Questions

1. We claim that momentum is conserved. Yet most moving 16. At a hydroelectric power plant, water is directed at high
objects eventually slow down and stop. Explain. speed against turbine blades on an axle that turns an elec-
tric generator. For maximum power generation, should
2. A light object and a heavy object have the same kinetic
the turbine blades be designed so that the water is brought
energy. Which has the greater momentum? Explain.
to a dead stop, or so that the water rebounds?
3. When a person jumps from a tree to the ground, what happens
17. A squash ball hits a wall at a 45° angle as shown in Fig. 7–29.
to the momentum of the person upon striking the ground?
What is the direction (a) of the change in momentum of
4. When you release an inflated but untied balloon, why does the ball, (b) of the force on the wall?
it fly across the room?
5. Explain, on the basis of conservation of momentum, how a
fish propels itself forward by swishing its tail back and forth.
6. Two children float motionlessly in a space station. The
20-kg girl pushes on the 40-kg boy and he sails away at
1.0 m兾s. The girl (a) remains motionless; (b) moves in the
same direction at 1.0 m兾s; (c) moves in the opposite direc-
tion at 1.0 m兾s; (d) moves in the opposite direction at
2.0 m兾s; (e) none of these.
FIGURE 7;29 Question 17.
7. According to Eq. 7–4, the longer the impact time of an
impulse, the smaller the force can be for the same momentum
18. Why can a batter hit a pitched baseball farther than a ball
change, and hence the smaller the deformation of the object
he himself has tossed up in the air?
on which the force acts. On this basis, explain the value of
air bags, which are intended to inflate during an automobile 19. Describe a collision in which all kinetic energy is lost.
collision and reduce the possibility of fracture or death.
20. If a 20-passenger plane is not full, sometimes passengers
8. If a falling ball were to make a perfectly elastic collision with are told they must sit in certain seats and may not move to
the floor, would it rebound to its original height? Explain. empty seats. Why might this be?
9. A boy stands on the back of a rowboat and dives into the 21. Why do you tend to lean backward when carrying a heavy
water. What happens to the boat as he leaves it? Explain. load in your arms?
10. It is said that in ancient times a rich man with a bag of 22. Why is the CM of a 1-m length of pipe at its midpoint,
gold coins was stranded on the surface of a frozen lake. whereas this is not true for your arm or leg?
Because the ice was frictionless, he could not push himself
to shore and froze to death. What could he have done to 23. How can a rocket change direction when it is far out in
save himself had he not been so miserly? space and essentially in a vacuum?
11. The speed of a tennis ball on the return of a serve can be 24. Bob and Jim decide to play tug-of-war on a frictionless
just as fast as the serve, even though the racket isn’t swung (icy) surface. Jim is considerably stronger than Bob, but
very fast. How can this be? Bob weighs 160 lb whereas Jim weighs 145 lb. Who loses
by crossing over the midline first? Explain.
12. Is it possible for an object to receive a larger impulse from a
small force than from a large force? Explain. * 25. In one type of nuclear radioactive decay, an electron and a
recoil nucleus are emitted but often do not separate along
13. In a collision between two cars, which would you expect to
the same line. Use conservation of momentum in two
be more damaging to the occupants: if the cars collide and
dimensions to explain why this implies the emission of at
remain together, or if the two cars collide and rebound
least one other particle (it came to be called a “neutrino”).
backward? Explain.
* 26. Show on a diagram how your CM shifts when you move
14. A very elastic “superball” is dropped from a height h onto a
from a lying position to a sitting position.
hard steel plate (fixed to the Earth), from which it rebounds
at very nearly its original speed. (a) Is the momentum of the * 27. If only an external force can change the momentum of the
ball conserved during any part of this process? (b) If we center of mass of an object, how can the internal force
consider the ball and the Earth as our system, during what of the engine accelerate a car?
parts of the process is momentum conserved? (c) Answer
part (b) for a piece of putty that falls and sticks to the steel * 28. A rocket following a parabolic path through the air sud-
plate. denly explodes into many pieces. What can you say about
the motion of this system of pieces?
15. Cars used to be built as rigid as possible to withstand col-
lisions. Today, though, cars are designed to have “crumple
zones” that collapse upon impact. What is the advantage
of this new design?

