves about the �-axis.

(a) � = � 2 , � = 0, � = 2
√
(b) � = 9 − � 2 � � = 0
√
(c) � = cos �, 0 ≤ � ≤ π/2, � = 0, � = 0
(d) � = �−� , � = 0, � = 0, � = 1
(e) � = �, � = 1, � = 0
(f) � = � 2 + 1, � = � + 3
√
(g) � = sec �, � = 2, −π/4 ≤ � ≤ π/4

8. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by
√
� = � and the lines � = 2 and � = 0 about

(a) the �-axis (c) the line � = 2 NALINPAT PONOI

(b) the �-axis (d) the line � = 4

9. Use the shell method to find the volumes of the solids generated by revolving
the shaded region about the indicated axis.
 5.5. EXERCISES 167

(a) About �-axis

(b) About �-axis

(c) About �-axis

10. Find the volumes of the solids generated by revolving the regions bounded by
the lines and curves about the �-axis.

(a) � = �, � = −�/2, � = 2
(b) � = � 2 , � = 2 − �, � = 0 for � ≥ 0
√
CALCULUS I

(c) � = 2� − 1, � = �, � = 0

11. From the following figure, use the shell method to find the volumes of the
solids generated by revolving the shaded regions about the indicated axes.
5.5. EXERCISES 168

(a) The �-axis (c) The line � = 8/5

(b) The line � = 1 (d) The line � = −2/5

12. Compute the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded
by � = � and � = � 2 about each coordinate axis using

(a) the shell method.

(b) the washer method.

13. Find the lengths of the curves.

1 2
(a) � = (� + 2)3/2 from � = 0 to � = 3
3
(b) � = (�3 /3) + 1/(4�) from � = 1 to � = 3
(c) � = (�4 /4) + 1/(8�2 ) from � = 1 to � = 2

14. Find the areas of the surfaces generated by revolving the curves about the
indicated axes.
�3
(a) � = , 0 ≤ � ≤ 2 about �-axis
9
√
(b) � = 2� − � 2 , 0�5 ≤ � ≤ 1�5 about �-axis
�3
(c) � = , 0 ≤ � ≤ 1 about �-axis
3

NALINPAT PONOI
 CALCULUS I

169
 170
6. Techniques of Integra-
6.1. INTEGRATION BY PARTS

tion

6.1 Integration by Parts

Recall
� (From Ch4)� �
�� (�) �� = � � (�) �� � �� = �� + C

� �
� � �+1 1
� �� = + C (� �= −1) �� = ��(|�|) + C
�+1 �
� �
� � ��
� �� = � + C �� �� = +C
log �
� �
sin � �� = − cos � + C cos � �� = sin � + C

Theorem 6.1: The Substitution Rule

If � = �(�) is a differentiable function whose range is an interval I and � is
continuous on I, then
� �
�
� (�(�))� (�) �� = � (�) ���

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.1. INTEGRATION BY PARTS 171

Example 6.1
�
Find � 3 sin(2� 4 + 5) ��.

Theorem 6.2: Integration by Parts

Let � = � (�) and � = �(�). Then the differentials are �� = � � (�) �� and
�� = �� (�) ��. The formula for integration by parts is
� �
� �� = �� − � ���

Tips

Example 6.2
�
Find � sin � ��.
CALCULUS I
6.1. INTEGRATION BY PARTS 172

Example 6.3
�
Find ln � ��.

Example 6.4
�
Find 2 tan−1 � ��.

Example 6.5
�
√
Find ln 3 � ��.

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.1. INTEGRATION BY PARTS 173

Example 6.6
�
���
Find ��.
(1 + �)2

Example 6.7
�
Find � tan2 � ��.

Example 6.8
�
Find � 2 �� ��.
CALCULUS I
6.1. INTEGRATION BY PARTS 174

Example 6.9
�
Find �� sin � ��.

Example 6.10
�
Find �2� sin 3� ��.

Example 6.11
� 1
�
Find ��.
0 � 2�

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.2. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 175

Example 6.12
� 2π
Find � 2 sin 2� ��.
0

Example 6.13
� 2
Find � 4 (ln �)2 ��.
1

6.2 Trigonometric Integrals

Recall

• sin2 � + cos2 � = 1
CALCULUS I

• sec2 � − tan2 � = 1

• csc2 � − cot2 � = 1

• sin 2� = 2 sin � cos �

• cos 2� = 1 − 2 sin2 �

• cos 2� = 2 cos2 � − 1
6.2. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 176
�
Strategy for Evaluating sin� � cos� � ��
�
sin� � cos� � ��

1. � is odd and � is even.

