Chapter 1: Complex Numbers

1.1 Pure Imaginary Unit i

i2 = −1 (1)
√
(± n i)2 = ni2 = n(−1) = −n (2)

1.3 Complex Number (x, y)

(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) (3)

(x1 , y1 )(x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 − y1 y2 , x1 y2 + y1 x2 ) (4)
i = (0, 1) (5)
2
i = (0, 1)(0, 1) = (0 − 1, 0 + 0) = (−1, 0) = −1 (6)
x + yi = (x, 0) + (y, 0)(0, 1) = (x, y) (7)

1.3 Operations on Complex Numbers

(z1 + y1 i) − (z2 + y2 i) = (z1 + y1 i) + (−z2 − y2 i) (8)

z̄ = x − yi (conjugate of z = x + yi) (9)
2 2
z z̄ = (x + yi)(x − yi) = x + y (10)
z1 z1 z̄2 x1 x2 + y1 y2 + (y1 x2 − x1 y2 )i
= · = (11)
z2 z2 z̄2 x22 + y22
x1 x2 + y1 y2 y1 x2 − x1 y2
= + i (12)
x22 + y22 x22 + y22
1 1 x − yi x − yi x y
= · = 2 2
= 2 2
− 2 i (13)
z x + yi x − yi x +y x +y x + y2
 
1 x y
z · = (x + yi) 2 2
− 2 i =1 (14)
z x +y x + y2

1.4 Trigonometric Form

p
|z| = r = x2 + y 2 (15)
x = r cos θ (16)
y = r sin θ (17)
z = r(cos θ + i sin θ) (18)
z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )) (19)
1
z −1 = (cos(−θ) + i sin(−θ)) (20)
r
z1 r1
= (cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )) (21)
z2 r2
z n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ) (22)

1.5 Roots of Complex Numbers

wn = z (23)
√
 
θ + 2kπ θ + 2kπ
wk = n r cos + i sin , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1 (24)
n n

Chapter 2: Mathematical Induction

2.2 Principle of Mathematical Induction

1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + (2n − 1) = n2 (25)
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + ··· + n = (26)
2
3n − 1 is a multiple of 2 (27)

1
Chapter 3: Vectors
3.1 Introduction to Vectors

⃗a + ⃗b = ⃗b + ⃗a (Commutative Law) (28)

(⃗a + ⃗b) + ⃗c = ⃗a + (⃗b + ⃗c) (Associative Law) (29)
k(⃗a + ⃗b) = k⃗a + k⃗b (Distributive Law) (30)
(k + m)⃗a = k⃗a + m⃗a (Distributive Law) (31)

3.2 Scalar Product

⃗a · ⃗b = ab cos θ (32)
⃗a · ⃗b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 (in 2D) (33)
⃗a · ⃗b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 (in 3D) (34)
√
|⃗a| = ⃗a · ⃗a (35)

3.3 Vector Product

⃗a × ⃗b = |⃗a||⃗b| sin θ n̂ (36)

î ĵ k̂
⃗a × ⃗b = a1 a2 a3 (37)
b1 b2 b3

3.4 Equations of Lines and Planes

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = (38)
l m n
x = x1 + lt, y = y1 + mt, z = z1 + nt (39)
⃗r = r⃗0 + t⃗v (40)
⃗r · n̂ = d (41)
ax + by + cz = d (42)

Chapter 4: Vectors (Extended)

4.1 Algebraic Properties of Scalar and Vector Products

⃗a · ⃗b = ⃗b · ⃗a (Commutative) (43)
⃗a · (⃗b + ⃗c) = ⃗a · ⃗b + ⃗a · ⃗c (Distributive) (44)
(k⃗a) · ⃗b = k(⃗a · ⃗b) (Scalar multiplication) (45)
2
⃗a · ⃗a = |⃗a| (Magnitude squared) (46)
⃗a × ⃗b = −(⃗b × ⃗a) (Anti-commutative) (47)
⃗a × (⃗b + ⃗c) = (⃗a × ⃗b) + (⃗a × ⃗c) (Distributive) (48)
(k⃗a) × ⃗b = k(⃗a × ⃗b) (Scalar multiplication) (49)
⃗a · (⃗a × ⃗b) = 0 (Orthogonality) (50)
⃗a × (⃗a × ⃗b) = (⃗a · ⃗b)⃗a − (⃗a · ⃗a)⃗b (Vector triple product identity) (51)