190 CHAPTER 7 Linear Momentum

 MisConceptual Questions
1. A truck going 15 km兾h has a head-on collision with a small 8. A baseball is pitched horizontally toward home plate with a
car going 30 km兾h. Which statement best describes the velocity of 110 km兾h. In which of the following scenarios
situation? does the baseball have the largest change in momentum?
(a) The truck has the greater change of momentum (a) The catcher catches the ball.
because it has the greater mass. (b) The ball is popped straight up at a speed of 110 km兾h.
(b) The car has the greater change of momentum because (c) The baseball is hit straight back to the pitcher at a
it has the greater speed. speed of 110 km兾h.
(c) Neither the car nor the truck changes its momentum in (d) Scenarios (a) and (b) have the same change in
the collision because momentum is conserved. momentum.
(d) They both have the same change in magnitude of (e) Scenarios (a), (b), and (c) have the same change in
momentum because momentum is conserved. momentum.
(e) None of the above is necessarily true.
9. A small car and a heavy pickup truck are both out of gas.
2. A small boat coasts at constant speed under a bridge. The truck has twice the mass of the car. After you push both
A heavy sack of sand is dropped from the bridge onto the the car and the truck for the same amount of time with the
boat. The speed of the boat same force, what can you say about the momentum and
(a) increases. kinetic energy (KE) of the car and the truck? Ignore friction.
(b) decreases. (a) They have the same momentum and the same KE.
(c) does not change. (b) The car has more momentum and more KE than the truck.
(d) Without knowing the mass of the boat and the sand, (c) The truck has more momentum and more KE than the car.
we can’t tell. (d) They have the same momentum, but the car has more
3. Two identical billiard balls traveling at the same speed have a kinetic energy than the truck.
head-on collision and rebound. If the balls had twice the (e) They have the same kinetic energy, but the truck has
mass, but maintained the same size and speed, how would more momentum than the car.
the rebound be different? 10. Choose the best answer in the previous Question (# 9) but
(a) At a higher speed. now assume that you push both the car and the truck for the
(b) At slower speed. same distance with the same force. [Hint: See also Chapter 6.]
(c) No difference.
11. A railroad tank car contains milk and rolls at a constant speed
4. An astronaut is a short distance away from her space station along a level track. The milk begins to leak out the bottom.
without a tether rope. She has a large wrench. What should The car then
she do with the wrench to move toward the space station? (a) slows down.
(a) Throw it directly away from the space station. (b) speeds up.
(b) Throw it directly toward the space station. (c) maintains a constant speed.
(c) Throw it toward the station without letting go of it. (d) Need more information about the rate of the leak.
(d) Throw it parallel to the direction of the station’s orbit.
(e) Throw it opposite to the direction of the station’s orbit. 12. A bowling ball hangs from a 1.0-m-long cord, Fig. 7–30:
(i) A 200-gram putty ball moving 5.0 m兾s hits the bowling
5. The space shuttle, in circular orbit around the Earth, ball and sticks to it, causing the bowling ball to swing up;
collides with a small asteroid which ends up in the shuttle’s (ii) a 200-gram rubber ball moving 5.0 m兾s hits the bowling
storage bay. For this collision, ball and bounces straight back at nearly 5.0 m兾s, causing the
(a) only momentum is conserved. bowling ball to swing up. Describe what happens.
(b) only kinetic energy is conserved. (a) The bowling ball swings up by the same amount in
(c) both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. both (i) and (ii).
(d) neither momentum nor kinetic energy is conserved. (b) The ball swings up farther in (i) than in (ii).
6. A golf ball and an equal-mass bean bag are dropped from the (c) The ball swings up farther in (ii) than in (i).
same height and hit the ground. The bean bag stays on the (d) Not enough information is given; we need the contact
ground while the golf ball rebounds. Which experiences time between the rubber ball and the bowling ball.
the greater impulse from the ground?
(a) The golf ball.
(b) The bean bag.
(c) Both the same.
(d) Not enough information.
7. You are lying in bed and want to shut your bedroom door.
You have a bouncy “superball” and a blob of clay, both with
the same mass. Which one would be more effective to throw
at your door to close it?
(a) The superball.
(b) The blob of clay.
(c) Both the same. (i) (ii)
(d) Neither will work. FIGURE 7;30 MisConceptual Question 12.

