MIDOZALAM

Brand Generic Background ADMINISTR Intraveno Intramuscu Intrana Buccal Drug Potentially Fatal Food Interaction Contraindications
Names Name ATION us lar sal Interactions
administra administrat
tion ion
Buccolam, Midazol Midazolam is a short-acting Female gender, In pediatric The mean The The Decreased Increased plasma Enhanced CNS Acute narrow-angle
Busulfex, am hypnotic-sedative drug with old age, and patients (6 (±SD) estimate steady- plasma concentrations depressant effects glaucoma, severe
Nayzilam, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, obesity may months to apparent d total state concentration with CYP3A4 of alcohol. respiratory
Seizalam anticonvulsant, sedative, increase the <16 years) volume of volume volume of with CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. Decreased insufficiency,
hypnotic, and amnesic volume of receiving distribution of distributio inducers (e.g. ketoconazole, plasma severe respiratory
properties. It belongs to a class distribution. 0.15 mg/kg (Vz/F) of distribut n rifampicin, itraconazole, concentration failure, acute
of drugs called Midazolam IV midazolam ion of following carbamazepin voriconazole, with St. John’s respiratory
benzodiazepines. This drug is may also cross midazolam, following a midazol oromucos e, phenytoin). clarithromycin, wort. Increased depression,
unique from others in this class the placenta the mean single IM am is al Potentiate the telithromycin, plasma myasthenia gravis,
due to its rapid onset of effects and has been steady-state dose of 10 226.5 L administra action of boceprevir, concentration sleep apnoea
and short duration of action. detected in volume of mg tion is antipsychotics, nefazodone). with grapefruit syndrome; severe
Midazolam is available by oral, human milk distribution midazolam estimated barbiturates, Increased risk of juice.1 hour hepatic impairment
rectal, intranasal, intramuscular and ranged was 2117 to be 5.3 propofol, profound (active (oral). Concomitant
(IM), and intravenous (IV) cerebrospinal from 1.24 (±845.1) l/kg ketamine, sedation, metabolite). use with CYP3A4
routes and has been used in fluid to mL/kg in sedative respiratory inhibitors.
various biomedical 2.02 L/kg. healthy antidepressant depression, coma
applications, including subjects. s, and death with
dentistry, cardiac surgery, and antihistamines opioids (e.g.
endoscopic procedures as pre- and centrally morphine,
anesthetic medication, and as an acting meperidine,
adjunct to local anesthesia. antihypertensi fentanyl).
Onset: Approx 15 minutes; 3-5 ve drugs
minutes (IV); 10-20 minutes
(oral). Duration: Up to 6 hours
(IM);
Special Precautions: Patient with uncompensated acute illnesses (e.g. severe fluid or electrolyte disturbances), CV disease (e.g. heart failure), respiratory disease (e.g. COPD), history of alcohol or drug abuse;
at risk of falls; obese, debilitated. Avoid abrupt withdrawal. Renal and hepatic impairment. Elderly and children. Pregnancy and lactation
Adverse Reaction Significant: Anterograde amnesia, CNS depression, hypotension, paradoxical reactions (e.g. hyperactive or aggressive behaviour), suicidal ideation, withdrawal symptoms. Cardiac disorders:
Bradycardia, tachycardia. Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, hiccups. General disorders and administration site conditions: Fatigue, inj site reactions (e.g. erythema, pain,
phlebitis, thrombosis). Injury, poisoning and procedural complications: Falls, fractures. Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: Muscle weakness. Nervous system disorders: Sedation (prolonged and
post-operative), decreased alertness, somnolence, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia. Psychiatric disorders: Confusion, euphoric mood, depression, hallucinations, physical drug dependence, withdrawal
syndrome. Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Dyspnoea, laryngospasm
Overdosage Symptoms: Sedation, somnolence, confusion, impaired coordination, diminished reflexes, coma and deleterious effects on vital signs. Management: Symptomatic and supportive treatment. Monitor
respiration, pulse rate, blood pressure and hepatic function. Maintain adequate airway and support of ventilation, including administration of oxygen. IV fluid therapy, repositioning, judicious use of appropriate
vasopressors may be done in case of hypotension. Gastrointestinal decontamination (e.g. lavage, activated charcoal) may be considered within 1-2 hours after ingestion or once the patient’s airway is secured.
