ME1211E-Fluid mechanics and machinery

Tutorial: 8

Notations followed in velocity triangle:

α: Blade angle at the inlet

β: Blade angle at the outlet

θ: angle between 𝑉𝑟,1 and 𝑉𝑤,1

ϕ: angle between 𝑉𝑟,2 and 𝑉𝑤,2

𝑉: Absolute velocity

𝑉𝑟 : Relative velocity

𝑉𝑤 : Whirl or tangential velocity

𝑉𝑓 : Flow velocity

u: Blade velocity or speed

1- Inlet
2- outlet

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(Questions)
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1. A jet of water of diameter 50 mm moving with a velocity of 40 m/s, strikes a curved

fixed symmetrical plate at the centre. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the
direction of the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120∘ at the outlet of the
curved plate.
2. A jet of water of diameter 75 mm moving with a velocity of 30 m/s, strikes a curved
fixed plate tangentially at one end at an angle of 30∘ to the horizontal. The jet leaves
the plate at an angle of 20∘ to the horizontal. Find the force exerted by the jet on the
plate in the horizontal and vertical direction.
3. A jet of water of diameter 7.5 cm strikes a curved plate at its centre with a velocity of
20 m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8 m/s in the direction of the jet.
The jet is deflected through an angle of 165∘ . Assuming the plate smooth find:
(i) Force exerted on the plate in the direction of jet, (ii) Power of the jet, and (iii)
Efficiency of the jet.
4. A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10 metres per second with a jet of water
flowing at the rate of 700 litres/s under a head of 30 metres. The buckets deflect the
jet through an angle of 160∘ . Calculate the power given by water to the runner and
the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assume co-efficient of velocity as 0.98.
5. The penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the Pelton wheel with a gross head of
500 m. One third of the gross head is lost in friction in the penstock. The rate of flow
of water through the nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2.0 m3 /s. The angle of
deflection of the jet is 165∘ . Determine the power given by the water to the runner
and also hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel. Take speed ratio = 0.45 and 𝐶𝑣 =
1.0.
6. Pelton wheel is working under a gross head of 400 m. The water is supplied through
penstock of diameter 1 m and length 4 km from reservoir to the Pelton wheel. The co-
efficient of friction for the penstock is given as .008. The jet of water of diameter 150
mm strikes the buckets of the wheel and gets deflected through an angle of 165∘ . The
relative velocity of water at outlet is reduced by 15% due to friction between inside
surface of the bucket and water. If the velocity of the buckets is 0.45 times the jet
velocity at inlet and mechanical efficiency as 85% determine: (i) Power given to the
runner, (ii) Shaft power, (iii) Hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency.
7. A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60𝑚 when running at 200 r.p.m. The
Pelton wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets = 0.45
times the velocity of the jet, overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient of the velocity is
equal to 0.98.
8. The three-jet Pelton turbine is required to generate 10,000 kW under a net head of
400 m. The blade angle at outlet is 15∘ and the reduction in the relative velocity while
passing over the blade is 5%. If the overall efficiency of the wheel is 80%, 𝐶𝑣 = 0.98
and speed ratio = 0.46, then find: (i) the diameter of the jet, (ii) total flow in m3 /s and
(iii) the force exerted by a jet on the buckets.
If the jet ratio is not to be less than 10, find the speed of the wheel for a frequency of
50 hertz and the corresponding wheel diameter.

9. An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 0.9 m and 0.45
m respectively. The turbine is running at 200 r.p.m. and width of turbine at inlet is 200
mm. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 1.8 m/s. The
guide blades make an angle of 10∘ to the tangent of the wheel and the discharge at
the outlet of the turbine is radial. Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles and
determine: (i) The absolute velocity of water at inlet of runner, (ii) The velocity of whirl
at inlet, (iii) The relative velocity at inlet, (iv) The runner blade angles, (v) Width of the
runner at outlet, (vi) Mass of water flowing through the runner per second, (vii) Head
at the inlet of the turbine, (viii) Power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine.
10. A reaction turbine works at 450 r.p.m. under a head of 120 metres. Its diameter at
inlet is 120 cm and the flow area is 0.4 m2 . The angles made by absolute and relative
velocities at inlet are 20∘ and 60∘ respectively with the tangential velocity. Determine:
(a) The volume flow rate, (b) The power developed, and (c) Hydraulic efficiency.
Assume whirl at outlet to be zero.
11. An inward flow reaction turbine has an exit diameter of 1 metre and its breadth at inlet
is 250 mm. If the velocity of flow at inlet is 2 metres /s, find the mass of water passing
through the turbine per second. Assume 10% of the area of flow is blocked by blade
thickness. If the speed of the runner is 210 r.p.m. and guide blades make an angle of
10∘ to the wheel tangent, draw the inlet velocity triangle, and find:
(i) the runner vane angle at inlet, (ii) velocity of wheel at inlet,
(iii) the absolute velocity of water leaving the guide vanes, and
(iv) the relative velocity of water entering the runner blade.
12. The following data is given for a Francis Turbine. Net head 𝐻 = 60 m; Speed 𝑁 = 700
r.p.m.; shaft power = 294.3 kW; 𝜂𝑜 = 84%; 𝜂ℎ = 93%; flow ratio = 0.20; breadth
ratio 𝑛 = 0.1; Outer diameter of the runner = 2 × inner diameter of runner. The
thickness of vanes occupy 5% of circumferential area of the runner, velocity of flow is
constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial at outlet. Determine: (i) Guide blade
angle, (ii) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet, (iii) Diameters of runner at inlet and
outlet, and (iv) Width of wheel at inlet.
13. (a) Show that the hydraulic efficiency for a Francis turbine having velocity of flow
through runner as constant, is given by the relation.