4.2 Geometric Properties of Scalar and Vector Products

⃗a · ⃗b = |⃗a||⃗b| cos θ (Scalar product magnitude) (52)

|⃗a × ⃗b| = |⃗a||⃗b| sin θ (Vector product magnitude) (53)
⃗a × ⃗b ⊥ ⃗a and ⃗a × ⃗b ⊥ ⃗b (Perpendicularity) (54)
Area of parallelogram = |⃗a × ⃗b| (55)
Volume of parallelepiped = |⃗a · (⃗b × ⃗c)| (56)

2
4.3 Cartesian Equations

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= = (Symmetric form of line) (57)
a b c
x = x0 + at, y = y0 + bt, z = z0 + ct (Parametric form of line) (58)
ax + by + cz + d = 0 (General form of plane) (59)
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0
= = (Symmetric form through point) (60)
a b c
⃗r = r⃗0 + s⃗u + t⃗v (Parametric form of plane) (61)

Chapter 5: Counting Principles

5.1 Multiplication Principle and Factorial Notation

Number of ways = m × n (62)

n! = n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · 1 (63)
0! = 1 (64)

5.2 Permutations

n n!
Pr = (65)
(n − r)!
n
P0 = 1 (66)

5.3 Combinations

n n!
Cr = (67)
r!(n − r)!
n
C0 = 1 (68)
n
Cn = 1 (69)
n n
Cr = Cn−r (70)

5.4 Techniques for Some Counting Problems

n!
Number of permutations with repetitions = (71)
n1 ! · n2 ! · · · · · nr !
Exclusion Principle : Count what you are not interested in and subtract from the total (72)
n
Number of subsets of a set with n elements = 2 (73)
n
Number of r-element subsets = Cr (74)

Chapter 7: Trigonometric Functions

7.4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 
1 −1 π
sin = (75)
2 6
 
1 2π
cos−1 − = (76)
2 3
√ π
tan−1 (− 3) = − (77)
  3
5π π
sin−1 sin = (78)
6 6
sin−1 (−x) = − sin−1 x (79)
−1 −1
cos x + cos (−x) = π (80)

3
Chapter 8: Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
8.1 Limit and Derivative Formulas

sin x
lim =1 (81)
x→0 x
d
sin x = cos x (82)
dx
d du
sin u = cos u · (83)
dx dx
d
cos x = − sin x (84)
dx
d du
cos u = − sin u · (85)
dx dx
d 2
tan x = sec x (86)
dx
d du
tan u = sec2 u · (87)
dx dx
d
cot x = − csc2 x (88)
dx
d du
cot u = − csc2 u · (89)
dx dx
d
sec x = sec x · tan x (90)
dx
d du
sec u = sec u · tan u · (91)
dx dx
d
csc x = − csc x · cot x (92)
dx
d du
csc u = − csc u · cot u · (93)
dx dx

8.2 Example Derivative Applications

d
sin 5x = 5 cos 5x (94)
dx
d
cos(7x2 − 2) = −14x sin(7x2 − 2) (95)
dx
d
tan(6x + 7) = 6 sec2 (6x + 7) (96)
dx
d
sec(3x + 1) = 15 sec(3x + 1) tan(3x + 1) (97)
dx
d cot(1 − 2x) 2
= csc2 (1 − 2x) (98)
dx 3 3
d
(−2 csc 3x) = −6 csc 3x cot 3x (99)
dx
d
sin2 x = 2 sin x cos x (100)
dx
d √ 1 √
cos x = − x−1/2 sin x (101)
dx 2
d
tan (x ) = 4x tan(x2 ) sec2 (x2 )
2 2
(102)
dx
d
(sin 2x − x cos x) = 2 cos 2x + x sin x − cos x (103)
dx
d
(sin x · cos2 x) = cos3 x − 2 sin2 x cos x (104)
dx
d x tan x − x sec2 x
= (105)
dx tan x tan2 x
d √ 1 + cos x
x + sin x = √ (106)
dx 2 x + sin x