MisConceptual Questions 191

For assigned homework and other learning materials, go to the MasteringPhysics website.

Problems
7;1 and 7;2 Momentum and Its Conservation 14. (III) A 725-kg two-stage rocket is traveling at a speed of
1. (I) What is the magnitude of the momentum of a 28-g 6.60 * 103 m兾s away from Earth when a predesigned
sparrow flying with a speed of 8.4 m兾s? explosion separates the rocket into two sections of equal
2. (I) A constant friction force of 25 N acts on a 65-kg skier mass that then move with a speed of 2.80 * 103 m兾s relative
for 15 s on level snow. What is the skier’s change in velocity? to each other along the original line of motion. (a) What is
3. (I) A 7150-kg railroad car travels alone on a level friction- the speed and direction of each section (relative to Earth)
less track with a constant speed of 15.0 m兾s. A 3350-kg after the explosion? (b) How much energy was supplied by
load, initially at rest, is dropped onto the car. What will be the explosion? [Hint: What is the change in kinetic energy
the car’s new speed? as a result of the explosion?]
4. (I) A 110-kg tackler moving at 2.5 m兾s meets head-on (and 7;3 Collisions and Impulse
holds on to) an 82-kg halfback moving at 5.0 m兾s. What will 15. (I) A 0.145-kg baseball pitched at 31.0 m兾s is hit on a hori-
be their mutual speed immediately after the collision? zontal line drive straight back at the pitcher at 46.0 m兾s.
5. (II) Calculate the force exerted on a rocket when the propel- If the contact time between bat and ball is 5.00 * 10–3 s,
ling gases are being expelled at a rate of 1300 kg兾s with a calculate the force (assumed to be constant) between the
speed of 4.5 * 104 m兾s. ball and bat.
6. (II) A 7700-kg boxcar traveling 14 m兾s strikes a second car 16. (II) A golf ball of mass 0.045 kg is hit off the tee at a speed
at rest. The two stick together and move off with a speed of of 38 m兾s. The golf club was in contact with the ball for
5.0 m兾s. What is the mass of the second car? 3.5 * 10–3 s. Find (a) the impulse imparted to the golf ball,
7. (II) A child in a boat throws a 5.30-kg package out horizon- and (b) the average force exerted on the ball by the golf club.
tally with a speed of 10.0 m兾s, Fig. 7–31. Calculate the
17. (II) A 12-kg hammer strikes a nail at a velocity of 7.5 m兾s
velocity of the boat immediately after, assuming it was initially
and comes to rest in a time interval of 8.0 ms. (a) What is
at rest. The mass of the child is 24.0 kg and the mass of the
the impulse given to the nail? (b) What is the average
boat is 35.0 kg.
force acting on the nail?
18. (II) A tennis ball of mass m = 0.060 kg
and speed v = 28 m兾s strikes a wall at a
45° angle and rebounds with the same
v = 10.0 m/s speed at 45° (Fig. 7–32). What is the
impulse (magnitude and direction) given 45°
FIGURE 7;31 to the ball?
Problem 7.
45°
8. (II) An atomic nucleus at rest decays radioactively into an
alpha particle and a different nucleus. What will be the speed
of this recoiling nucleus if the speed of the alpha particle FIGURE 7;32
is 2.8 * 105 m兾s? Assume the recoiling nucleus has a mass Problem 18.
57 times greater than that of the alpha particle.
9. (II) An atomic nucleus initially moving at 320 m兾s emits an 19. (II) A 125-kg astronaut (including space suit) acquires a
alpha particle in the direction of its velocity, and the remain- speed of 2.50 m兾s by pushing off with her legs from a
ing nucleus slows to 280 m兾s. If the alpha particle has a 1900-kg space capsule. (a) What is the change in speed of
mass of 4.0 u and the original nucleus has a mass of 222 u, the space capsule? (b) If the push lasts 0.600 s, what is the
what speed does the alpha particle have when it is emitted? average force exerted by each on the other? As the refer-
ence frame, use the position of the capsule before the push.
10. (II) An object at rest is suddenly broken apart into two
(c) What is the kinetic energy of each after the push?
fragments by an explosion. One fragment acquires twice the
kinetic energy of the other. What is the ratio of their masses? 20. (II) Rain is falling at the rate of 2.5 cm兾h and accumu-
11. (II) A 22-g bullet traveling 240 m兾s penetrates a 2.0-kg lates in a pan. If the raindrops hit at 8.0 m兾s, estimate the
block of wood and emerges going 150 m兾s. If the block is force on the bottom of a 1.0-m2 pan due to the impacting
stationary on a frictionless surface when hit, how fast does rain which we assume does not rebound. Water has a mass of
it move after the bullet emerges? 1.00 * 103 kg per m3.
12. (III) A 0.145-kg baseball pitched horizontally at 27.0 m兾s 21. (II) A 95-kg fullback is running at 3.0 m兾s to the east and is
strikes a bat and pops straight up to a height of 31.5 m. If stopped in 0.85 s by a head-on tackle by a tackler running
the contact time between bat and ball is 2.5 ms, calculate due west. Calculate (a) the original momentum of the
the average force between the ball and bat during contact. fullback, (b) the impulse exerted on the fullback, (c) the
13. (III) Air in a 120-km/h wind strikes head-on the face of a impulse exerted on the tackler, and (d) the average force
building 45 m wide by 75 m high and is brought to rest. If exerted on the tackler.
air has a mass of 1.3 kg per cubic meter, determine the 22. (II) With what impulse does a 0.50-kg newspaper have to
average force of the wind on the building. be thrown to give it a velocity of 3.0 m兾s?