2. � is odd and � is even.

3. � and � are even.

Example 6.14
�
Find cos3 � ���

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.2. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 177

Example 6.15
� π
Find sin2 � ���
0

Example 6.16
�
Find sin4 � ���

Example 6.17
�
Find sin5 � cos2 � ���
CALCULUS I
6.2. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 178

Example 6.18
�
Find sin4 � cos3 � ���

�
Strategy for Evaluating tan� � sec� � ��
�
tan� � sec� � ��

• � is even.

• � is odd.

Example 6.19
�

NALINPAT PONOI
Find tan6 � sec4 � ���
 6.2. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 179

Example 6.20
�
Find tan5 � sec3 � ���

Example 6.21
�
Find tan3 � ���

Example 6.22
�
Find sec3 � ���
CALCULUS I
6.2. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 180

Recall

• 2 sin A cos B = sin(A − B) + sin(A + B)

• 2 cos A cos B = cos(A − B) + cos(A + B)

• 2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)

We use these identities to evaluate the integrals :

�
• sin �� cos �� ��
�
• sin �� sin �� ��
�
• cos �� cos �� ��

Example 6.23
�
sin 4� cos 5� ��

Example 6.24
�
sin 2� sin � ��

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.2. TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS 181

Example 6.25
�
cos5 �
√ ��
sin �

Example 6.26
�
cos � + sin �
��
sin 2�

Example 6.27
�
csc4 � cot6 � ��
CALCULUS I
6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 182

Example 6.28
� π/6 √
1 + cos 2� ��
0

6.3 Trigonometric Substitutions

Table of Trigonometric Substitutions

Expression Substitution Identity

√
�2 − � 2 � = � sin θ, 1 − sin2 θ = cos2 θ

√
�2 + � 2 � = � tan θ, 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ

√
� 2 − �2 � = � sec θ, sec2 −1 = tan2 θ

Recall

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 183

Example 6.29
� 1 �
� 3 1 − � 2 ��
0

Example 6.30
� 3
�
√ ��
0 36 − � 2
CALCULUS I
6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 184

Example 6.31
�
�5
√ ��
�2 + 2

Example 6.32
� � �
� 2 �2 − � 2 ��
0

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 185

Example 6.33
� √
9 − �2
��
�2

Example 6.34
�
1
√ ��
� �2 + 4
2
CALCULUS I
6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 186

Example 6.35
�
�
√ ��
� +4
2

Example 6.36
�
��
√ , where � > 0
� 2 − �2

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 187

Example 6.37
� 2/3
��
√ √
2/3 � 5 9� 2 − 1

Example 6.38
�
�
√ ��
3 − 2� − � 2
CALCULUS I
6.3. TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTIONS 188

Example 6.39
�
�
√ ��
� +� +1
2

Example 6.40
�
�2 + 1
��
(� 2 − 2� + 2)2

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.4. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 189

6.4 Partial Fractions

P(�)
Let � (�) = , where P and Q are polynomial.
Q(�)
0. Preliminary step: If the degree of P(�) > the degree of Q(�), then we divide
P(�) with Q(�) (by long division) until we get a remainder R(�) such that the
degree of R(�) < the degree of Q(�). So, we can express � as

P(�) R(�)
� (�) = = S(�) + �
Q(�) Q(�)

for some polynomial R and S.

�3 + � − 1
Ex Simplify
� +1

1. Factor Q(�).
Ex 2� 3 + 3� 2 − 2� =

2. Consider Q(�) after factoring.

• Q(�) is a product of distinct linear factors, i.e,

Q(�) = (�1 � + �1 )(�2 � + �2 ) · · · (�� � + �� )�

We write
R(�) A1 A2 A�
= + + ··· + �
Q(�) �1 � + �1 �2 � + �2 �� � + ��

P(�)
Ex
2� 3 + 3� 2 − 2�
CALCULUS I

• Q(�) is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.

A1
Suppose that the first factor is (�1 � +�1 )� . Then instead of setting �1 �+�1 ,
we set
A1 A1 A1
+ + ··· + �
�1 � + �1 (�1 � + �1 ) 2 (�1 � + �1 )�
P(�)
Ex
� 2 (� − 2)3 (� + 1)
6.4. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 190

• Q(�) contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is repeated.

