COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING

MATERIAL

Sector:
AUTOMOTIVE AND LAND TRANSPORT SECTOR

Qualification:
DRIVING NC II
Unit of Competency:
CARRY OUT MINOR VEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND SERVICING

Module Title:
CARRYING OUY MINOR VEHICLE MAINTENACE AND SERVICING

MILLENIALS TRAINING CENTER

INCORPORATED
 HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

Welcome to the Module “Carrying Out Minor Vehicle Maintenance

and Servicing”. This module contains training materials and activities for you
to complete.

The unit of competency “Carry Out Minor Vehicle Maintenance and

Servicing”. contains knowledge, skills and attitudes required for a Driving NC II
course.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to

complete each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome
there are Information Sheets, Task Sheets, and Job Sheets. Follow these
activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning
activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.

Remember to:
 Read the Information Sheets and complete the self-checks. Suggested
references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.
 Perform the Task Sheets and Job Sheets until you are confident that your
outputs conform to the Performance Criteria Checklist that follows the
sheets.
 Submit outputs of the Task Sheets and Job Sheets to your teacher for
evaluation and recording in the Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall
serve as your portfolio during the Institutional Competency Evaluation.
When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, ask your
trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be recorder in
your Progress Chart and Accomplishment Chart.

After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency.
Result of your assessment will be recorded in your Progress Chart and
Accomplishment Chart. All the learning activities are designed for you to
complete at your own pace.

You need to complete this module before you can perform the module on
Drive Light Vehicle.
 DRIVINGNC II
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

List of Core Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title

Code

Carry Out Minor Carrying Out Minor

Vehicle Maintenance Vehicle Maintenance
1. ALT723348
and Servicing and Servicing
Drive Light Vehicle Driving Light Vehicle
2. ALT832302
Obey and Observe Obeying and Observing
Traffic Rules and Traffic Rules and
3. ALT832303
Regulations Regulations
Implement and Implementing and
Coordinate Accident- Coordinating Accident-
4. ALT832304
Emergency Procedures Emergency Procedures
 MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: CARRY OUT MINOR VEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND

SERVICING

MODULE TITLE : CARRYING OUT MINOR VEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND

SERVICING

MODULE DESCRIPTION: This module deals with the skills and knowledge and
attitudes required to carry out basic servicing and
maintenance of a light vehicle such as cleaning the
vehicle. It also includes the action to implement the
vehicle manufacturer’s specifications for routine checks
and maintenance and that the vehicle is operational to
the requirements of both the workplace and the relevant
road and traffic authority.
NOMINAL DURATION : 20 HOURS

CERTIFICATE LEVEL : NC II

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:

LO 1. Clean vehicle unit

LO 2. Maintain and service the vehicle system

LO 1. CLEAN VEHICLE UNIT

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

1. Vehicle is cleaned as per prescribed procedures using appropriate cleaning

supplies,tools/ equipment and according to occupational health and safety
(OHS).
2. Wastes are disposed of as per relevant ordinance, rules or law.

CONTENTS:
1. Parts and function of light vehicle
2. Cleaning materials
3. Relevant OHS and proper disposal of wastes
4. Care and use of cleaning tools and equipment

CONDITIONS:

Students/trainees must be provided with the following:

1. Light Vehicle Unit

2. air compressor
3. vacuum pump
4. steam cleaner
5. polisher
6. hose
7. Cleaning materials
 Soap
 Car shampoo
 Clean water
 Absorbent cloth
 Pail

8. Learning modules

METHODOLOGIES:
 1. Self paced learning
2. Discussion
3. Demonstration
4. Individual practice

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

1. Demonstration
2. Observation
3. Written test

Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 1
CLEAN VEHICLE UNIT
Learning Activities Special Instructions
Read Information Sheet 1.1-1 on In this Learning Outcome you shall
Parts and function of light clean vehicle unit in accordance with
vehicle the OHS policies and procedures are
followed, the work is appropriately
Answer Self Check 1.1-1 sequenced in accordance with
Compare your answers with requirements.
Answer Key 1.1-1
Perform Task Sheet 1.1-1 The following must be obtained in
Read Information Sheet 1.1-2 on accordance with established
Cleaning materials procedures and job requirements:

