LOPHOPHORATES

The lophophore performs

several main functions
including the collecting of food
particles, the brooding of
embryos , and respiration.
 LOPHOPHORATES: AN ANCIENT BODY PLAN

About 4,850 living species of lophophorates are known, but many of species existed during
the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.

Three lophophorate phyla survive today:

I. Phoronida
II. Brachiopoda
III.Ectoprocta/Bryozoa
Nearly all members of these phyla are marine; only a few species of ectoprocts live in fresh
water.
Phoronids
Sedentary lophophorate

"Horseshoe worms"
 Phoronids are sedentary lophophorate
Phoronids

Bilateral symmetry Example: Phoronis hippocrepia

Triploblastic

Coelomates
Phoronids
Diffuse nervous system

Closed blood vessel

Blood with hemoglobin

 Phoronids are sedentary lophophorate
Phoronids

The 20 known species of phoronids (phylum

Phoronida) are sedentary worms (Stagnent).

Live in muddy or sandy sediments or

attached to a rocky substratum.

Phoronids Phoronids are found in marine waters

ranging from intertidal zones to about 400
meters deep.

They range in size from 5 to 25 cm in length.

Coelomates Lophophorate
 A circular or u-shaped ridge
around the mouth that bears
They use the tentacles and cilia one or two rows of ciliated,
of their lophophore to capture hollow tentacles
plankton (small floating
organisms) from the water.
The anus is located close to
the mouth, but outside the
tentacles.

Nearly all adult lophophorate animals

are sessile, and Have a U shaped gut.

for both food collection and gas

exchange.
Phoronids do not ventilate their trunks with oxygenated
water.

Rely on respiration through the lophophore.

The blood contains hemoglobin, which is unusual in such

small animals and seems to be an adaptation to anoxic and
hypoxic environments.

A blood vessel leads up the middle of the body from the

stomach to a circular vessel at the base of the lophophore,
and from there a single blind vessel runs up each tentacle.

A pair of blood vessels near the body wall lead downward

from the lophophore ring to the stomach and also to blind
branches throughout the body.
 Phoronids are sedentary lophophorate
Phoronids

Cilia drive water into the top of

the lophophore, and water exits
Suspended food particles through the narrow spaces
are caught and transported between the tentacles.
to the mouth by ciliary
action.

They secrete chitinous tubes, in which

In most species, eggs are released into
they live. The lophophore is the most
the water, where they are fertilized.
conspicuous external feature of the
phoronids.

but some species produce large eggs

that are fertilized internally.
Ectoprocts/Bryozoa
Greek words "ektos," meaning "outside," and "proktos," meaning "anus" or "hind part.

Moss Animals
 Microscopic, Sessile, Colonial, Unsegmented, Coelomate

Peritoneum-lined body cavity (coelom) in the lophophore

and gastric area.
Ectoprocts
Ectoprocta have a U-shaped digestive tract, with the anus
near the mouth but outside of the lophophore.

Small central ganglion, or "brain," but no specialized

excretory or respiratory systems.
 Ectoprocts are colonial lophophorate
Ectoprocts
Colonial lophophorate that live in a “house” made of material
secreted by the external body wall.

A colony consists of many small (1–2 mm) individuals

connected by strands of tissue along which materials can be
moved.

Most of the 4,500 species of ectoprocts are marine, but a few

live in fresh water.

A colony of ectoprocts is created by the asexual

reproduction of its founding members.

A single colony may contain as many as 2 million

individuals.
 Example:
• Bugula avicularia

The "crust" is formed by a

protective limestone covering
secreted by the colony.

Some colonies are only lightly

encrusted, making them
slightly stiff; others secrete a
heavier crust, giving them a
hard, crunchy covering.
 Ectoprocts are colonial lophophorate
Ectoprocts
Eggs are fertilized Ectoprocts reproduce
internally, and exit as sexually by releasing sperm
larvae to seek suitable sites into the water, where they
for attachment to the are collected by other
substratum. individuals.
 Ectoprocts are colonial lophophorate

They are able to oscillate

Ectoprocts
In some species,
individual colony and rotate the lophophore
members are specialized to increase contact with
for feeding, reproduction, prey and can retract it into
defense, or support. the tube.
 Brachiopods
Greek words brachion ("arm") and podsos ("foot")

• Brachiopods have a very long history of life on Earth, at least 550 million years.
• They first appear as fossils in rocks of earliest Cambrian age.
 Brachiopods superficially resemble bivalve molluscs

Bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic, coelomate

organisms.
The size varies from 5 to 8 mm in living species and up to
375 mm in extinct ones.

Oval, Spherical, Flattened, Elongated.

Brachiopods/
Lamp shells The body is enclosed in a bivalved shell.

Except in three genera, the sexes are separate.