Suppose that �� 2 + �� + �, where �2 − 4�� < 0 is one of factors of Q(�).
Then � (�) will have a term of

A1 � + B 1
�
�� 2 + �� + �
P(�)
Ex =
(� − 2)(� 2+ 1)(� 2 + 4)

• Q(�) contains a repeated irreducible quadratic factor.

Suppose that (�� 2 + �� + �)� , where �2 − 4�� < 0 is one of factors of
Q(�). Then � (�) will have a term of

A1 � + B 1 A2 � + B 2 A� � + B �
+ + ··· + �
�� 2 + �� + � (�� 2 + �� + �)2 (�� 2 + �� + �)�

P(�)
Ex =
�(� − 1)(� 2 + � + 1)(� 2 + 4)3

3. Multiply both sides with Q(�) to find A� and B� .

� 2 + 2� − 1 A B C
Ex = + +
�(2� − 1)(� + 2) � 2� − 1 � + 2

NALINPAT PONOI

4. Substitute A� and B� . So, � (�) is now written as the term that can be integrated
using some techniques in the previous sections.
� 2 + 2� − 1 A B C
Ex = + +
�(2� − 1)(� + 2) � 2� − 1 � + 2
 6.4. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 191

Example 6.41
�
��
, where � �= 0
� 2 − �2

Example 6.42
� 4
� − 2� 2 + 4� + 1
��
�3 − �2 − � + 1
CALCULUS I
6.4. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 192

Example 6.43
�
4� 2 − 3� + 2
��
4� 2 − 4� + 3

Example 6.44
�
10
��
5� 2 − 2� 3

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.4. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 193

Example 6.45
�
�2 − 1
��
�3 + �2 + �

Example 6.46
�
4�2 − 7� − 12
��
�(� + 2)(� − 2)
CALCULUS I
6.4. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 194

Example 6.47
�
sec2 �
��
tan2 � + 3 tan � + 2

Example 6.48
�
��
��
(�� − 2)(�2� + 1)

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 195

6.5 Strategy for Integration

Table of Integration Formulas (I)
� � �
�� (�) �� = � � (�) �� � �� = �� + C

� �
� � �+1 1
� �� = + C (� �= −1) �� = ��(|�|) + C
�+1 �
� �
� � ��
� �� = � + C �� �� = +C
log �
� �
sinh � �� = cosh � + C cosh � �� = sinh � + C

Table of Integration Formulas (II)

� �
sin � �� = − cos � + C cos � �� = sin � + C
� �
sec2 � �� = tan � + C csc2 � �� = − cot � + C
� �
sec � tan � �� = sec � + C csc � cot � �� = − csc � + C
� �
tan � �� = ln | sec �| + C cot � �� = ln | sin �| + C
� �
sec � �� = ln | sec � + tan �| + C csc � �� = ln | csc � − cot �| + C

Table of Integration Formulas (III)

� � �
1 1 −1 �
�� = tan +C
� 2 + �2 � �
� �� �
1 1
√ �� = sin−1 +C
�2 − � 2 � �
CALCULUS I

� �� − ��
�� 1 � �
�� = ln � �+C
� 2 − �2 2� � +�
� � � �
�� � 2 ± �2 �� + C
�� = ln � � + �
� 2 ± �2
6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 196

Strategy for Integration

1. Simplify the Integrand (if Possible). ⇒

2. Try the method of substitution (u-sub).

3. Classify the Integrand by its form.

• Trigonometric functions ⇒
• Rational functions ⇒
• A product of polynomial and a transcendental function (LIPET)
⇒
√
• Radicals ±� 2 ± �2 ⇒

4. Try again.

Example 6.49
�
��
1 − cos �

Example 6.50
�
tan2 � sec � ��

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 197

Example 6.51
�
tan3 �
��
cos3 �

Example 6.52
� √
� � ��

Example 6.53
�
��
√
� ln �
CALCULUS I
6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 198

Example 6.54
�
�
��+� ��

Example 6.55
� 1 arctan �
�
��
−1 1 + �
2

Example 6.56
� 2�
� −1
��
�2� + 1

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 199

Example 6.57
�
ln �
� ��
� 1 + (ln �)2

Example 6.58
� √
2� − 1
��
2� + 3

Example 6.59
�
1
� ��
4� − 4� − 3
2
CALCULUS I
6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 200