4
8.3 Implicit Differentiation and Higher Derivatives

dy dy 1 + y sin(xy)
for x + sin y = cos(xy) is =− (107)
dx dx cos y + x sin(xy)
d2 y d2 y
for y = x sin x is = 2 cos x − x sin x (108)
dx2 dx2

8.2 Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

d 1
ln x = (109)
dx x
d 1
logb x = (110)
dx x ln b
d 1
ln |x| = (111)
dx x
d 1 du
ln(u) = · (112)
dx u dx
d 1
log10 x = (113)
dx x ln 10
d 1 1
(ln x · log10 x) = ln x · · log10 e + log10 x · (114)
dx x x
d x 2
ln √ = (115)
dx x2 + 2 x(x2 + 2)
d x2 2x log10 x − x log10 e
= (116)
dx log10 x (log10 x)2
 
1 dy 1 2x 2(x − 1)
= + (117)
y dx 2 x2 + 1 (x − 1)2
 
dy p x 2
= (x2 + 1)(x − 1)2 + (118)
dx x2 + 1 x − 1
1 dy 1 1
= + cot x − tan x (119)
y dx x 2
 
dy x sin x 1 1
=√ + cot x − tan x (120)
dx sec x x 2

8.3 Exercise 8.2

d 4x
ln(2x2 + 3) = 2 (121)
dx 2x + 3
d 1
ln |x| = (122)
dx x
d 2 1
(x log2 x) = 2x log2 x + x2 · (123)
dx x ln 2
d 1
(sin 3x · log10 (x + 1)) = cos 3x · log10 (x + 1) + sin 3x · (124)
dx (x + 1) ln 10
d √ 1 5
ln 5x − 4 = · (125)
dx 2 5x − 4
d 1 1
ln(ln x) = · (126)
dx ln x x

8.3 Logarithmic Differentiation

dy
for y = x(x + 1) = (x + 1) + x · 1 (127)
dx
dy
for y = x(x + 1)(x + 2) = (x + 1)(x + 2) + x(x + 2) + x(x + 1) (128)
dx
dy x2 + x2 + 1 (2x + 2x)(x + 1) − (x2 + x2 + 1) · 1
for y = = (129)
dx (x + 1) (x + 1)2

5
8.3 Exponential Functions

y = bx , b > 0, b ̸= 1 (130)
x
y = ab , a>0 (131)
x+h
y = ab +k (132)

Chapter 10: Integration

10.4 Integration

ex − e−x
f ′′ (x) = (133)
2
− e−x
Z x
e 1
f ′ (x) = dx = (ex + e−x ) + C (134)
2 2
e + e−x
Z x
1
f (x) = dx = (ex − e−x ) + C (135)
2 2

10.4 Exercise 10.4

Z
1 1 1
dx = ln |2x + 3| − ln |x + 1| + C (136)
2x2 + 5x + 3 4 2
2x − 1
Z
2
dx = + ln |x − 3| + C (137)
(x − 3)2 x−3
Z
x+1 1 1
dx = ln |2x + 5| − ln |x + 4| + C (138)
(2x + 5)(x + 4) 3 3
2x2 − 1 x−1
Z
dx = 2x + ln +C (139)
x2 − 1 x+1
π
f ′ (x) = sin 4x cos 2x, f =1 (140)
2
2 2
g ′ (x) = x2 ex , g(0) = − (141)
3
′ x 1
h (x) = 2 , h(2) = (142)
x −1 2
f ′′ (x) = 2x − 1, f (0) = −1, f ′ (1) = 2 (143)
π
g ′′ (x) = x sin x, g = 0, g ′ (0) = 0 (144)
2

Chapter 11: Definite Integration and Applications

11.1 Rules for Definite Integration
Z b Z b
kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx (145)
a a
Z b Z b
Z b
[f (x) ± g(x)] dx = f (x) dx ± g(x) dx (146)
a a a
Z a
f (x) dx = 0 (147)
a
Z b Z a
f (x) dx = − f (x) dx (148)
a b
Z b Z c Z b
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx (149)
a a c