192 CHAPTER 7 Linear Momentum

*23. (III) Suppose the force acting on a tennis ball (mass 31. (II) A ball of mass 0.220 kg that is moving with a speed
0.060 kg) points in the ±x direction and is given by the of 5.5 m兾s collides head-on and elastically with another
graph of Fig. 7–33 as a function of time. (a) Use graphical ball initially at rest. Immediately after the collision, the
methods (count squares) to estimate the total impulse given incoming ball bounces backward with a speed of 3.8 m兾s.
the ball. (b) Estimate the Calculate (a) the velocity of the target ball after the colli-
velocity of the ball after 300 sion, and (b) the mass of the target ball.
being struck, assuming
32. (II) Determine the fraction of kinetic energy lost by
the ball is being served
200 a neutron Am1 = 1.01 uB when it collides head-on and
F (N)
so it is nearly at rest
elastically with a target particle at rest which is (a) 11H
initially. [Hint: See
100 (m = 1.01 u); (b) 21H (heavy hydrogen, m = 2.01 u);
Section 6–2.]
82 Pb (lead, m = 208 u).
(c) 126 C (m = 12.00 u); (d) 208
0
FIGURE 7;33 0 7;6 Inelastic Collisions
0.05 0.10
Problem 23. t (s) 33. (I) In a ballistic pendulum experiment, projectile 1 results
24. (III) (a) Calculate the impulse experienced when a 55-kg in a maximum height h of the pendulum equal to 2.6 cm.
person lands on firm ground after jumping from a height A second projectile (of the same mass) causes the pendulum
of 2.8 m. (b) Estimate the average force exerted on the to swing twice as high, h2 = 5.2 cm. The second projectile
person’s feet by the ground if the landing is stiff-legged, was how many times faster than the first?
and again (c) with bent legs. With stiff legs, assume the 34. (II) (a) Derive a formula for the fraction of kinetic energy
body moves 1.0 cm during impact, and lost, ¢ ke兾ke, in terms of m and M for the ballistic pendu-
when the legs are bent, about 50 cm. lum collision of Example 7–9. (b) Evaluate for m = 18.0 g
[Hint: The average net force on and M = 380 g.
him, which is related to impulse,
is the vector sum of gravity and 35. (II) A 28-g rifle bullet traveling 190 m兾s embeds itself in a
the force exerted by the ground. 3.1-kg pendulum hanging on a 2.8-m-long string, which
See Fig. 7–34.] We will see in mg
B makes the pendulum swing upward in an arc. Determine
Chapter 9 that the force in (b) the vertical and horizontal components of the pendulum’s
B
exceeds the ultimate strength of Fgrd maximum displacement.
bone (Table 9–2). 36. (II) An internal explosion breaks an object, initially at
FIGURE 7;34
Problem 24. rest, into two pieces, one of which has 1.5 times the mass of
the other. If 5500 J is released in the explosion, how much
7;4 and 7;5 Elastic Collisions kinetic energy does each piece acquire?
25. (II) A ball of mass 0.440 kg moving east ( ±x direction) 37. (II) A 980-kg sports car collides into the rear end of a 2300-kg
with a speed of 3.80 m兾s collides head-on with a 0.220-kg SUV stopped at a red light. The bumpers lock, the brakes
ball at rest. If the collision is perfectly elastic, what will be are locked, and the two cars skid forward 2.6 m before stop-
the speed and direction of each ball after the collision? ping. The police officer, estimating the coefficient of kinetic
26. (II) A 0.450-kg hockey puck, moving east with a speed of friction between tires and road to be 0.80, calculates the
5.80 m兾s, has a head-on collision with a 0.900-kg puck ini- speed of the sports car at impact. What was that speed?