Release ripe gametes (ova or sperm) into their main

coelom. (External Fertilization)
 Brachiopods superficially resemble bivalve molluscs

Attached to a solid substratum or embedded in soft

sediments.

A short, flexible stalk that holds the animal above

Brachiopods/ the substratum.

Lamp shells Gases are exchanged across body surfaces,

especially the tentacles of the lophophore.

More than 26,000 fossil species, 335 species

survive, in some marine environments.
Brachiopods superficially
resemble bivalve molluscs.

The brachiopod shell has two valves

which are unequal in size

The bivalve shell has two valves which

are equal in size.
 Brachiopods superficially resemble bivalve molluscs
Brachiopods

Brachiopods (phylum
Brachiopoda) are solitary marine
lophophorate animals.

Brachiopod lives only in marine

environments.
Bivalve lives in marine, freshwater and The two halves can be
brackish water environments. pulled shut to protect
the soft body.

Their shells are divided into two parts that

are connected by a ligament.
 Brachiopods superficially resemble bivalve molluscs
Brachiopods

The beating of cilia on the

lophophore draws water into the
slightly opened shell.

a pair of large lophophore coiled or

folded arms bearing ciliated
tentacles.
lophophore is located within
the shell.

Food is trapped in the lophophore and

directed to a ridge, along which it is
transferred to the mouth.
 Brachiopods, reproduce sexually.

Most species have separate sexes.

Eggs and sperm are discharged into the mantle cavity

Brachiopods through funnel-shaped nephridia, or excretory
organs, on each side of the mouth.
Reproduction
Fertilization takes place outside the shell.

Ciliated larvae are formed, which swim out, settle

down, and develop into a new individual
 Trochozoans
a group of invertebrates that include animals whose early larval stage is a trochophore.

The Nemertea
The Annelida
The Mollusca

Typically, males and female release

gametes into the water, where the The trochophore is a larval type
eggs are fertilized and develop into
trochophore larvae.
As the trochophore develops, it forms
body segments at its posterior end;
eventually it becomes a small adult
worm.
 Nemertea
Ribbon Worms or Proboscis Worms
Lineus longissimus
Lineus fuscoviridis
 Ribbon worms are unsegmented

The carnivorous
Nemertea

Dorsoventrally flattened (Ribbon like).

They have nervous and excretory systems similar to

those of flatworms (Flame cells present).

Unlike flatworms, they have a complete digestive tract

with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.
Ribbon worms
Food moves in one direction through the digestive tract
and is acted on by a series of digestive enzymes.

Small ribbon worms move by beating their cilia.

employ waves of muscle contraction to move over the

surface of sediments or to burrow.
 Blood is contained within blood vessels.
Do not rely on diffusion for oxygen transport.

•Nemerteans lack specialized gills.

•Instead, respiration occurs over the surface of the body.
Ribbon worms
Possess regenerative abilities, allowing them to
regenerate lost body parts.

Flame cells are specialized excretory cells found in simple

invertebrates, including nemertea, flatworms, and rotifers.
 Ribbon worms are unsegmented
Nemertea
•Have a proboscis, lies in a cavity called the rhynchocoel.
•It extends above the mouth to capture prey using venom.
•A retractable muscle pulls the proboscis back in after an
attack. nerve cord extending
along the length of the
body.

a pair of cerebral ganglia

(brain-like structures)

The body has a fluid-

filled cavity called the
rhynchocoel.
 Ribbon worms are unsegmented
Nemertea

The mouth is positioned under

the front end.

The proboscis of most ribbon

worms is armed with a sharp
stylet that pierces the prey. Paralysis causing toxins produced by
the proboscis are discharged into the
wound.
 Nemerteans can reproduce both sexually
and asexually.
Nemertea

Some species are hermaphroditic,

while others have separate sexes.

External fertilization, individuals

release sperm and eggs into the water,
where fertilization takes place.
The ovaries and testes are situated in
the intervals between the
intestinal caeca.
 Annelida
Latin word annelus, which means "ring".
The term "annelida" literally means "little rings".
 Segmentation improved locomotion in the annelids
Annelida

Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and coelomate

Segmented Worms

Can alter the shape of its body & control its movements
more precisely.

The approximately 16,500 described species live in

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments.

Thin, permeable body surface restricts annelids to moist

environments; they lose body water rapidly in dry air.
Annelids possess a closed circulatory system

Closed Circulatory System

Their blood is contained within blood vessels.
Most have hemoglobin.
Some annelids exhibit a green oxygen-carrying pigment (Chlorocruorin)
Others have unpigmented blood.
Hemoglobin dissolved in the
plasma.

Annelids have two main blood vessels:

Dorsal Vessel
Ventral Vessel

blood vessels act as hearts and pump blood.

 Segmentation improved locomotion in the annelids

The body wall serves as

The coelom in each segment
Annelida
surface for gas
exchange is isolated from those in
other segments.