Example 6.60
�
sec θ tan θ
�θ
sec2 θ − sec θ

Example 6.61
�
1
√ ��
� 4� + 1
2

Example 6.62
�
1
��
1 + 2�� − �−�

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 201

Example 6.63
�
� sin2 � cos � ��

Example 6.64
�
ln(� + 1)
��
�2

Example 6.65
�
ln(tan �)
��
sin � cos �
CALCULUS I
6.5. STRATEGY FOR INTEGRATION 202

Summary

NALINPAT PONOI
 6.6. EXERCISES 203

6.6 Exercises
1. Evaluate the integrals.
� �
� π/3
(a) � sin �� (n) � tan2 � ��
2
� 0
�
(b) � 2 cos � �� (o) sin(ln �) ��
� 2 �
(c) � ln � �� (p) � sec � 2 ��
�1
�
(d) ��� ��
(q) �(ln �)2 ��
�
�
(e) � 2 �−� �� ln �
(r) ��
� �2
(f) tan−1 � �� �
4
� (s) � 3 �� ��
(g) � sec2 � �� � �
� (t) �3 � 2 + 1 ��
(h) � 3 �� �� �
� (u) sin 3� cos 2� ��
(i) (� 2 − 5�)�� �� �
� (v) �� sin �� ��
(j) � 5 �� �� �
� √
(w) cos � ��
(k) �θ sin θ �θ
�
� π/2
(x) θ 2 sin 2θ �θ
(l) �2� cos 3� �� 0
� √ � 2
(m) � 3�+9 �� (y) √ � sec−1 � ��
2/ 3

2. Evaluate the integrals

� �
CALCULUS I

(a) cos 2� �� (d) sin5 � ��

� �
(b) cos3 � sin � �� (e) cos3 � ��

� �
3
(c) sin � �� (f) sin3 � cos3 � ��
6.6. EXERCISES 204
� �
2
(g) cos � �� (q) sec2 � tan � ��
� π/2 �
(h) sin7 � �� (r) sec3 � tan � ��
�0 π �
(i) 8 sin4 � �� (s) sec2 � tan2 � ��
�0
(j) 16 sin2 � cos2 � �� � 0
� (t) 2 sec3 � ��
−π/3
(k) 8 cos3 2θ sin 2θ �θ �
� 2π � (u) sec4 θ �θ
1 − cos �
(l) ��
0 2 � π/2
� π�
(v) csc4 θ �θ
(m) 1 − sin2 � �� π/4
0
� π/2 �
sin2 � (w) 4 tan3 � ��
(n) √ ��
π/3 1 − cos � �
� π
cos4 � (x) tan5 � ��
(o) √ ��
5π/6 1 − sin �
� π/2 √ � π/3
(p) θ 1 − cos 2θ �θ (y) cot3 � ��
0 π/6

3. Evaluate the integrals

� �
(a) sin 3� cos 2� �� sec3 �
(d) ��
tan �
� π �
(b) sin 3� sin 3� �� tan2 �
(e) ��
−π csc �
� �
(c) cos 3� cos 4� �� (f) � sin2 � ��

4. Evaluate the integrals

NALINPAT PONOI
� � �
��
(a) √ (d) 25 − � 2 ��
9 + �2
� 2 �
�� �� 7
(b) √ (e) √ ,�>
−2 4 + �2 4� 2 − 49 2
� 3/2 � �
�� �2 − 49
(c) √ (f) ��, � > 7
0 9 − �2 �
 6.6. EXERCISES 205
� �
�� � 3 ��
(g) √ ,�>1 (p)
�2 �2 − 1 �2 − 1
� �
� � 2 ��
(h) √ �� (q)
9 − �2 (1 − � 2 )5/2
� �
�3 ln 4
�� ��
(i) √ �� (r) √
�2 + 4 0 �2� + 9
� � 1/4
8 �� 2 ��
(j) √ (s) √ √
� 4 − �2
2
� + 4� �
� �
1/12
100 ��
(k) �� (t) √ ��
36 + 25� 2
� √ � �2 − 1
3/2 �
4� 2 � ��
(l) �� (u) √
0 (1 − � 2 )3/2 �2 − 1
� �
�� � ��
(m) ��>1 (v) √
(� − 1)3/2
2
1 + �4
� � �
(1 − � 2 )3/2 4−�
(n) �� (w) ��
�6 �
� �
8 �� √ √
(o) (x) � 1 − � ��
(4� 2 + 1)2

