AC INFO
Pre knowledge
You should know:
Pre knowledge
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1
𝑆𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘
2
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
|𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 |
𝑆𝑖𝑛 2𝜃
We will cover these skills:
In this chapter
Average value
≫ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 . . . ≫ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑡
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑣 − 𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 +. . . 𝑣 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑛 𝑡𝑑
⇒ 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2,3,10 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
2 + 3 + 10
=
3
=5
Question Question
𝑣 . 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 𝑖𝑓 𝑣 = 4𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 4𝑠
?
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑡𝑑
Solution 4
0 4𝑡. 𝑑𝑡
4 6 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
4−0
Solution
? =
4 𝑡 2 Τ2 40
4−0
1 =8
4𝑉 + 2𝑉
= 2
6
RMS value
≫ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 . . . ≫ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 𝑓 𝑡
𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 𝑣32 +. . . 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑣 2 − 𝑡
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑣 2 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑛 𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
𝑡𝑑
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 2,3,10 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
22 + 32 + 102
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
3
Question
𝑉
𝑣 2 . 𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉/2
𝑡𝑑
4 6
Solution
?
𝑣 2
∗ 4 + 𝑣2 ∗ 2
𝑣𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2
6
𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑅𝑀𝑆
A
≫ 𝐷𝐶 𝐴 𝐴
A
2𝐴 𝐴
≫ 𝐴sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋 2
A
≫ 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴 𝐴
2 3
Special case
𝑦 = 𝐴sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐴sin 𝜔𝑡 + 60𝑜
𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ∶ 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐷𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐶 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑡 𝜔
≫ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚
AC vs DC
Supply
Moving coil galvanometer For small frequency like 2Hz or
4Hz it will oscillate but for 50Hz
it will not move
Tangent galvanometer
Hot wire galvanometer
▪ It read RMS value
▪ Scale in non-uniform
Wire type 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑙
Dangerous 𝐷𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 For same value AC is more dangerous
Transformer Introduction
V=22000V
I=0.1A
Create 220V,10A
Want 220V and 10A
R = 10Ω
𝑋100 1
𝑋
100
Step up transformer Step down transformer
Transformer
➢ Flux for each loop is same
𝑑𝜙
➢ 𝜙 ∝ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑒1 𝑁1
➢ ∝
𝑒2 𝑁2
Transformer
➢ If we assume no loss of energy 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝐼1 𝑒1
1 𝐼1 𝑁2
➢ 𝐼1 ∝ ➢ =
𝑒1 𝐼2 𝑁1
𝑉1 ∗ 𝐼1
➢ If efficiency is given 𝜂=
𝑉2 ∗ 𝐼2
➢ Flux for each loop is same
𝑑𝜙
➢ 𝜙 ∝ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒 = Question If frequency of input is f what will be
𝑑𝑡 output frequency.
➢
𝑒1 𝑁1
= ?
𝑒2 𝑁2 Solution Output Frequency will be 𝑓
Question If frequency of input is f what Question What will be the voltage of
output side if input voltage
?
will be output frequency.
is 220V
Solution Output Frequency will be 𝑓
Question Will transformer work with 100 20
DC supply turns turns
?
Solution NO
Solution ⇒ 𝑒1 = 𝑁1
Question Why transformer have high 𝑒2 𝑁2
efficiency
? ⇒
220 100
= ⇒ 𝑒2 = 44𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑒2 20
Solution As they do not have any
moving part
Question
Find current in the bulb
100 turns 20 turns
200V 4Ω
Solution This will not work as supply is DC
Transformer Losses
Flux Leakage Copper loss
Issue: Fix: Issue : Fix :
Use material
of less
resistance
Heating effect in wire
OR use Diamagnetic
material around it
Transformer Losses
Iron lass
Issue : Fix :
Eddy current loss • Use Laminated
core
Hysteresis loss 𝐼
• Use soft iron
𝐼
• It produce
𝐻 humming noise
𝐻
AC supply along R/L/C
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 sin2 𝜔𝑡
1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
2
𝑅
𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
=
𝑉 2 2
𝐼= = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑅
𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
=
𝑅
= 𝐼𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
AC supply along R/L/C
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼
= −𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝐿
−2𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
=
𝑑𝑖 2
𝐿 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡 −𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 =
𝑉𝑜 2
𝑑𝑖 = sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 =0
𝐿
−𝑉𝑜
𝐼= cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐿𝜔 𝜔𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 ➢ 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼 = −𝐼𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡 ➢ 𝑆𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
AC supply along R/L/C
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼
= 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝐶
2𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