Answer Self Check 1.1-2  Light Vehicle Unit

Compare your answers with  Tools and equipment
Answer Key 1.1-2  Cleaning Materials
Perform Task Sheet 1.1-2
Preparatory work is checked to ensure
Read Information Sheet 1.2-3 on no unnecessary damage has occurred
Relevant OHS and proper and complies with requirements.
disposal of wastes
Answer Self Check 1.1-3 Go through the Information Sheets and
Compare your answers with answer the self-checks to ensure that
Answer Key 1.1-2 knowledge of the standards in
Perform Task Sheet 1.1-3 Competency-based training are
acquired.
Read Information Sheet 1.1-3 on
Care and use of cleaning tools Show your output to your trainer for his
and equipment feedback as you accomplish them.
Answer Self Check 1.1-4
Compare your answers with
 Answer Key 1.1-4
Perform Task Sheet 1.1-4
 INFORMATIONSHEET1.1-1
Parts and function of light vehicle

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Identify different Parts of Light Vehicle
2. Know the function of different Parts of Light Vehicle

Cars are intricate machines with various components working together to

transport us from one place to another. Understanding the different parts of a car
and their functions is essential for both car enthusiasts and everyday drivers. In this
article, we’ll take you on a journey under the hood and beyond, exploring the vital
components that make your vehicle run smoothly.

The Engine: Heart of Vehicle

CYLINDER BLOCK AND PISTONS

The engine’s cylinder block houses precisely machined cylinders where controlled
explosions occur. Pistons, tightly fitted within these cylinders using piston rings,
move up and down in a rhythmic fashion, harnessing the energy generated by the
combustion process. This mechanical energy is the driving force that sets the
wheels in motion.

CRANKSHAFT AND CAMSHAFT

The crankshaft, a rotating shaft connected to the pistons, converts the linear piston
motion into rotational power, carrying it to the transmission where it can be
controlled.
Meanwhile, the camshaft controls the precise timing of the engine’s valves,
orchestrating the inflow of air and fuel and the outflow of exhaust gases, ensuring
optimal performance. It’s connected to the crankshaft via a timing belt or chain
from its placement in the cylinder head, keeping the two synchronized for reliable
performance.
CYLINDER HEAD AND VALVES

Sitting atop the cylinder block, the cylinder head houses intake and exhaust valves.
These valves open and close at specific intervals to regulate the flow of air and fuel
into the cylinders and the expulsion of exhaust gases, maintaining the delicate
balance required for efficient combustion.

INTAKE AND EXHAUST MANIFOLDS

The intake manifold channels a precisely metered mixture of air and fuel into the
cylinders, while the exhaust manifold ushers away spent exhaust gases. These
components are vital to ensure the engine receives the right air-fuel mixture and
can expel waste gases efficiently. The gases flow through carefully machined
channels into and out of the engine block when the respective valves are open,
then the valves seal closed to keep the combustion process contained in the
cylinder.

POWERTRAIN AND TRANSMISSION

TRANSMISSION TYPES (AUTOMATIC, MANUAL, CVT)

For all internal combustion engine vehicles, one of three transmission types is
installed, connected to the rear side of the crankshaft. No matter the type, this
highly complex mechanical system’s purpose is to allow control over the vehicle’s
direction and speed through gear changes.

 An automatic transmission is the most common type. It’s comprised of a

complex system of planetary gear sets, hydraulic torque converters, and a
series of clutches and bands. These components work together to manage
gear selection seamlessly, responding to factors like speed, load, and throttle
input. The transmission’s intricate design optimizes power delivery and
efficiency, ensuring a smooth and effortless driving experience.
 A manual transmission, also known as a standard transmission, includes a set
of gears, a clutch, and a gear lever. The driver manually selects and engages
gears by using the clutch to disengage and re-engage the engine’s power,
offering precise control over the vehicle’s speed and power output. This
design promotes a more engaged driving experience for enthusiasts.
  Instead of fixed gears, a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) employs a
belt or chain system that smoothly and continuously adjusts the transmission
ratio, allowing for infinite gear ratios. This design optimizes fuel efficiency
and delivers seamless acceleration, resulting in a smooth and responsive
driving experience.

DIFFERENTIAL AND DRIVESHAFT

A differential is designed with a set of gears and pinions within a housing. It splits
power from the engine to the wheels, permitting them to rotate at different speeds
during turns. This design enables precise control, enhancing stability, traction, and
preventing excessive wear on tires and drivetrain components.
The driveshaft transmits power from the transmission to the differential and,
subsequently, to the wheels. At one or more points on the driveshaft are u-joints
that allow two-axis movement while maintaining the rigidity of the shaft. On 4WD
vehicles, there’s a driveshaft from the transfer case to the front differential and
another to the rear differential.