1
𝜂ℎ =
1
tan2 ⁡𝛼
1+ 2
tan⁡𝛼
(1 − )
tan⁡𝜃

where 𝛼 = Guide blade angle and 𝜃 = Runner vane angle at inlet.

The turbine is having radial discharge at outlet.
2
(b) If vanes are radial at inlet, then show 𝜂ℎ = 2+tan2⁡𝛼.
14. A Francis turbine working under a head of 30 m has a wheel diameter of 1.2 m at the
entrance and 0.6 m at the exit. The vane angle at the entrance is 90∘ and guide blade
angle is 15∘ . The water at the exit leaves the vanes without any tangential velocity and
the velocity of flow in the runner is constant. Neglecting the effect of draft tube and
losses in the guide and runner passages, determine the speed of wheel in r.p.m. and
vane angle at the exit. State whether the speed calculated is synchronous or not. If
not, what speed would you recommend to couple the turbine with an alternator of 50
cycles?
15. A water turbine has a velocity of 6 m/s at the entrance to the draft-tube and a
velocity of 1.2 m/s at the exit. For friction losses of 0.1 m and a tail water 5 m below
the entrance to the draft-tube, find the pressure head at the entrance.
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(Solution)
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1.

Given:
Diameter of the jet, 𝑑 = 50 mm = 0.05 m
𝜋
∴ Area, 𝑎 = 4 (.05)2 = 0.001963 m2
Velocity of jet, v⁡ = ⁡40⁡m/s
Angle,
𝜃 = 120∘
The angle of deflection = 180∘ − 𝜃
∴ ⁡ 180∘ − 𝜃 = 120∘ or 𝜃 = 180∘ − 120∘ = 60∘
Force exerted by the jet on the curved plate in the direction of the jet is given by
equation as
𝐹𝑥 ⁡= 𝜌𝑎𝑉 2 [1 + cos⁡𝜃]
⁡= 1000 × .001963 × 402 × [1 + cos⁡60∘ ] = 4711.15 N. Ans.

2. Given:
Diameter of the jet, 𝑑 = 75 mm = 0.075 m
𝜋
∴ Area, 𝑎 = 4 (.075)2 = .004417 m2
Velocity of jet, 𝑉 = 30 m/s
Angle made by the jet at inlet tip with horizontal, 𝜃 = 30∘
Angle made by the jet at outlet tip with horizontal, 𝜙 = 20∘
 The force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of 𝑥 is given by equation (17.8)
and in the direction of 𝑦 by equation (17.9),

∴ 𝐹𝑥 ⁡= 𝜌𝑎𝑉 2 [cos⁡𝜃 + cos⁡𝜙]

⁡= 1000 × .004417[cos⁡30∘ + cos⁡20∘ ] × 302 = 𝟕𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟐𝐍. Ans.
⁡
and ⁡𝐹𝑦 ⁡= 𝜌𝑎𝑉 2 [sin⁡𝜃 − sin⁡𝜙]
⁡= 1000 × .004417[sin⁡30∘ − sin⁡20∘ ] × 302 = 𝟔𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟑𝐍. Ans.

3. Given:
Diameter of the jet,
𝑑 = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
∴ Area,
𝜋
𝑎= (.075)2 = 0.004417
4
Velocity of the jet,
𝑉 = 20 m/s
Velocity of the plate, ⁡𝑢 = 8 m/s
Angle of deflection of the jet, = 165∘
∴ Angle made by the relative velocity at the outlet of the plate,
𝜃 = 180∘ − 165∘ = 15∘ .
(i) Force exerted by the jet on the plate in the direction of the jet is given as
⁡= 𝐹𝑥 = 𝜌𝑎(𝑉 − 𝑢)2 (1 + cos⁡𝜃)
⁡= 1000 × .004417 × (20 − 8)2 [1 + cos⁡15∘ ] = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝐍. Ans.
(ii) Work done by the jet on the plate per second
10003.04 N m
⁡= 𝐹𝑥 × 𝑢 = 1250.38 × 8 =
s
10003.04
⁡= = 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐖. Ans.
1000
⁡
⁡
⁡
(iii) Efficiency of the jet
 Output Work done by jet /sec
⁡= =
Input Kinetic energy of jet /sec
1250.38 × 8 1250.38 × 8
⁡= =
1 2 1 3
2 (𝜌𝑎𝑉) × 𝑉 2 × 1000 × .004417 × 𝑉
1250.38 × 8
⁡= = 0.564 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒%. Ans
1 3
× 1000 × .004417 × 20
2

4.