tially at rest. Assuming a perfectly elastic collision, what will
be the speed and direction of each puck after the collision? 38. (II) You drop a 14-g ball from a height of 1.5 m and it only
27. (II) A 0.060-kg tennis ball, moving with a speed of bounces back to a height of 0.85 m. What was the total impulse
5.50 m兾s, has a head-on collision with a 0.090-kg ball ini- on the ball when it hit the floor? (Ignore air resistance.)
tially moving in the same direction at a speed of 3.00 m兾s. 39. (II) Car A hits car B (initially at rest and of equal mass)
Assuming a perfectly elastic collision, determine the speed from behind while going 38 m兾s. Immediately after the colli-
and direction of each ball after the collision. sion, car B moves forward at 15 m兾s and car A is at rest. What
28. (II) Two billiard balls of equal mass undergo a perfectly fraction of the initial kinetic energy is lost in the collision?
elastic head-on collision. If one ball’s initial speed was
2.00 m兾s, and the other’s was 3.60 m兾s in the opposite 40. (II) A wooden block is cut into two pieces, one with three
direction, what will be their speeds and directions after the times the mass of the other. A depression is made in both
collision? faces of the cut, so that a firecracker can be placed in it with
the block reassembled. The reassembled block is set on a
29. (II) A 0.280-kg croquet ball makes an elastic head-on
rough-surfaced table, and the fuse is lit. When the firecracker
collision with a second ball initially at rest. The second
explodes inside, the two blocks separate and slide apart.
ball moves off with half the original speed of the first ball.
What is the ratio of distances each block travels?
(a) What is the mass of the second ball? (b) What fraction
of the original kinetic energy (¢ ke兾ke) gets transferred 41. (II) A 144-g baseball moving 28.0 m兾s strikes a stationary
to the second ball? 5.25-kg brick resting on small rollers so it moves without
30. (II) A ball of mass m makes a head-on elastic collision with significant friction. After hitting the brick, the baseball
a second ball (at rest) and rebounds with a speed equal bounces straight back, and the brick moves forward at
to 0.450 its original speed. What is the mass of the 1.10 m兾s. (a) What is the baseball’s speed after the collision?
second ball? (b) Find the total kinetic energy before and after the collision.

Problems 193
 42. (III) A pendulum consists of a mass M hanging at the bottom *47. (III) An atomic nucleus of mass m traveling with speed v
end of a massless rod of length l, which has a frictionless collides elastically with a target particle of mass 2m (ini-
pivot at its top end. A mass m, tially at rest) and is scattered at 90°. (a) At what angle does
moving as shown in Fig. 7–35 the target particle move after the collision? (b) What are
with velocity v, impacts M the final speeds of the two particles? (c) What fraction of the
and becomes embedded. What initial kinetic energy is transferred to the target particle?
is the smallest value of v
*48. (III) A neon atom (m = 20.0 u) makes a perfectly elastic
sufficient to cause the pendulum
collision with another atom at rest. After the impact, the
(with embedded mass m) to
neon atom travels away at a 55.6° angle from its original
swing clear over the top of its
direction and the unknown atom travels away at a –50.0°
arc?
angle. What is the mass (in u) of the unknown atom?
l [Hint: You could use the law of sines.]