Flumazenil may be given as an antidote

PROPAFOL
Brand Classe Description Nasal Intravenous administration Intramuscular Oral Drug Potentially Food Contraindicatio
Names s Administrati administration Interactions Fatal Interactio ns
on n
Dipriva Genera Propofol is a For the nasal For the intravenous injection For the Midazolam syrup is Additive Propofol- Enhanced Sedation in ICU
n l short-acting, spray formulation, midazolam is indicated intramusuclar indicated for use in sedative/anaesthe related infusion sedative setting in
Anesth liphophilic formulation, as an agent for injection pediatric patients for tic and syndrome effect with children
etics, general midazolam is sedation/anxiolysis/amnesia and prior formulation, sedation, anxiolysis and cardiorespiratory (PRIS) (e.g. alcohol.
System anaesthetic. . indicated for to or during diagnostic, therapeutic or midazolam is amnesia prior to depressant effect lactic acidosis,
ic It is thought to the acute endoscopic procedures, such as indicated for diagnostic, therapeutic with other CNS hyperlipidaemi
produce treatment of bronchoscopy, gastroscopy, preoperative or endoscopic depressants. a,
sedative/anaes intermittent, cystoscopy, coronary angiography, sedation/anxiol procedures or before Profound hyperkalaemia,
thetic effects stereotypic cardiac catheterization, oncology ysis/amnesia or induction of anesthesia. hypotension with rhabdomyolysi
through episodes of procedures, radiologic procedures, for treatment of It is only approved in rifampicin. s). Abuse and
positive frequent suture of lacerations and other status monitored settings only Valproate may dependence.
modulation of seizure procedures either alone or in epilepticus in and not for chronic or increase serum
inhibitory activity (i.e., combination with other CNS adults home use.11 In Europe, levels of
function of the seizure depressants.14 The sedative, a buccal formulation of propofol.
neurotransmitt clusters, acute anxiolytic and amnestic use of midazolam is also
er GABA repetitive midazolam can also be employed pre- approved for the
through the seizures) that operatively.14 It can also be indicated treatment of prolonged,
GABAA are distinct for induction of general anesthesia, acute, convulsive
receptors and from a before administration of other seizures in infants,
possibly patient’s usual anesthetic agents or as a component toddlers, children and
reduced seizure pattern of intravenous supplementation of adolescents (from 3
glutamatergic in patients nitrous oxide and oxygen for a months to < 18 years).
activity with epilepsy balanced anesthesia.14 A relatively For infants between 3-6
 through 12 years of narrower dose range of midazolam months of age treatment
NMDA age and older and a shorter period of induction can should be in a hospital
receptor be achieved if midazolam is setting where
blockade. combined with narcotic monitoring is possible
Onset: 9-51 premedication.14 Finally, midazolam and resuscitation
seconds can be indicated as a continous equipment is available.
(average: 30 intravenous infusion for sedation of
seconds). intubated and mechanically ventilated
Duration: 3-10 patients as a component of anesthesia
minutes. or during treatment in a critical care
setting
Special Precautions: Patient with lipid metabolism disorders such as hypertriglyceridaemia or pancreatitis, or risk of fat overload; cardiac impairment; pulmonary insufficiency or respiratory depression;
increased intracranial pressure or impaired cerebral circulation; hypovolaemia, unstable haemodynamics, abnormal low vascular tone (e.g. sepsis); risk factors for PRIS (e.g. decreased oxygen delivery, sepsis,
serious cerebral injury). Patient predisposed to zinc deficiency (e.g. diarrhoea, major sepsis, burns). ASA grade 3 or 4, debilitated and epileptic patient. Renal and hepatic impairment. Children and elderly.