5. Evaluate the integrals

� �
�� 2� + 2
(a) (i) ��
1 − �2 (�2 + 1)(� − 1)3
� �
� +4 �2 − � + 2
(b) �� (j) ��
� 2 + 5� − 6 �3 − 1
� 8 �
� �� �2
(c) (k) ��
4 � 2 − 2� − 3
�4 − 1
� �
�� 2θ 3 + 5θ 2 + 8θ + 4
(d) (l) �θ
� + � 2 − 2�
3
(θ 2 + 2θ + 2)2
� 1 �
� 3 �� 2� 3 − 2� 2 + 1
(e) (m) ��
0 � + 2� + 1
2
CALCULUS I

�2 − �
� �
�� 9� 3 − 3� + 1
(f) (n) ��
(� 2 − 1)2 �3 − �2
� 1 � 4
�� � + �2 − 1
(g) (o) ��
0 (� + 1)(� + 1)
2
�3 + �
� 2 �
� + 2� + 1 �� ��
(h) �� (p) ��
(�2 + 1)2 �2� + 3�� + 2
6.6. EXERCISES 206
� � √
cos � �� � +1
(q) (t) ��
sin2 � + sin � − 6 �
� �
(� − 2)2 tan−1 (2�) − 12� 3 − 3� 1
(r) ��(u) ��
(4� + 1)(� − 2)
2 2 �(� + 1)
4
�
1
(s) √ ��
� − �
3/2

NALINPAT PONOI
 CALCULUS I

207
 208

7. Solution to Exercises

Chapter0

1. D� = R, D� = [1� ∞).

2. (a) 2 (c) � 2 + 2 (e) 5 (g) � + 10

(b) 22 (d) � 2 +10� +22 (f) −2 (h) � 4 − 6� 2 + 6

3. 13 − 3�.

(c)
(a)
(b)

4. Not one-to-one
√
5. (a) � 2 + �2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2

Chapter1

NALINPAT PONOI
1. (a) −9 (b) −8 (c) 5/8 (d) 27 (e) 16

2. (a) 1/10 (d) −1/2 (g) 1/6 (j) 3/2

(b) −7 (e) −1 (h) 4
(c) 3/2 (f) 4/3 (i) 1/2

3.
 209
√
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 1/3 (d) 4−π

4. 7

5. (a) 2� 1 (c) 3� 3
(b) No, lim+ � (�) �= lim− � (�) (d) Yes, 3
�→2 �→2

6. (a) 0 (c) 2 (e) −1 (g) DNE (i) 0

(b) −2 (d) DNE (f) ∞ (h) 1
√
7. (a) 3 (b) 1 2
(c) √
5
8. (a) 1 (c) 2 (e) 0
(b) 3/4 (d) 1/2 (f) 3/8

9. (a) ∞ (b) −∞ (c) ∞ (d) ∞ (e) −∞

10. (a) ∞ (b) −∞ (c) −∞ (d) ∞

11. (a) −∞ (b) ∞ (c) 0 (d) 3/2

12. (a) 0 (b) −3/4 (c) 5/2

�π
13. (a) All � except � = 2 (f) All � except 2 � for any odd in-
(b) All � except � = 1� 3 teger �
(c) All � (g) All � ≥ −3/2
(d) All � except � = 0
(h) All �
(e) All � except �π
2 � for any integer
� (i) All �

14. �(3) = 6

15. � (1) = 3/2

CALCULUS I

16. � = 4/3

17. 0

Chapter2

1.
 210

(a) 5� 4 − 0�25� + 0�25 �+1

(o) −
(b) 3�(� − 2) 8� 3
1−�
(c) 2(� + 1)(2� 2 + 4� + 1) (p)
(� + 1)3
(d) 3(θ 2 +sec θ+1)2 (2θ+sec θ tan θ) −1
1 (q)
(e) √ √ 2� (1 + � − 1)1/2
2
2 �(1 + �)2
−2 sin θ
(f) 2 sec2 � tan � (r)
(cos θ − 1)2
(g) 8 cos3 (1 − 2�) sin(1 − 2�) √
(s) 3 2� + 1
(h) 5(sec �)(sec � + tan �)5 � �
5� + cos 2�
θ cos θ + sin θ (t) −9
(i) √ (5� 2 + sin 2�)5/2
2θ sin θ
√ (u) −2�−�/5
cos 2θ
(j) √ (v) ��4�
2θ
� � � � � � 2 sin θ cos θ
2 2 2 (w) = 2 cot θ
(k) � csc + csc cot sin2 θ
� � �
1 2
(l) � 1/2 sec(2�)2 (16 tan(2�)2 − � −2 ) (x)
2 (ln 2)�
(m) −10� csc2 (� 2 ) (y) −8−� (ln 8)
(n) 8� 3 sin(2� 2 ) cos(2� 2 )+2� sin2 (2� 2 ) (z) 18� 2�6