6
11.1 Example 1

2 2
x4
Z 
16 1 15
x3 dx = = − = (150)
−1 4 −1 4 4 4
Z π
2 π π
sin x dx = [− cos x]02 = − cos + cos 0 = 1 (151)
0 2
1
1 √ 2 √
Z 
2 3 2 3 3
x + 2 dx = (x + 2) 2 = (3 2 − 1 2 ) = (3 3 − 1) (152)
−1 3 −1 3 3
Z π Z π
| cos x| dx = (− cos x) dx = [− sin x]ππ2 = 1 (153)
π π
2 2

11.1 Method 2
2 2
√
Z 
4 3 2 5 14
x 2 − x dx = − (2 − x) + (2 − x)
2 2 = (154)
1 3 5 1 15
Z 2 Z 1 1
√

1 3 4 3 2 5 14
x 2 − x dx = (2u 2 − u 2 ) du = u2 − u2 = (155)
1 0 3 5 0 15

11.1 Exercise 11.1

1
ex
Z
x
dx = ln |ex + 1|10 (156)
0 e +1
Z 1 1
√

2 5
x x + 2 dx = (x + 2) 2 (157)
−1 5 −1
Z 6 3 "  4 # 6
1 1 1
x−1 dx = x−1 (158)
0 3 12 3
0
Z 4 4
x+5 x−1
2
dx = ln (159)
2 x − 6x + 5 x−5 2
Z 2
1
e−x cos 2x dx = (e−2 + 1) (160)
0 5
Z π6
1 π
tan 2x dx = [− ln | cos 2x|] π6 (161)
π
8
2 8

Z 2π
π
cos mx sin nx dx = 0 (m ̸= n), (m = n) (162)
0 2
Z 4 √
| 2x − 2| dx = 4 (163)
0
Z 1
|ex − 1| dx = 2(e − 1) (164)
−1
Z 2π
| sin x| dx = 4 (165)
0

7
11.3 Area between the Curve and x-axis
Z b
Area = f (x) dx (166)
a
Z 4
3 dx = [3x]41 = 9 (167)
1
Z 0 0 
3 2 2
(3x + 2) dx = x + 2x = (168)
−3 2 2 − 23 3
Z 2 2
x3
 
32
(4 − x2 ) dx = 4x − = (169)
−2 3 −2 3
Z 25  3  25
x 125
(x2 − 2x) dx = − x2 = − (170)
0 3 0 24
4 7 33
Area = − + = (171)
3 24 8
Z π2
π
cos x dx = [sin x]02 = 1 (172)
0
Z 3π
2 3π
cos x dx = [sin x] π2 = −2 (173)
π 2
2
Z 3π
2 3π
cos x dx = [sin x]02 = −1 (174)
0
Z 4 √ 2k 3 4 16k
k x dx = x2 0
= (175)
0 3 3

11.4 Area between Two Curves

Z b
Area = [f (x) − g(x)] dx (176)
a
Z 3 Z 3
4
Area = [(2x − 1) − (x2 − 2x + 2)] dx = (−x2 + 4x − 3) dx = (177)
1 1 3

11.5 Volume by Method of Slicing

Z b
Volume = A(x) dx (178)
a
Z 4
128
V = 2x2 dx = (179)
0 3

11.6 Volume of Revolution (Disc Method)

Z b
Volume of revolution = π [f (x)]2 dx (180)
a

11.7 Volume of Revolution (Washer Method)

Z b
Volume of revolution = π [(f (x))2 − (g(x))2 ] dx (181)
a
Z 1
3π
V =π [x − x4 ] dx = (182)
0 10

8
11.3 Exercise 11.3
Z 4
V =π (5x + 2)2 dx (183)
1
2
π
√
Z 2
V =π ( cos x)2 dx (184)
0
Z 5  2
1
V =π dx (185)
3 x−1
Z π
2
V =π (sin x cos x)2 dx (186)
0
Z 3 √ p
( x 1 + x2 )2 dx
4
V =π (187)
2
Z 2
V =π [(x2 )2 − (2x)2 ] dx (188)
0
Z π
4  x 2
V =π [(tan x)2 − ] dx (189)
0 2
Z 1 √
V =π [(2 x)2 − 22 ] dx (190)
0