CLUTCH AND TORQUE CONVERTER

In a manual transmission, the clutch serves as the crucial link between the engine
and the transmission. It consists of a friction disc pressed against a flywheel using a
pressure plate. When the driver depresses the clutch pedal, it disengages the
engine from the transmission, allowing for smooth gear changes. This design allows
for precise control over power transfer and gear selection.
A torque converter is a key component in an automatic transmission. Its design
includes an impeller, a turbine, and a stator, all housed in a sealed unit filled with
transmission fluid. As the engine’s crankshaft rotates, the torque converter
transmits power to the transmission while allowing the engine to run at idle without
stalling. This design ensures smooth and flexible power delivery, enhancing driving
comfort.

FUEL AND IGNITION SYSTEMS

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

Modern cars utilize a fuel injection system that delivers precise amounts of fuel
directly to each cylinder. Each fuel injector has a nozzle that sprays pressurized fuel
directly into the engine’s intake manifold or combustion chamber. This precise
delivery ensures optimal air-fuel mixing for efficient combustion, enhancing power
output, fuel efficiency, and reducing emissions.
A fuel pump delivers fuel from the tank to the engine’s fuel rail under pressure to
feed the fuel injectors constantly. Any fuel that isn’t used is circulated back to the
fuel tank via a return line.

SPARK PLUGS AND IGNITION COILS

Spark plugs serve as the ignition source, creating a high-voltage spark that ignites
the air-fuel mixture within the cylinders. It features a cylindrical body with an
electrode at one end. When voltage is applied, it generates an electrical spark
across the gap between the electrode and the center conductor. This spark ignites
the air-fuel mixture in the engine’s cylinders, initiating combustion.
An ignition coil consists of two coils of wire around an iron core. When the vehicle’s
ignition system triggers it, it momentarily stores electrical energy and then rapidly
releases it. This high-voltage surge creates a spark at the spark plug, igniting the
air-fuel mixture in the engine cylinder, ensuring efficient combustion and engine
operation.

THROTTLE BODY AND AIR INTAKE SYSTEM

The throttle body is a component in the air intake system of an engine. It features a
butterfly valve that regulates the amount of air entering the engine. When the
driver presses the accelerator pedal, the throttle body opens, allowing more air to
mix with fuel for increased engine power and acceleration.
The air intake system is designed to provide the engine with a consistent and
filtered flow of air. It typically includes an air filter, which removes contaminants,
and air intake ducting that directs the clean air through the intake manifold and
into the engine’s combustion chamber.

COOLING AND LUBRICATION

RADIATOR AND COOLING FANS

The radiator is a heat exchanger used to remove heat from the coolant in the
cooling system to prevent your vehicle’s engine from overheating. Hot coolant is
routed through the radiator, where the coolant can exchange heat with the passing
air.
For general maintenance on your radiator, check your coolant levels twice a year.
Replacing a radiator can take most of the day but is a doable DIY job. If you need to
replace your radiator, use AutoZone’s how to guide to get the job done right.
Additionally, you should reference your vehicle’s repair manual, as each vehicle is
slightly different.
The cooling fans draw air through the radiator core and over the engine to whisk
away as much heat as possible. The fans could be mechanical if it’s an older car,
but most are electric fan motors now. The fan activates when the engine
temperature reaches a set point, then it helps to maintain a healthy operating
temperature.

OIL PUMP AND OIL FILTER

The engine oil pump is designed to circulate oil throughout the engine. Typically, it
consists of gears or a rotor that draws oil from the oil pan and forces it through the
engine’s lubrication system. This constant flow of oil reduces friction between
moving parts, ensuring smooth engine operation and longevity.
An engine oil filter is a cylinder designed to trap contaminants from the engine oil
as it circulates. Its design includes a porous media that allows oil to pass through
while capturing particles like dirt and metal debris. This ensures clean and properly
lubricated engine components, extending engine life and performance.

WATER PUMP AND HOSES

A water pump is typically a belt-driven or electric device designed to circulate

coolant throughout the engine to maintain optimal operating temperatures. It
consists of an impeller that spins, creating a flow of coolant through the engine and
radiator.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

BATTERY AND ALTERNATOR

The battery stores energy in chemical form so it can be released as electricity to run
your vehicle’s electrical components. Other terms you may run into when talking
about a car battery are:
  Battery Terminal: A means of connecting the battery to the vehicle’s
electrical system. The three types of battery terminals are post or top, side,
and L.
 Battery Capacity: The energy output of a battery measured in amp/hours.
 Cold Cranking Amps: Abbreviated CCA, this refers to the amount of current
that the battery can supply to the vehicle.
 Group Size: The group size is just what it sounds like, the size of the battery.
Common group sizes are: 24, 24F, 25, 34, 35, 51, 51R, 52, 58, 58R, 59, 65
 AGM: This stands for absorbent glass mat, a design in which sulfuric acid is
absorbed by a fiberglass mat, making the battery spill-proof and better at
holding a charge.