Pregnancy and lactation. Avoid abrupt discontinuation; taper infusion dose to prevent withdrawal (for prolonged infusions). Not recommended for obstetric anaesthesia including caesarean section deliveries
ADVERSE REACTION Significant: ECG effects (e.g. QT shortening/prolongation), hypertriglyceridaemia, hypotension, injection-site reaction, perioperative myoclonus (e.g. convulsions, opisthotonos),
involuntary movement, Rarely, postoperative unconsciousness with or without an increase in muscle tone, anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reactions Cardiac disorders: Cardiac arrhythmia, low cardiac output,
tachycardia. Gastrointestinal disorders: Nausea, vomiting. Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Respiratory acidosis. Nervous system disorders: Headache. Psychiatric disorders: Depression, confusion.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Cough, laryngospasm. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Rash, pruritus. Vascular disorders: Hypertension.
Overdosage Symptoms: Cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Management: Provide artificial ventilation with oxygen for respiratory depression. Reposition patient by raising the legs and lowering the
head; increase IV fluids flow rate or administering plasma expanders and pressor agents to manage cardiovascular depression.
 NUBAIN
Generic Brand Drug Class Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action Absorption Contraindication
Name Names
nalbuphine Nubain Opioid Nalbuphine is a synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist The exact mechanism of action is The mean absolute bioavailability Significant respiratory
hydrochloride Analgesics analgesic of the phenanthrene series. Nalbuphine's unknown, but is believed to was 81% and 83% for the 10 and depression. Acute or severe
analgesic potency is essentially equivalent to that of interact with an opiate receptor site 20 mg intramuscular doses, bronchial asthma in an
morphine on a milligram basis. The opoioid antagonist in the CNS (probably in or respectively, and 79% and 76% unmonitored setting or in the
activity of nalbuphine is about one-fourth to that of associated with the limbic system). following 10 and 20 mg of absence of resuscitative
nalorphine and 10 times to that of pentazocine. The opiate antagonistic effect may subcutaneous nalbuphine. equipment. Known or
Nalbuphine by itself has potent opioid antagonist activity result from competitive inhibition Clinical studies show that the suspected gastrointestinal
at doses equal to or lower than its analgesic dose. When at the opiate receptor, but may also duration of analgesic activity of obstruction, including
administered following or concurrent with mu agonist be a result of other mechanisms. the drug can range from 3 to 6 paralytic ileus.
opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine, oxymorphone, Nalbuphine is thought primarily to hours. Hypersensitivity to
fentanyl), nalbuphine may partially reverse or block be a kappa agonist. It is also a nalbuphine to any of the other
opioidinduced respiratory depression from the mu agonist partial mu antagonist analgesic, ingredients in NUBAIN.
analgesic. Nalbuphine may precipitate withdrawal in with some binding to the delta
patients dependent on opioid drugs. Nalbuphine should be receptor and minimal agonist
used with caution in patients who have been receiving mu activity at the sigma receptor.
opioid analgesics on a regular basis.
IMPORTANT DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION INSTRUCTIONS
The usual recommended adult dose of Nubain is 10 mg for a 70 kg individual, administered subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously; this dose may be repeated every 3 to 6 hours as necessary.
NUBAIN should be administered as a supplement to general anesthesia only by persons specifically trained in the use of intravenous anesthetics and management of the respiratory effects of potent opioids
Naloxone, resuscitative and intubation equipment and oxygen should be readily available. Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's severity of pain, patient
response, prior analgesic treatment experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating
therapy and following dosage increases with NUBAIN and adjust the dosage accordingly. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration
whenever solution and container permit.