1 � 1
2. (a) − √ (c) − tan−1 (�) + −
1 − �2 1 + � 2 2�
1−�
(d) √ + sec−1 �
−1 �2 − 1
(b) √ (e) −1
1 − � 2 cos−1 �
�+2 1
3. (a) − (d)
� +3 2�(� + 1)2
(e) −1/2
−3� 2 − 4� + 2 �
(b)

NALINPAT PONOI
4� − 4�1/3 (f)
�
−1
� 2�−��� �
(c) − (g) −
� 1 + �2
�� 6� − 4�
4. = 2
�� 3� + 4�
��
5. = (2� − 1)(tan 2�)
��
 211
� � � �
5 9 3 1
6. � and �−
2 4 2 4
7. 1/4
1 9
8. (a) � = − � +
4 4
(b) � = 2� − 4
5
(c) � = − � + 6
4
� �
2(� 2 + 1) 2�
9. (a) √ + tan 2�
cos 2� � 2 + 1
� � � �
(� + 1)(� − 1) 5 1 1 1 1
(b) 5 + − −
(� − 2)(� + 3) �+1 �−1 �−2 �+3
√
� �
1 θ ln sin θ
(c) √ (sin θ) + θ cot θ
θ 2
Chapter3

1. No.

2. No minimum; absolute maximum: � (1) = 16; critical points: � = 1 and 11/3

3. Absolute minimum: 2 − 2 ln 2 at � = 2; absolute maximum 1 at � = 1

4. 1 solution

5. (a)
(b)
CALCULUS I
 212

(f)
(c)

(d)
(g)

(e) (h)

6. (a) (b)

NALINPAT PONOI
7. (a) 5 (c) 1 (e) 0
(b) 0 (d) 3/7 (f) 1

8. (a) ln 10 (c) 5 (e) 1

(b) ln 2 (d) −∞ (f) ���

π−2
9. (a) L(�) = 2� +
2
 213
√
√ 2(4 − π)
(b) L(�) = − 2� +
4
(c) L(�) = 1�5� + 0�5

10. (a) 4% (b) 8% (c) 12%

�
∞
� 4�−1 � 7 � 11 � 15
11. (a) (−1)�+1 = �3 − + − + ���
2� − 1 3 5 7
�=1
�
∞
(−1)�−1 � 2�+1 �3 �5 �7
(b) = − + − ���
3� 3 6 9
�=1
2 23 44 8
(c) � 2 − � 4 + � 6 − � + ���
3 45 105
�
∞
(−1)� (2�)2� (2�)2 (2�)4 (2�)6 (2�)8
12. (a) 1 + =1− + − + − ���
2(2�)! 2(2!) 2(4!) 2(6!) 2(8!)
�=1
�
∞
(b) � 2 (2�)� = � 2 + 2� 3 + 4� 4 + ���
�=1
�
∞
(c) �� �−1 = 1 + 2� + 3� 2 + 4� 3 + ���
�=1

Chapter4

�3
1. (a) − �2 + �
3
1
(b) − � −3 + � 2 + 3�
3
(c) � −1/3

2. (a) � = � 2 − 7� + 10 (c) � = 9� 1/3 + 4

1 �2 1
(b) � = − + − (d) � = � + sin � + 4
� 2 2
CALCULUS I

√ 1 (b) 4� 5 (c) 3� 2 �−�

3
3. (a) (cos �) √
2 �
√ 2
4. (a) 1 + � 2 (c) 2��(1/2)�
1
(b) − � −1/2 sin � (d) 1
2

5.
 214

�4 5 2 1
(a) + � − 7� + C (j) − cos(2� 3/2 ) + C
4 2 3
4 (k) tan(�� − 7) + C
(b) 2� 3/2 − + C
� (l) �tan � + C
1
(c) − +C 1
�+5 (m) − (ln �)−2 + C
2
(d) (θ 2 + 1)3/2 + C
1 2
1 (n) (3� ) + C
(e) (1 + � 4 )3/4 + C 2 ln 3
3
� 3
(f) 10 tan +C (o) sin−1 2(� − 1) + C
10 2
� �
1 √ 1 � 2� − 1 �
(g) − √ csc 2θ + C (p) sec � −1 � �+C
2 4 2 �
√
(h) −4(cos �)1/2 + C −1
(q) �sin � + C
�3 4 �
(i) + +C (r) 2 tan−1 � + C
3 �
6. Evaluating definite Integrals.