7;8 Center of Mass (CM)

FIGURE 7;35
m vB
M 49. (I) The distance between a carbon atom (m = 12 u) and
Problem 42. an oxygen atom (m = 16 u) in the CO molecule is
43. (III) A bullet of mass m = 0.0010 kg embeds itself in a 1.13 * 10–10 m. How far from the carbon atom is the
wooden block with mass M = 0.999 kg, which then com- center of mass of the molecule?
presses a spring (k = 140 N兾m) by a distance x = 0.050 m 50. (I) Find the center of mass of the three-mass system shown
before coming to rest. The coefficient of kinetic friction in Fig. 7–37 relative to the 1.00-kg mass.
between the block and table is m = 0.50. (a) What is the
initial velocity (assumed horizontal) of the bullet? (b) What 1.00 kg 1.50 kg 1.10 kg
fraction of the bullet’s initial kinetic energy is dissipated
(in damage to the wooden block, rising temperature, etc.)
in the collision between the bullet and the block? 0.50 m 0.25 m
FIGURE 7;37 Problem 50.
*7;7 Collisions in Two Dimensions
*44. (II) Billiard ball A of mass mA = 0.120 kg moving with 51. (II) The CM of an empty 1250-kg car is 2.40 m behind the
speed vA = 2.80 m兾s strikes ball B, initially at rest, of front of the car. How far from the front of the car will the
mass mB = 0.140 kg. As a result of the collision, ball A CM be when two people sit in the front seat 2.80 m from
is deflected off at an angle of 30.0° with a speed the front of the car, and three people sit in the back seat
œ
vA = 2.10 m兾s. (a) Taking the x axis to be the original 3.90 m from the front? Assume that each person has a mass
direction of motion of ball A, write down the equations of 65.0 kg.
expressing the conservation of momentum for the compo-
nents in the x and y directions separately. (b) Solve these 52. (II) Three cubes, of side l0 , 2l0 , and 3l0 , are placed next to
œ œ one another (in contact) with their centers along a straight
equations for the speed, vB , and angle, uB , of ball B after
the collision. Do not assume the collision is elastic. line as shown in Fig. 7–38. What is the position, along this
line, of the CM of this system? Assume the cubes are made of
*45. (II) A radioactive nucleus at rest decays into a second the same uniform material.
nucleus, an electron, and a neutrino. The electron and
neutrino are emitted at right angles and have momenta of x=0
9.6 * 10–23 kg ⭈m兾s and 6.2 * 10–23 kg ⭈m兾s, respectively.
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the momen-
tum of the second (recoiling) nucleus. x
*46. (III) Billiard balls A and B, of equal mass, move at right
angles and meet at the origin of an xy coordinate system FIGURE 7;38
as shown in Fig. 7–36. Initially ball A is moving along Problem 52. l0 2l0 3l0
the y axis at ±2.0 m兾s, and ball B is moving to the right
along the x axis with speed ±3.7 m兾s. After the collision 53. (II) A (lightweight) pallet has a load of ten identical cases of
(assumed elastic), ball B is moving along the positive y axis tomato paste (see Fig. 7–39),
(Fig. 7–36) with velocity each of which is a cube of
vBœ . What is the final direc- +y l
length l. Find the center of
tion of ball A, and what gravity in the horizontal plane,
are the speeds of the two v′B so that the crane operator can
balls? B pick up the load without tip-
ping it.

FIGURE 7;36 B +x
0
Problem 46. v B = 3.7 m/s
(Ball A after
the collision is vA = 2.0 m/s FIGURE 7;39
not shown.) A Problem 53.