KETAMINE
Brand Generic Indication Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of Absorption Metabolism
Names Name action

Ketalar Ketamine Ketamine is indicated as an anesthetic agent Ketamine is a rapid-acting general Ketamine interacts with Ketamine absorption is very Ketamine presents a mainly
for recommended diagnostic and surgical anesthetic producing an anesthetic state N-methyl-D-aspartate rapid and the bioavailability is hepatic metabolism and its
 procedures. If skeletal muscle relaxation is characterized by profound analgesia, (NMDA) receptors, around 93%. After the first major metabolite is
needed, it should be combined with a normal pharyngeal-laryngeal reflexes, opioid receptors, pass metabolism, only 17% of norketamine. The
muscle relaxant. If the surgical procedure normal or slightly enhanced skeletal monoaminergic the administered dose is biotransformation of
involves visceral pain, it should be muscle tone, cardiovascular and receptors, muscarinic absorbed.10 It distributes very ketamine corresponds to
supplemented with an agent that obtunds respiratory stimulation, and occasionally receptors and voltage rapidly and presents a Ndealkylation,
visceral pain. Ketamine can be used for a transient and minimal respiratory sensitive Ca ion distribution half-life of 1.95 hydroxylation of the
induction of anesthesia prior other general depression. The anesthetic state channels. Unlike other min.12 The Cmax levels at cyclohexone ring,
anesthetic agents and as a supplement of produced by Ketamine has been termed general anaesthetic peak reach 0.75 mcg/ml in conjugation to glucuronic
low potency agents.15,Label as "dissociative anesthesia" in that it agents, ketamine does plasma and 0.2 mcg/ml in acid and dehydration of the
Reports have indicated a potential use of appears to selectively interrupt not interact with GABA cerebrospinal fluid. hydroxylated metabolites for
ketamine as a therapeutic tool for the association pathways of the brain before receptors the formation of
management of depression when administered in producing somesthetic sensory blockade. cyclohexene derivatives.
lower doses.7 These reports have increased the It may selectively depress the
interest for ketamine in this area and several thalamoneocortical system before
clinical trials are launched for this indication. significantly obtunding the more ancient
cerebral centers and pathways
(reticularactivating and limbic systems)

Background
Ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist with a potent anesthetic effect.6 It was developed in 1963 as a replacement for phencyclidine (PCP) by Calvin Stevens at Parke Davis Laboratories. It started being used
for veterinary purposes in Belgium and in 1964 was proven that compared to PCP, it produced minor hallucinogenic effects and shorter psychotomimetic effects. It was FDA approved in 1970, and from there, it
has been used as an anesthetic for children or patients undergoing minor surgeries but mainly for veterinary purposes.
Dosage for Ketamine Hydrochloride
As with other general anesthetic agents, the individual response to ketamine hydrochloride is somewhat varied depending on the dose, route of administration, and age of patient, so that dosage recommendation
cannot be absolutely fixed. The drug should be titrated against the patient's requirements. This medication is administered under a physician's supervision. The initial dose of ketamine administered intravenously
(IV) ranges from 1 mg/kg to 4.5 mg/kg. The average amount required to produce five to ten minutes of surgical anesthesia is 2 mg/kg. The initial dose of ketamine administered intramuscularly (IM) ranges from
6.5 to 13 mg/kg. A dose of 10 mg/kg usually produces 12 to 25 minutes of surgical anesthesia.
 SUCCINYLCHOLINE

Brand Generic Name Indication Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of Toxicity Metabolism

Names action
Anectine, Succinylcholine Succinylcholine is Succinylcholine's neuromuscular blockade Succinylcholine is a Overdosage of Succinylcholine is
Quelicin indicated as an takes effect within 60 seconds of intravenous depolarizing succinylcholine is likely to rapidly metabolized
adjunct to general administration and lasts between four to six neuromuscular blocker, extend the neuromuscular plasma cholinesteras
anesthesia, to minutes.2 Similar to acetylcholine, it binds to meaning it causes a blockade beyond the time in the bloodstream to
facilitate tracheal cholinergic receptors of the motor endplate to prolonged period of needed for surgery. succinylmonocholine
intubation, and to induce membrane depolarization and, membrane Symptoms are likely to be which is then further
provide skeletal eventually, muscle paralysis, which may be depolarization in order consistent with its therapeutic hydrolyzed (albeit
muscle relaxation maintained for as long as an adequate to exert its therapeutic effects, although more more slowly) to
during surgery or concentration of succinylcholine remains at effects. It binds to the pronounced, and may succinic acid and
mechanical the receptor site.8 Succinylcholine has no post-synaptic therefore include skeletal choline
ventilation direct action on smooth or cardiac muscle, nor cholinergic receptors muscle weakness, decreased
does it appear to act on pre-synaptic or found on motor respiratory reserve, low tidal
ganglionic acetylcholine receptors.5 The endplates, thereby volume, or apnea. Treatment
paralysis induced by succinylcholine has been inducing first transient of succinylcholine overdose
described as "progressive", first involving the fasciculations followed involves airway and
muscles of the face and glottis, then the by skeletal muscle respiratory support until
intercostals and diaphragm, then followed by paralysis. recovery of normal
other skeletal muscles respiration is assured.