Most annelids lack a rigid,

external protective
covering. True segmentation, also known as
metamerism, is when an organism's
body is divided into segments both
internally and externally, and some
organs are repeated in a series
throughout the segments.

In contrast, pseudo or false

segmentation occurs when an
organism's body is segmented but
each segment is independent of the
others
 Segmentation improved locomotion in the annelids

Ganglion controls each segment,

Annelida
and the ganglia are connected by
nerve cords that coordinate their
functioning.
Annelida
In species with well-developed
Muscular vessels near septa, blood circulates within
blood vessels.
the front act as hearts.

In species without septa, blood

circulates freely through the main
body cavity.
 Setae: tiny, chitinous hairlike bristles found on
the body of an earthworm. They are located in
the epidermal pits in the middle of each
Annelida
segment, except for the first and last segments
and the clitellum.

To attach to the surface and

prevent backsliding during
peristaltic motion.

The clitellum is a thick, ring found in

Hermaphroditic the epidermis (skin) of the worm, To
form a cocoon for its eggs, the
clitellum secretes a viscous fluid.
This organ is used in sexual
reproduction of some annelids.
 Annelida

Class: Polychaeta Class: Oligochaeta Class: Hirudinea Class: Pogonophora

(“many hairs”) (“few hairs”) (Leeches) (Vestimentiferans/
Siboglinidae)
one or more pairs of eyes no parapodia, eyes, or Like oligochaetes, lack A crown of tentacles
and one or more pairs of anterior tentacles, and parapodia and tentacles. through which gases are
tentacles at the anterior they have relatively exchanged; they entirely
end few setae Groups of segments at lost their digestive systems.
each end are modified to
most segments extends
are scavengers and form suckers, serve as secrete chitin and other
laterally as a series of thin
ingesters of soil temporary anchors that aid substances to form the
outgrowths, called
the leech in movement. tubes in which they live
parapodia

The parapodia function in Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic Hermaphroditic

gas exchange, and some
species use them to move. Eggs are laid in a cocoon The leech extends its
outside the adult’s body. body by contracting its
Most have separate sexes. The cocoon is shed, and circular muscles.
Some are Hermaphrodite miniature worms emerge
 Annelida

Class: Polychaeta Class: Oligochaeta Class: Hirudinea Class: Pogonophora

(“many hairs”) (“few hairs”) (Leeches) (Vestimentiferans)
(Beard worms)
• Sand worms Earthworms Leeches Lamellisabella
• Tube worms External parasites
• Clam worms Earthworms do not Makes an incision in its Vestimentiferans=
• Nereis have larvae in their host. Muscular structure by
• Haplodrili life cycle. ingest a lot of blood in a which the worm emerges
• Sabella single feeding. from its tube".
Trochophore larvae An anticoagulant secreted
by the leech keeps the
host’s blood flowing.

widely employed in
medicine to prevent blood
clotting in damaged
tissues.
Annelida Class: Polychaeta (Many Hairs)
Annelida Class: Oligochaeta (Few Hairs)
Annelida Class: Hirudinea (Leeches)
Annelida Class: Pogonophora (Vestimentiferans) (Beard worms)
 Phylum Symmetry Body Cavity Germ Reproduction Body Habitat
Layers Mode Organization
Level
Phoronids Bilateral Coelomate 3 Asexual and Organ level Mostly marine; live in tubes
(triploblast) sexual buried in sediments
Bryozoa Bilateral Coelomate 3 Asexual and Organ level Mostly marine; form colonies
(triploblast) sexual of interconnected individuals
Brachiopods Bilateral Coelomate 3 Asexual and Organ level Marine; have a bivalve shell
(triploblast) sexual and a stalk-like pedicle for
attachment

Nemertea Bilateral Coelomate 3 Sexual Organ level Mostly marine; known as

(triploblast) ribbon worms
Annelida Bilateral Coelomate 3 Asexual and Organ level Diverse (marine, freshwater,
(triploblast) sexual terrestrial); segmented worms
Mollusca Bilateral Coelomate 3 Sexual Organ level Diverse (marine, freshwater,
(triploblast) terrestrial); includes snails,
clams, and octopuses
 Phylum Respiratory Excretory Excretory Circulatory Cardiac Nervous Cephalization Digestive Prey Capture
Organ Organ Product System System System System
Phoronids Lophophore Metanephri Soluble Blood None Simple Limited Complete Lophophore
dia wastes vessels nerve net

Bryozoa Lophophore Nephridia Ammonia None None Nerve net Limited Complete Tentacles

Brachiopod Lophophore Nephridia Ammonia None None Nerve ring Limited Complete Lophophore
s

Nemertea Skin Protonephri Ammonia Closed Simple Nerve cords Present Complete Proboscis
dia system heart

Annelida Skin Metanephri Ammonia Closed Simple Ventral Present Complete Setae
dia system heart nerve cord