 AutoZone wants to make sure you have the right battery for your vehicle,
and you have all the trustworthy advice you need when it comes to batteries.
 The alternator is an electricity-generating device that converts mechanical
energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. It is used to
supply power to your vehicle’s electrical system along with the battery. The
alternator also recharges the battery using mechanical energy generated by
the motion of the vehicle’s parts.
 If you notice that your battery is not working and appears to be swollen, your
alternator could have a faulty voltage and has overcharged the battery. Stop
into your local AutoZone to help you get back on the road.

STARTER MOTOR AND SOLENOID

An engine starter motor is a compact and powerful electrical motor designed to turn
the engine’s crankshaft. When the ignition key is turned, it engages a small gear
called a pinion with the engine’s flywheel. The starter motor then spins, cranking
the engine to initiate the combustion process and start the vehicle.
The engine starter solenoid is an electro-mechanical switch positioned between the
battery and the starter motor. When the ignition key is turned, it receives an
electrical signal. The solenoid’s design includes a plunger that moves, connecting
the battery to the starter motor, allowing a high current to flow and engage the
motor, cranking the engine to start the vehicle.

WIRING HARNESS AND FUSES

The wiring harnesses connect all electrical components, allowing them to

communicate and function harmoniously. They’re made of different gauges of wire
based on the current load and other factors. Fuses protect the electrical system by
breaking the circuit in the event of electrical overloads.
SUSPENSION AND STEERING

SHOCK ABSORBERS AND STRUTS

Shocks and struts are essential components of a vehicle’s suspension system,

designed to manage ride comfort and stability. Shocks typically consist of a cylinder
containing hydraulic fluid with a piston rod inside. Struts combine the shock
absorber with a coil spring.
When a vehicle encounters bumps or irregularities in the road, the shocks and
struts dampen the resulting vertical motion by forcing the hydraulic fluid through
small passages. This hydraulic resistance converts kinetic energy into heat,
effectively reducing the impact felt by the vehicle and its occupants. Properly
designed shocks and struts ensure a smoother, more controlled, and comfortable
ride, enhancing overall vehicle handling and safety.

CONTROL ARMS AND BUSHINGS

Control arms, typically shaped like a wishbone, connect the wheel assembly to the
vehicle’s chassis at two points for rigid positioning within the wheel well. A ball joint
attaches the steering knuckle to the chassis, maintaining the wheel’s vertical
position while going over bumps and dips.
Bushings, made of rubber or polyurethane, sit within control arm mounting points
and isolate them from vibrations. They allow controlled movement while minimizing
road-induced shocks, ensuring stability, precise steering, and ride comfort.

POWER STEERING PUMP AND RACK

A power steering pump is designed with a rotary vane or gear mechanism and is
typically driven by the engine’s serpentine belt. When the driver turns the steering
wheel, the pump pressurizes hydraulic fluid, creating force to assist in turning the
wheels. This design enhances steering ease and responsiveness, especially at low
speeds and during parking maneuvers.
A power steering gear, also known as a steering rack, contains a set of gears and a
rack and pinion mechanism. When the driver turns the steering wheel, the gear
converts this rotational motion into linear motion, transferring it to the wheels
through tie rods. Hydraulic pressure from the power steering pump assists this
process, making steering smoother and more manageable. This design enhances
driver control and reduces steering effort, particularly in tight maneuvers.
BRAKING SYSTEM

BRAKE PADS AND ROTORS

When the driver applies the brakes, the brake pads, typically made of friction
materials like ceramic or composite, clamp onto the brake rotors, which are metal
discs connected to the wheel hub. The friction generated between the pads and
rotors converts kinetic energy into heat, slowing the vehicle down. This design
ensures effective and controlled braking, with regular maintenance required to
ensure optimal performance and safety.

BRAKE CALIPERS AND MASTER CYLINDER

Brake calipers are essentially hydraulic clamps. When the driver activates the
brakes, brake fluid pressure forces the caliper’s pistons to squeeze the brake pads
against the rotor, creating friction and slowing down the vehicle. It creates precise
and controlled braking, converting kinetic energy into heat and stopping the vehicle
safely.
A master cylinder consists of a cylindrical chamber and piston assembly. When the
driver applies the brake pedal, it displaces the piston, pressurizing brake fluid within
the chamber. This hydraulic pressure is transmitted through brake lines to the
calipers, initiating the braking process by forcing the brake pads against the rotors,
slowing the vehicle down safely and effectively.

