Social Science (Economics)
Class: X
Chapter -1 Development
Development –
A. What is Development?
* Development involves essential things that people require to live and conditions available to achieve their
goals
B. What Development promises? – Different People, Different Goals:
1. Different persons have different developmental goals.
Examples:
Category of Developmental Goals / Aspirations
Person
Landless rural More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education
labourers for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in
the village.
Prosperous Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through
farmers from hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.
Punjab
2. Development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be destructive for the other.
Examples:
(a) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in the household
work. Her brother may not like it.
(b) Industrialists may want more dams to get more electricity. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the
lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals. They might resent this and prefer small check dams or
tanks to irrigate their land.
Conclusion:
- Each one of them seeks different things.
- They seek things that are most important for them for fulfilling their aspirations and desires.
- Two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting.
Income and Other Goals -
A. Type of Goals -
1. Income Goal: People desire regular work, better wages, decent price for their crops or other produce, etc.
2. Other Goals: People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc.
B. Material and Non-material Things:
+ Material things – Things that can be bought with money.
+ Non-material things - Things that cannot be bought with money.
C. Why are other goals (non-material) more important than income goals (material)?
- Material goods are not all one needs to live. Money and material things is one factor on which life depends.
- Quality of life also depends on non-material things. Non-material things that can not be measured are
extremely important.
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D. For Development people look at a mix of Goals. Give example.
~ If women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases.
~ If there is respect for women there would be more sharing of housework and greater acceptance of women
working outside.
~ A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business.
National Development –
A. National Development involves –
All the ideas of different people to be considered equally important
Ways of deciding conflicts
Finding a fair and just path for all
Ways of doing things better
Finding whether the ideas would benefit a large number of people or only a small group.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?
A. National Income: It is defined as the total value of all the goods and services produced within a country in
a year plus income coming from abroad.
B. Per Capita Income / Average Income: Total national income of a country divided by its total population.
C. Classification of Countries by the World Bank on the basis of Average Income / Per Capita Income:
In World Development Report, brought out by the World Bank average income is used in classifying
countries.
# High-income Countries - Countries with per capita income of US$ 63,400 per annum and above in 2023,
are called rich countries.
# Low-income Countries - Countries with per capita income of US$ 2400 per annum or less in 2023, are
called low-income countries.
# India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2023 was just
US$ 10030per annum.
# The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally called
developed countries. In World Development Reports,
D. Advantage and Disadvantage of using Average Income for Classification of Countries/ States:
= Advantage: Since, countries have different populations, comparing total income will not tell what an
average person is likely to earn and whether people in one country are better off than others in a different
country. Hence average income / per capita income is more useful.
= Disadvantage: It does not tell us how this income is distributed among people. It hides disparities.
Income and Other Criteria -
For estimating development of a nation or a region besides average income there are other equally important
attributes like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio which indicate about health and
education. Health and education are two very important indicators of development.
Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a
proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a
percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
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Public Distribution System-
A. Meaning:
Facilities provided by the government for the collective use of the people. For example – Public transport,
Public-parks, etc.
B. Need:
+ Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well.
For example: pollution-free environment, prevention of infectious diseases, etc.
+ For many of the important things in life the best way and the cheapest way is to provide these goods and
services collectively.
For example: security, educational institutions, health care facilities, etc.
Human Development Index –
A. Introduction: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in its first Human Development
Report, 1990, introduced the concept of Human Development Index (HDI).
B. Meaning: The HDI stands for Human Development Index. It is the cumulative measurement of the (a)
Longevity, (b) Knowledge, and (c) Decent Standard of Living. It compares countries based on educational
levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
C. Need: Level of income is important but an inadequate measure of the level of development. Other criterion
like health and education are important indicators to measure of development.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Sustainability of Development-
A. Meaning – It means that development should take place without damaging the environment and
development at present should not compromise the on the needs of the future generation.
B. Need –
1. The damage to environment has adverse effect on development.
2. It is important to conserve resource for future generations as continuous use of many resources exhaust
reserves.
3. Consequences of environmental degradation do not remain limited to national or state boundaries. This
issue is no longer region or nation specific.
C. Examples –
1. Groundwater in India
2. Exhaustion of Natural Resources (Crude Oil)
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