194 CHAPTER 7 Linear Momentum

 54. (III) Determine the CM of the uniform thin L-shaped con- *7;10 CM and Translational Motion
struction brace shown in Fig. 7–40. *61. (II) The masses of the Earth and Moon are 5.98 * 1024 kg
y and 7.35 * 1022 kg, respectively, and their centers are sepa-
rated by 3.84 * 108 m. (a) Where is the CM of the Earth–Moon
2.06 m
system located? (b) What can you say about the motion of
A 0.20 m the Earth–Moon system about the Sun, and of the Earth and
0 x
CMA Moon separately about the Sun?
CM B
*62. (II) A mallet consists of a uniform cylindrical head of mass
1.48 m 2.30 kg and a diameter 0.0800 m mounted on a uniform
CMB cylindrical handle of mass 0.500 kg and length 0.240 m, as
FIGURE 7;40 Problem 54. shown in Fig. 7–42. If this mallet is tossed, spinning, into
This L-shaped object has uniform the air, how far above the bottom of the handle is the point
thickness d (not shown). 0.20 m that will follow a parabolic trajectory?
55. (III) A uniform circular plate of radius 2R has a circular
hole of radius R cut out of it. The center C¿ of the smaller
circle is a distance 0.80R from
the center C of the larger
circle, Fig. 7–41. What is 24.0 cm
the position of the center FIGURE 7;42
2R Problem 62. 8.00 cm
of mass of the plate?
[Hint: Try subtraction.] C C′
0.80R
R *63. (II) A 52-kg woman and a 72-kg man stand 10.0 m apart on
nearly frictionless ice. (a) How far from the woman is their CM?
(b) If each holds one end of a rope, and the man pulls on
the rope so that he moves 2.5 m, how far from the woman
FIGURE 7;41
will he be now? (c) How far will the man have moved when
Problem 55.
he collides with the woman?
*7;9 CM for the Human Body *64. (II) Suppose that in Example 7–14 (Fig. 7–28), mII = 3mI .
(a) Where then would mII land? (b) What if mI = 3mII?
*56. (I) Assume that your proportions are the same as those in
Table 7–1, and calculate the mass of one of your legs. *65. (II) Two people, one of mass 85 kg and the other of mass
55 kg, sit in a rowboat of mass 58 kg. With the boat
*57. (I) Determine the CM of an outstretched arm using Table 7–1.
initially at rest, the two people, who have been sitting at
*58. (II) Use Table 7–1 to calculate the position of the CM of an arm opposite ends of the boat, 3.0 m apart from each other,
bent at a right angle. Assume that the person is 155 cm tall. now exchange seats. How far and in what direction will
*59. (II) When a high jumper is in a position such that his arms the boat move?
and lower legs are hanging vertically, and his thighs, trunk, *66. (III) A huge balloon and its gondola, of mass M, are in the
and head are horizontal just above the bar, estimate how far air and stationary with respect to the ground. A passenger,
below the torso’s median line the CM will be. Will this CM be of mass m, then climbs out and slides down a rope with
outside the body? Use Table 7–1. speed v, measured with respect to the balloon. With what
*60. (III) Repeat Problem 59 assuming the body bends at the speed and direction (relative to Earth) does the balloon
hip joint by about 15°. Estimate, using Fig. 7–27 as a model. then move? What happens if the passenger stops?

General Problems
67. Two astronauts, one of mass 55 kg and the other 85 kg, are 71. Two bumper cars in an amusement park ride collide elas-
initially at rest together in outer space. They then push each tically as one approaches the other directly from the rear
other apart. How far apart are they when the lighter astronaut (Fig. 7–43). Car A has a mass of 435 kg and car B 495 kg,
has moved 12 m? owing to differences in passenger mass. If car A approaches
68. Two asteroids strike head-on: before the collision, asteroid A at 4.50 m兾s and car B is moving at 3.70 m兾s, calculate
AmA = 7.5 * 1012 kgB has velocity 3.3 km兾s and asteroid B (a) their velocities after the collision, and (b) the change
AmB = 1.45 * 1013 kgB has velocity 1.4 km兾s in the opposite in momentum of each.
direction. If the asteroids stick together, what is the veloc- mA = mB =
ity (magnitude and direction) of the new asteroid after the 435 kg 495 kg
collision? A B
69. A ball is dropped from a height of 1.60 m and rebounds to a vA = vB =
height of 1.20 m. Approximately how many rebounds will (a) 4.50 m/s 3.70 m/s
the ball make before losing 90% of its energy?
A B
70. A 4800-kg open railroad car coasts at a constant speed of v ′A v′B
7.60 m兾s on a level track. Snow begins to fall vertically and fills (b)
the car at a rate of 3.80 kg兾min. Ignoring friction with the FIGURE 7;43 Problem 71:
tracks, what is the car’s speed after 60.0 min? (See Section 7–2.) (a) before collision, (b) after collision.

General Problems 195