(a) 16 (f) π/2 (k) 1 9 ln 2

√ (p)
(b) 2 (g) 3 (l) 15/16 + ln 2 4
√
(c) 1 (h) 6 3 − 2π (m) � − 1 (q) π
(d) 8 (i) −1 (n) 1/6 π
√ (r) √
(e) 27 3/160 (j) 2 (o) 9/14 3

Chapter5

1. (a) 28/3 (b) 1/2

2. (a) 16/3 (c) 128/15 (e) 5/6 (g) π

√
2π
(b) 25/2 (d) 4/3 (f) 38/3 (h)
2

NALINPAT PONOI
3. (a) 32/3 (d) 243/8 (g) 4
(b) 8 (e) 2 (h) 4/3 − 4/π
(c) 18 (f) 104/15 (i) π/2

4. 2 ln 5
5. 11/3
6.
 215

(a) 2π/3 (b) 4 − π (c) π 2 − 2π

32π (c) π 2π 117π

7. (a) (e) (f)
5 π 3 5
(b) 36π (d) (1 − �−2 ) (g) π(π − 2)
2
8. (a) 8π 32π 8π 224π
(b) (c) (d)
5 3 15
9. (a) 6π (b) 2π (c) 14π/3

10. (a) 8π (b) 5π/6 (c) 7π/15

11. (a) 6π/5 (b) 4π/5 (c) 2π (d) 2π

2π π
12. About the �-axis: V = about the �-axis: V =
15 6
13. (a) 12 (b) 53/6 (c) 123/32
√
14. (a) 98π/81 (b) 2π (c) π( 8 − 1)/9

Chapter6

1. (a) −2� cos(�/2) + 4 sin(�/2) + C 2√ √ √

(m) ( 3� + 9� 3�+9 − � 3�+9 ) + C
3
(b) � 2 sin � + 2� cos � − 2 sin � + C √
π 3 π2
3 (n) − ln 2 −
(c) ln 4 − 3 18
4 1
(d) ��� − �� + C (o) [−� cos(ln �) + � sin(ln �)] + C
2
(e) −(� 2 + 2� + 2)�−� + C 1
� (p) ln | sec � 2 + tan � 2 | + C
(f) � tan−1 � − ln 1 + �2 + C 2
1 2 1 1
(g) � tan � + ln | cos �| + C (q) � (ln �)2 − � 2 ln � + � 2 + C
2 2 4
(h) (� 3 − 3� 2 + 6� − 6)�� + C 1 1
(r) − ln � − + C
� �
CALCULUS I

(i) (� 2 − 7� + 7)�� + C
1 �4
(j) (� 5 − 5� 4 + 20� 3 − 60� 2 + 120� − (s) � +C
4
120)�� + C 1 2 2 2
1 (t) � (� + 1)3/2 − (� 2 + 1)5/2 + C
(k) (−�θ cos θ + �θ sin θ) + C 3 15
2 2 3
(u) − sin 3� sin 2�− cos 3� cos 2�+
�2� 5 5
(l) (3 sin 3� + 2 cos 3�) + C C
13
 216