=
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡 2
𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑄 =
= C𝜔𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 =0
𝑉𝑜
𝐼= cos 𝜔𝑡
1Τ𝜔 𝐶 1
= 𝑋𝐶 ➢ Capacitive 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝜔𝐶
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡 ➢ 𝑆𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Phase discussion
Resistor Inductor Capacitor
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼 = −𝐼𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝐼𝑜
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑜
𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 90 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 90
Power NOTE:
➢ Power loss happen only across resistor
➢ Power loss Only happen across resistor and we can use DC
formula if we use RMS value
➢ 𝜔𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 2𝜔
LC circuit(tank circuit as it stores energy)
LC circuit(tank circuit as it stores energy)
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑞 𝑥
𝑖 𝑣
1 𝑞2 1 2
𝑘𝑥
2𝐶 2
𝐶
𝐿 1 2 1
𝐿𝑖 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
1 𝑘
𝐶
𝑁𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐿 𝑚
•Used to convert DC to AC
•Inductor is called electrical inertia
LC oscillator practical situation (with R) (Not in medical)
𝐿
𝐶
•Equation
•Comparison
•Resultant
•Amplitude
•Frequency
RLC with supply
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐼𝑟
𝐶
𝐿 𝑅
𝑉
•Circuit diagram •Resonance
•Current and voltage phase •Current
•Relation in each •Voltage of resistance
•Phase diagram •Voltage of inductor and capacitor
•Voltage relation •Before and after this condition
•Impedance triangle
•Power factor
•Wattles current
•Current in the circuit
•Graphs
•Resistance
Conductance (G)
•Reactance
Inductive reactance
Capacitive reactance
Susseptance(B)
•Impedance (imaginary form)
Admittance (S/Y)
•Current
•impedance
•Quality factor (half power current)
•Bandwidth
•Lower and upper bandwidth
•0=12
•Sharpness
Rate of energy is stored in maximum when
Ways to solve numerical
➢ Look for type of supply first AC or DC •If data is simply given it is RMS
➢ Cell and battery are DC supply Q If V=100sint here 100 is ……….
➢ Frequency of DC is zero •For instantaneous voltage use KVL only
Give some question also and remember opposite phase in
𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 0 question
•If frequency is change remember to change XL and XC
•And remember Hz is not unit of ………
1
𝑋𝐶 = = ∞ 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝐶
𝜔𝐶
➢ All instrument read RMS value and DC instrument will not work with AC supply
•In RLC series circuit
•Current is same
•Treat voltage as vector
VL and VC are in opposite direction
VR is perpendicular to both of them
Their resultant is supply voltage
•Treat resistance as vector
XL and XC are in opposite direction
R is perpendicular to both of them
Their resultant is Z
•At resonance current is max that is why also known as accepter circuit
•If XL > XC voltage is leading
•In RLC parallel circuit
•Treat current as vector
IL and IC are in opposite direction
IR is perpendicular to both of them
•Treat resistance inverse as vector
1/XL and1/ XC are in opposite direction
1/R is perpendicular to both of them and resultant is 1/Z
At resonance current is min that is why also known as rejecter
circuit
•If XL > XC voltage is leading
Also tell when to use voltage component and when to
use current and when need not to use any component by
giving some question
Power discussion 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
𝐼𝑜
Power is lost in resistor only and can use 𝜃 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆
formula of DC is use RMS value
In RLC series In RLC Parallel
⇒ 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚: 𝐼 2 𝑅 2 𝐼𝑜2 ∗𝑅 2 𝐼𝑜2 ∗ 𝑅
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗𝑅 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
2 2
𝑉2 𝑉𝑜2
⇒ 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚: 2
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑜2 2
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆
𝑅 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 2𝑅
𝑅 2𝑅 𝑅
⇒ 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚: 𝑉𝐼 𝑉 𝑉𝑜 ∗ 𝐼𝑜 𝑉𝑜 ∗ 𝐼𝑜
𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2 2
Power discussion
Power is lost in resistor only and can use
formula of DC is use RMS value
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑉𝑜 ∗ 𝐼𝑜
∗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2
Resonance
Sharpness and quality
Chock coil
Frequency variation on Z
𝑅 Resistance do not change with change in frequency
1
𝑋𝑐 As 𝑋𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑋𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝜔𝐶
𝑋𝐿 As 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑋𝑐 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑋𝐿 𝑅 𝐴𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜
𝑋𝐿 𝐴𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 ∞
𝑅
Filter Circuit
𝑅 𝑅 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝑐
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 𝑅 𝑅
High Pass filter Low Pass filter Low Pass filter High Pass filter
Filter Circuit
𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 𝑅
𝐶 𝑅
𝑋𝐿
𝐶 𝐶
𝑅 𝑅
𝐶 𝑋𝐿
Band Pass filter Band Rejector Band Rejector Band Rejector
Some terms
Q: What is practical meaning of
•RMS value
•Virtual value
•Dc value
•Average value
•Form factor RMSAVG
•Peak factor or crust factor PEAK AVG
•Ripple factor
AC in short
