Database System Concepts
(Unit-4)
Prepared by:
Neeraj Sharma
(Assistant Professor, JLU-SOET)
1
Features of good relational database design.
Simple model: Relational Model is simple and easy to use in comparison
to other languages.
Flexible: Relational Model is more flexible than any other relational
model present.
Secure: Relational Model is more secure than any other relational model.
Data Accuracy: Data is more accurate in the relational data model.
Data Integrity: The integrity of the data is maintained in the relational
model.
Operations can be Applied Easily: It is better to perform operations in the
relational model.
2
Data Normalization
Normalization is the process of organizing the data in the database.
Normalization is used to minimize the redundancy from a relation or set
of relations. It is also used to eliminate undesirable characteristics like
Insertion, Update, and Deletion Anomalies.
Normalization divides the larger table into smaller and links them using
relationships.
The normal form is used to reduce redundancy from the database table
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Advantages of Normalization
Normalization helps to minimize data redundancy.
Greater overall database organization.
Data consistency within the database.
Much more flexible database design.
Enforces the concept of relational integrity
4
Disadvantages of Normalization
You cannot start building the database before knowing what the user
needs.
The performance degrades when normalizing the relations to higher
normal forms, i.e., 4NF, 5NF.
It is very time-consuming and difficult to normalize relations of a higher
degree.
Careless decomposition may lead to a bad database design, leading to
serious problems.
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Normal Forms
First Normal Form (1NF): This is the most basic level of normalization. In
1NF, each table cell should contain only a single value (atomic values), and each
column should have a unique name. The first normal form helps to eliminate
duplicate data and simplify queries.
Second Normal Form (2NF): 2NF eliminates redundant data by requiring
that each non-key attribute be dependent on the primary key. This means that
there should not be any partial functional dependency and that each column
should be directly related to the primary key, and not to other columns.
Third Normal Form (3NF): 3NF builds on 2NF by requiring that all non-
key attributes are independent of each other. This means that there should not be
any transitive dependency and that each column should be directly related to the
primary key, and not to any other columns in the same table.
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Normal Forms
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF): BCNF is a stricter form of 3NF
that ensures that each determinant in a table is a candidate key. In other
words, BCNF ensures that each non-key attribute is dependent only on the
candidate key.
Normalization Process:
Find the candidate key of the given relation by generating the closure set of attributes
for all attributes i.e identify all candidate keys.
Check the relation for 2NF. If it does not satisfy 2 NF then decompose the table so
that the resulting relation follow 2NF.
If relation satisfies 2 NF then check for 3NF. If it does not satisfy 3 NF then
decompose the table so that the resulting relation follow 3NF.
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Thank you!!