Background
Succinylcholine is a depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant consisting of two molecules of the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) linked by their acetyl groups.2 It has been widely
used for over 50 years,1 most commonly in its chloride salt form, as a means of neuromuscular blockade during intubation and surgical procedures. Its rapid onset and offset, with effects
beginning within 60 seconds of intravenous administration and lasting between four to six minutes, make succinylcholine particularly useful in the setting of short medical procedures requiring
brief periods of muscle relaxation

BUPIVACAINE
 Brand Name Drug Class Mechanism of Actions Indication Pharmacodynamics
Marcaine, Posimir, Local Anesthetics, Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic inguinal hernia repair. Bupivacaine is a widely used local anesthetic agent.
Sensorcaine,Exparel, Kenalog, Dental, Local that blocks the generation and the Bupivacaine is often administered by spinal injection prior to
Marbeta, Marcaine, Marcaine Anesthetics, conduction of nerve impulses. It Bupivacaine, in liposome total hip arthroplasty. It is also commonly injected into
With Epinephrine, Marvona Amides does this by increasing the suspension, is indicated in patients surgical wound sites to reduce pain for up to 20 hours after
Suik, P-Care M, P-Care MG, threshold for electrical excitation aged 6 years and older for single- surgery. In comparison to other local anesthetics it has a long
P-care, Posimir, Readysharp in the nerve, slowing the dose infiltration to produce duration of action. It is also the most toxic to the heart when
Anesthetics Plus Ketorolac, propagation of the nerve impulse, postsurgical local analgesia. In administered in large doses. This problem has led to the use of
Readysharp-A, and reducing the rate of rise of the adults, it is also indicated as an other long-acting local anaesthetics:ropivacaine and
Readysharp-p40, action potential. Bupivacaine interscalene brachial plexus nerve levobupivacaine. Levobupivacaine is a derivative, specifically
Readysharp-p80, binds to the intracellular portion of block to produce postsurgical an enantiomer, of bupivacaine. Systemic absorption of local
Sensorcaine, Sensorcaine sodium channels and blocks regional analgesia anesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central
With Epinephrine, sodium influx into nerve cells, nervous systems. At blood concentrations achieved with
Vivacaine, Xaracoll which prevents depolarization. therapeutic doses, changes in cardiac conduction, excitability,
refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular resistance
are minimal. However, toxic blood concentrations depress
cardiac conduction and excitability, which may lead to
atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias and to cardiac
arrest, sometimes resulting in fatalities. In addition, myocardial
contractility is depressed and peripheral vasodilation occurs,
leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure.