BRAKE LINES AND ABS MODULE

Brake lines are typically made of steel or flexible rubber and are essential for
transmitting brake fluid from the master cylinder to the brake calipers or wheel
cylinders. When the driver applies the brakes, hydraulic pressure within the lines
ensures that this force is evenly distributed to all four wheels, allowing for
controlled and balanced braking, contributing to the vehicle’s safety and stability.
The Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) module monitors the speed of each wheel.
When wheel lockup is detected during hard braking or slippery surfaces, the module
momentarily releases and reapplies brake pressure, preventing skidding. This
design ensures stable, controlled stops on slippery surfaces, enhancing driver
safety.
EXHAUST SYSTEM

CATALYTIC CONVERTER

A catalytic converter is an emissions control device in a vehicle’s exhaust system. It

contains a ceramic substrate coated with precious metals like platinum, palladium,
and rhodium. As exhaust gases pass through, these metals facilitate chemical
reactions that convert harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides into less harmful compounds like carbon dioxide and water. This significantly
reduces tailpipe emissions, making vehicles more environmentally friendly.

MUFFLER AND RESONATOR

A muffler, the cylindrical or oval part of the exhaust system you see under the rear
of a car, features a series of chambers and baffles. As exhaust gases pass through,
the design dissipates sound energy by reflecting and absorbing it. This process
reduces noise levels, ensuring a quieter and more comfortable driving experience,
while also directing exhaust gases safely out of the vehicle.
A resonator is typically a straight pipe or chamber designed to fine-tune sound
frequencies generated by the engine. It works by reflecting sound waves back
towards the exhaust gases, canceling out specific noise frequencies. This design
helps to achieve a more refined and pleasant exhaust note while minimizing
unwanted noise.

OXYGEN SENSORS

Oxygen sensors, mounted in the exhaust manifold, converter, or exhaust pipe,

consist of a ceramic element coated with special materials. They detect the level of
oxygen in exhaust gases, transmitting this data to the engine’s computer. By
monitoring oxygen content, the engine can adjust the air-fuel mixture for optimal
combustion, improving performance, fuel efficiency, and emissions control.
WHEELS AND TIRES

TIRE TYPES AND TREAD PATTERNS

Passenger vehicles rely on various tire types and tread patterns to meet specific
driving needs.

 Summer tires, with their smooth and shallow tread, offer excellent traction on
dry roads but are less effective in wet or snowy conditions.
 All-season tires feature moderate tread depth, providing a balance of
performance in diverse weather.
 Winter tires, designed with deep, aggressive tread patterns and a flexible
rubber compound, excel in snow and ice.
 Performance tires prioritize grip and handling, while touring tires emphasize a
smooth, comfortable ride.
 Off-road tires or truck tires have rugged, deep treads for adventures on rough
terrain.

 The choice depends on driving conditions and personal preferences.

 WHEEL CONSTRUCTION AND ALLOY VS. STEEL

 Wheel construction significantly impacts a vehicle’s performance and

aesthetics. Wheels can be constructed from steel or lightweight alloys, with
designs ranging from simple to intricate. Alloy wheels are preferred for their
reduced weight and enhanced appearance, while steel wheels are more
durable and budget friendly. Wheel design plays a role in vehicle styling, and
different wheel sizes can influence handling and ride quality.

 TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM (TPMS)

 TPMS keeps you informed about tire pressure, ensuring they remain properly
inflated for safety and fuel efficiency, ultimately enhancing the longevity of
your tires. Each tire has a sensor inside, commonly attached to the valve
stem, that detects pressure and relays it to a module connected to the
vehicle using a radio frequency identification, or RFID. When the pressure is
outside of a predetermined threshold, it triggers a TPMS light on the dash.
 Self check 1.1-1
Parts and function of light vehicle

Answer the following question:

1. What is the function of an engine in a vehicle?

2. What is the purpose of a transmission in a car?
3. What does the suspension system do in a vehicle?
4. Why are brakes important in a vehicle?
5. What is the role of a battery in a car?
 Answer key 1.1-1
Parts and function of light vehicle

1. The engine converts fuel into mechanical energy through combustion,

powering the vehicle.
2. The transmission transfers power from the engine to the wheels,
allowing the vehicle to change speed and direction.
3. The suspension system supports the vehicle, absorbs shocks from the
road, and ensures stable handling and comfort.
4. Brakes slow down or stop the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into
heat through friction, ensuring safe stopping.
5. The battery provides electrical energy to start the engine and power
electrical systems when the engine is off.