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Lecture 3

The document discusses the analysis of a single-pole double-throw switch circuit involving a capacitor and provides solutions for voltage and current at specific times. It outlines the time constant for RC and RL circuits, emphasizing the preference for RC circuits due to practical advantages. Additionally, it details the steps for solving circuit problems using differential equations and highlights the asymptotic behavior of voltages and currents in such circuits.

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Arpita Tomar
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33 views12 pages

Lecture 3

The document discusses the analysis of a single-pole double-throw switch circuit involving a capacitor and provides solutions for voltage and current at specific times. It outlines the time constant for RC and RL circuits, emphasizing the preference for RC circuits due to practical advantages. Additionally, it details the steps for solving circuit problems using differential equations and highlights the asymptotic behavior of voltages and currents in such circuits.

Uploaded by

Arpita Tomar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ELECTRICAL SCIENCE-II

(15B11EC211)
Example 3

The single-pole double-throw switch S has been in position b for


a long time so that the 5-μF capacitor is fully discharged. Now,
at t = 0, the switch is thrown to position a. Determine
 (a) v(0+),

 (b) i(0+),

 (c) time constant τ,

 (d) v and i at t = 15 ms. 2


Solution :
(a) Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously, we have v(0+) = v(0−) = 0 V
+ V0 3V
(b) i (0 =
) I=
0 = = 2 mA
R 1.5 kΩ
(c) τ= (1.5 kΩ)(5 μF) =
RC = 7.5 ms

(d) At t = 15 ms :
V0 (1 − e − t /τ ) =
v= 3(1 − e − (15 ms) / (7.5 ms) ) =2.594 V
− t /τ − (15ms) / (7.5 ms)
=i I=
0e (2 mA) e = 0.27 mA

3
Single-Capacitor RC Circuit
and Single-Inductor RL Circuit

• The time constant for


• For LR circuit, τ = L / RTh
• For CR circuit, τ = CRTh
Here, RTh is Thevenin resistance as “seen” by the
capacitor or inductor.

4
5
6
• The voltages and currents approach their final values
asymptotically.
• It means that they never actually reach them.
• However, after five time-constants they change by
99.3 % of their total change.

7
Important Point
(For solving Problems)
If immediately after switching,
v(0+) and i(0+) are initial values
and v(∞) and i(∞) are final values.
Then, the expressions for all the voltages and currents
in the circuit for any time t are given as

+ − t /τ
v(t ) = v(∞) + [v(0 ) − v(∞)]e V
i (t ) = i (∞) + [i (0+ ) − i (∞)]e − t /τ A
8
Comparison between
RC and RL Circuits
Though both give similar response, but we prefer
RC over RL circuit, because
– Inductors are not as nearly ideal as capacitors.
– Inductors are relatively bulky, heavy and difficult
to fabricate, especially using integrated-circuit
techniques.
– Inductors are relatively costlier.
– The magnetic field emanating from the inductors
can induce unwanted voltages in other
components. 9
Unsolved Ques. 1: Find the capacitor voltage after
the switch opens in the circuit shown in Figure
below. What is the value of the capacitor voltage 50
ms after the switch opens?
Answer will remain same i.e. 7.51 volt
(a) (b)

10
Complete Solution by the Differential
Equation Approach
5 major steps to find the complete solution:
• Determine initial conditions on capacitor voltages
and/or inductor currents.
• Find the differential equation for either capacitor
voltage or inductor current (mesh/loop/nodal ….
analysis).
• Determine the natural solution (complementary
solution).
• Determine the forced solution (particular solution).
• Apply initial conditions to the complete solution to
determine the unknown coefficients in the natural
solution. 11
Here we will consider three cases for the input to
the circuit.
• First case

• Second case

• Third case

These three cases are special because the forced


response will have the same form as the input.

12

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