Following systemic absorption, local anesthetics can produce
central nervous system stimulation, depression or both
 ISOFLURANE
Brand Name Generic Mechanism of Actions Cautions Pharmacodynamic Contraindications Dosage
Names s
Forane, Isoflurane Isoflurane induces a Caution in coronary heart Isoflurane is a Hypersensitivity to isoflurane Adult dosage
Terrell reduction in junctional disease may decrease renal general inhalation & halogenated agents Inhalation solution
conductance by decreasing and hepatic blood flow anesthetic used for
gap junction channel postoperative hepatic induction and Genetic susceptibility to 100mL
opening times and increasing dysfunction and hepatitis maintenance of malignant hyperthermia
gap junction channel closing reported adequate data have general anesthesia. It 250mL
times. Isoflurane also not been developed to induces muscle Patients in whom general
activates calcium dependent establish its application in relaxation and anesthesia contraindicated Anesthesia Induction &
ATPase in the sarcoplasmic obstetrical anesthesia should reduces pains Maintenance
reticulum by increasing the not be used as a sole agent of sensitivity by History of confirmed hepatitis
fluidity of the lipid induction in patients with altering tissue due to a halogenated Adult dosage
membrane. Also appears to ventricular dysfunction. excitability. It does inhalational anesthetic or a
bind the D subunit of ATP Therapy should only be so by decreasing the history of unexplained Induction: 1.5-3% can produce
synthase and NADH administered in an adequately extent of gap moderate to severe hepatic surgical anesthesia in 7-10
dehydogenase. Isoflurane equipped anesthetizing junction mediated dysfunction (e.g., jaundice minutes
also binds to the GABA environment by those who are cell-cell coupling associated with fever and/or
receptor, the large and altering the eosinophilia) after anesthesia Maintenance: 1-2.5% with
familiar with the
conductance Ca2+ activated activity of the with isoflurane or other nitrous oxide
pharmacology of the drug and
potassium channel, the channels that halogenated inhalational
qualified by training and
glutamate receptor and the underlie the action anesthetics. Additional 0.5-1% may be
experience to manage the
glycine receptor. potential. needed if given with oxygen
anesthetized patient
alone

Common side effects of Isoflurane includes: upset stomach,vomiting, shiv ering, slow or shallow breathing, low blood pressure, or abnormally fast or slow heart rate.

Serious side effects: hives, difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat, red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever, wheezing, tightness in the chest or
throat, unusual hoarseness, confusion, weakness, lightheadedness, dizziness, numbness or tingling, shortness of breath, fainting, slow breathing, shallow breathing, abnormal heartbeat, muscle
stiffness, the bluish skin color of the lips, nails, fingers, or toes, fast heartbeat, fast breathing, fever, spasm or stiffness of the jaw muscles, dark urine, tiredness, loss of appetite, upset stomach,
abdominal pain, clay-colored stools, vomiting, and yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice).
 SODIUM BICARBONATE
Brand Name Generic Names Mechanism of Actions Indications Pharmacodynamics Side Effects
Alka-seltzer, Alka- Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate is a systemic Sodium bicarbonate is used for the Intravenous sodium Aggravated congestive
seltzer Fruit Chews, alkalizer, which increases plasma treatment of metabolic acidosis bicarbonate therapy heart failure (CHF),
Alka-seltzer bicarbonate, buffers excess which may occur in severe renal increases plasma Cerebral hemorrhage,
Heartburn Relief, hydrogen ion concentration, and disease, uncontrolled diabetes, bicarbonate, buffers Swelling (edema), High
Bipeglyte, Bibag, raises blood pH, thereby reversing circulatory insufficiency due to excess hydrogen ion blood sodium levels, Low
Bicart, Bss the clinical manifestations of shock or severe dehydration, concentration, raises blood calcium levels, Low
Ophthalmic Solution, acidosis. It is also a urinary extracorporeal circulation of blood, blood pH and blood potassium levels,
Ceo-two, Colyte, alkalizer, increasing the excretion cardiac arrest and severe primary reverses the clinical Muscle spasms (associated
Gavilyte-C, Gavilyte- of free bicarbonate ions in the lactic acidosis. Also is indicated in manifestations of with low calcium levels),
G, Gavilyte-H and urine, thus effectively raising the severe diarrhea which is often acidosis. Metabolic alkalosis,
Bisacodyl, Gavilyte- urinary pH. By maintaining an accompanied by a significant loss Belching, Bloating, Excess
N, Golytely, alkaline urine, the actual of bicarbonate. Further indicated in fluid in the lungs
[Link], dissolution of uric acid stones may the treatment of certain drug (pulmonary edema),
Hema Bp-38, be accomplished. Sodium intoxications, including barbiturates Hyperosmolality,
Hemacart, bicarbonate acts as an antacid and (where dissociation of the Intracranial acidosis, Milk-
Konvomep, Nulytely, reacts chemically to neutralize or barbiturateprotein complex is alkali syndrome
Peglyte, Phoxillum, buffer existing quantities of desired), in poisoning by salicylates
Physioneal stomach acid but has no direct or methyl alcohol and in hemolytic
40, Prismasol, effect on its output. This action reactions requiring alkalinization of
Zegerid, Zegerid results in increased pH value of the urine to diminish nephrotoxicity
Reformulated Aug stomach contents, thus providing of blood pigments.