(v) − cos �� + C π2 − 4
(x)
8
√
√ √ √ 5π − 3 3
(w) 2 � sin � + 2 cos � + C (y)
9
�
1 3 2
2. (a) sin 2� + C (n) −
2 2 3
1 � � � �
(b) − cos4 � + C 4 3 5/2 18 2 3 7/2
4 (o) − −
1 5 2 35 7 2
(c) cos3 � − cos � + C √
3 (p) 2
2 1 1
(d) − cos � + cos3 � − cos5 � + C (q) tan2 � + C
3 5 2
1 1
(e) sin � − sin3 � + C (r) sec3 � + C
3 3
1 1
(f) sin4 � − sin6 � + C 1
4 6 (s) tan3 � + C
3
1 1 √ √
(g) � + sin 2� + C (t) 2 3 + ln(2 + 3)
2 4
(h) 16/35 2 1
(u) tan θ + sec2 θ tan θ + C
(i) 3π 3 3
(v) 4/3
(j) −4 sin � cos3 � + 2 cos � sin � +
2� + C (w) 2 tan2 � − 2 ln(1 + tan2 �) + C
(k) − cos4 2θ + C 1 1
(x) tan4 � − tan2 � +ln | sec �|+C
4 2
(l) 4
4 √
(m) 2 (y) − ln 3
3
1 1 (d) sec � − ln | csc � + cot �| + C
3. (a) − cos 5� − cos � + C
10 2
(b) π (e) cos � + sec � + C
1 1 1 2 1 1
(c) sin � + sin 7� + C (f) � − � sin 2� − cos 2� + C
2 14 4 4 8
�� �

NALINPAT PONOI
√
4. (a) ln | 9 + � 2 + �| + C �2 − 49 ���
(f) 7 − sec −1 +C
(b) π/4 7 7
(c) π/6 √
� � √ �2 − 1
25 � � 25 − � 2 (g) +C
(d) sin−1
+ +C �
2 5 2 √
� √ � (h) − 9 − �2 + C
1 �� 2� 4� 2 − 49 �� √
(e) ln � + �+C 1 2
2 �7 7 � (i) (� + 4)3/2 − 4 � 2 + 4 + C
3
 217
√ � �3
−2 4 − � 2 1 �
(j) +C (q) √ +C
� 3 1 − �2
10 5� √
(k) tan−1 +C (r) ln 9 − ln(1 + 10)
3 6
√ 4π (s) π/6
(l) 4 3−
3 (t) sec−1 |�| + C
� √
(m) −√ +C (u) � 2 − 1 + C
�2 − 1
�√ �5 1 √
1 1 − �2 (v) ln | 1 + � 4 + � 2 | + C
(n) − +C 2
5 � √
−1 � √ √
(w) 4 sin + � 4−� +C
4� 2
(o) 2 tan−1 2� + +C
(4� 2+ 1) 1 √ 1√ √
(x) sin−1 � − � 1 − �(1 −
1 2 1 4 4
(p) � + ln |� 2 − 1| + C 2�) + C
2 2
1 −1
5. (a) [ (l) + ln(θ 2 + 2θ + 2) −
2 θ2
+ 2θ + 2
��|1 + �| − ��|1 − �|] + C tan−1 (θ + 1) + C
� �
1 �� − 1�
(b) ln |(� + 6)2 (� − 1)5 | + C (m) � + ln ��
2 �+C
7 � �
(c) (ln 15)/2 1
(n) 9� + 2 ln |�| + + 7 ln |� − 1| + C
1 1 1 �
(d) − ln |�| + ln |� + 2| + ln |� −
2 6 3 �2 1
1| + C (o) − ln |�| + ln(1 + �2 ) + C
2 2
� � �
(e) 3 ln 2 − 2 � +1
� � (p) ln +C
1 �� � + 1 �� � �� + 2
(f) ln � − +C � �
4 � − 1 � 2(� 2 − 1) 1 �� sin � − 2 ��
(q) ln � +C
(g) (π + 2 ln 2)/8 5 sin � + 3 �
1 (tan−1 2�)2 6
(h) tan−1 � − +C (r) −3 ln |� −2|+ +
�2 + 1 4 � −2
C
(i) −(�−1)−2 +(�−1)−1 +tan−1 �+C �√ �
� � − 1�
�
(s) ln � √ �+C
CALCULUS I

2 1 � + 1�
(j) ln |� − 1| + ln |� 2 + � + 1| − �√ �
3 � 6 � √ � � + 1 − 1�
√ −1 2� + 1
� �
3 tan √ +C (t) 2 1 + � + ln � √ �+C
3 � � + 1 + 1�
� � � �
1 � � − 1 �� 1 1 � � 4 ��
(k) ln �� + tan−1 � + C (u) ln �� 4 +C
4 � + 1� 2 4 � + 1�
 Bibliography
[1] Adam, Robert A. Calculus, A Complete Course (9th ed), Pearson Canada Inc.,
(2018)

[2] Stewart, J. Calculus (7th ed), Cengage Learning., (2012)

[3] Weir, Maurice D. Thomas’ Calculus : Early Transcendentals (12th ed), Pearson
Education., (2010)

NALINPAT PONOI

218