2006, Zegerid With relief of hyperacidity symptoms
Magnesium
Hydroxide
 LIDOCAINE
Brand Name Generic Mechanism of Actions Indications Pharmacodynamics
Names
Agoneaze, Akten, Alivio, Anestacon, Anodyne Lidocaine Lidocaine is a local anesthetic of the amide Lidocaine is an Excessive blood levels of
Lpt, Astero, Band-aid Hurt-free, type 10,7,8. It is used to provide local anesthetic of the amide lidocaine can cause changes in
Cathejell, Curacaine, Depo-medrol with anesthesia by nerve blockade at various sites group indicated for cardiac output, total peripheral
Lidocaine, Dermacinrx Lido V Pak, in the body 10,7,8. It does so by stabilizing production of local or resistance, and mean arterial
Dermacinrx Phn Pak, Dermacinrx Prikaan, the neuronal membrane by inhibiting the regional anesthesia by pressure 10,7. With central
Diphen, Emla, Fortacin, Glydo, ionic fluxes required for the initiation and infiltration techniques neural blockade these changes
Instillagel, Kenalog, Lido Bdk, Lido-prilo conduction of impulses, thereby effecting such as percutaneous may be attributable to the block
Caine Pack, Lidodan, Lidoderm, local anesthetic action 10,7,8. In particular, injection and intravenous of autonomic fibers, a direct
Lidopac, Lidopril, Lidopro, Lidosol, Lidothol, the lidocaine agent acts on sodium ion regional anesthesia by depressant effect of the local
Lidotral, Lignospan, Marcaine, channels located on the internal surface of peripheral nerve block anesthetic agent on various
Max-freeze, Medi-derm with Lidocaine, Neo- nerve cell membranes 10,7,8. At these techniques such as components of the
bex, Octocaine, Octocaine With channels, neutral uncharged lidocaine brachial plexus and cardiovascular system, and/or
Epinephrine, Oraqix, P-care, P-care X, Pliaglis, molecules diffuse through neural sheaths into intercostal and by central the beta-adrenergic receptor
Prilolid, Prizotral, Procomycin, the axoplasm where they are subsequently neural techniques such as stimulating action of epinephrine
Readysharp Anesthetics Plus Ketorolac, ionized by joining with hydrogen ions lumbar and caudal when present 10,7. The net
Readysharp-A, Readysharp-p40, 10,7,8. The resultant lidocaine cations are epidural blocks effect is normally a modest
Readysharp-p80, Relador, Synera, Triple then capable of reversibly binding the hypotension when the
Antibiotic, Venipuncture Px1, Viadur, sodium channels from the inside, keeping recommended dosages are not
Xylocaine, Xylocaine With Epinephrine, them locked in an open state that prevents exceeded
Xylocard, Xylonor, Zingo, Ztlido nerve depolarization 10,7,8. As a result, with
sufficient blockage, the membrane of the
postsynaptic neuron will ultimately not
depolarize and will thus fail to transmit an
action potential 10,7,8. This facilitates an
anesthetic effect by not merely preventing
pain signals from propagating to the brain
but by aborting their generation in the first
place.