Given:
Speed of bucket,

𝑢⁡= 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 10 m/s
𝐷𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒⁡𝑄⁡= 700 litres /s = 0.7 m3 /s, Head of water, 𝐻 = 30 m
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡ = 160∘
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝜙⁡= 180∘ − 160∘ = 20∘
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦⁡𝐶𝑣 ⁡= 0.98
The velocity of jet,
𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻 = 0.98√2 × 9.81 × 30 = 23.77 m/s
Work done by the jet per second on the runner is given as
⁡= 𝜌𝑎𝑉1 [𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢
⁡= 1000 × 0.7 × [23.77 + 2.94] × 10⁡(∵ 𝑎𝑉1 = 𝑄 = 0.7 m3 /s)
⁡= 186970Nm/s
186970
∴ Power given to turbine ⁡ = = 186.97𝐤𝐖. Ans.
1000
The hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is given by equation (18.12) as
2[𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢 2[23.77 + 2.94] × 10
𝜂ℎ ⁡= =
𝑉12 23.77 × 23.77
⁡= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟒 or 𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝟒%. Ans.
5.

Given:
Gross head,
𝐻𝑔 = 500 m
Head lost in friction,
𝐻𝑔 500
ℎ𝑓 = = = 166.7 m
3 3
𝑁𝑒𝑡⁡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑⁡𝐻 = 𝐻𝑔 − ℎ𝑓 = 500 − 166.7 = 333.30 m
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒⁡𝑄 = 2.0 m3 /s
Angle⁡of⁡deflection = 165∘

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝜙 = 180∘ − 165∘ = 15∘

Speed⁡ratio = 0.45
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑡⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦⁡𝐶𝑣 = 1.0
𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔𝐻 = 1.0 × √2 × 9.81 × 333.3 = 80.86 m/s
Velocity of jet,
𝑢 = Speed ratio × √2𝑔𝐻
𝑢 = 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 0.45 × √2 × 9.81 × 333.3 = 36.387 m/s
Also,
𝑉𝑟1 ⁡= 𝑉1 − 𝑢1 = 80.86 − 36.387
⁡= 44.473 m/s
𝑉𝑤1 ⁡= 𝑉1 = 80.86 m/s
From outlet velocity triangle, we have
𝑉𝑟2 = 𝑉𝑟1 = 44.473
𝑉𝑟2 cos⁡𝜙 = 𝑢2 + 𝑉𝑤2
44.473cos⁡15∘ = 36.387 + 𝑉𝑤2
𝑉𝑤2 = 44.473cos⁡15∘ − 36.387 = 6.57 m/s.
Work done by the jet on the runner per second is given as
𝜌𝑎𝑉1 [𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢⁡= 𝜌𝑄[𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢⁡(∵ ⁡𝑎𝑉1 = 𝑄)
⁡= 1000 × 2.0 × [80.86 + 6.57] × 36.387 = 6362630Nm/s
∴⁡ Power given by the water to the runner in kW
 Work done per second 6362630
= = = 6362.63 kW. Ans.
1000 1000
Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine is given as
2[𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢 2[80.86 + 6.57] × 36.387
𝜂ℎ ⁡= =
𝑉12 80.86 × 80.86
⁡= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟏 or 𝟗𝟕. 𝟑𝟏%. Ans.

6.

Given:
Gross head,
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠⁡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑⁡𝐻𝑔 ⁡= 400 m
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘⁡𝐷⁡= 1.0 m
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡ℎ⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘⁡𝐿⁡= 4 km = 4 × 1000 = 4000 m
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡𝑓⁡= .008
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑗𝑒𝑡⁡𝑑⁡= 150 mm = 0.15 m
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡⁡ = 165∘
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒⁡𝜙⁡= 180∘ − 165∘ = 15∘

Relative velocity at outlet, ⁡𝑉𝑟2 = 0.85𝑉𝑟1

Velocity of bucket,
𝑢 = 0.45 × Jet velocity
Mechanical efficiency,
𝜂𝑚 = 85% = 0.85
Let
𝑉 ∗ = Velocity of water in penstock, and
𝑉1 = Velocity of jet of water.
Using continuity equation, we have
Area of penstock × 𝑉 ∗ = Area of jet × 𝑉1
or
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐷 × 𝑉 ∗ ⁡= 𝑑 2 × 𝑉1
4 4
Applying Bernoulli's equation to the free surface of water in the reservoir and outlet
of the nozzle, we get
𝑉12
𝐻𝑔 = Head lost due to friction +
2𝑔
2
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 ∗2
𝑉1 4 × .008 × 4000 × 𝑉 ∗2 𝑉12
400 = + = +
𝐷 × 2𝑔 2𝑔 1.0 × 2 × 9.81 2𝑔
∗
Substituting the value of 𝑉 from equation (i), we get
4 × .008 × 4000 𝑉12
400⁡= × (0.0225𝑉1 )2 +
2 × 9.81 2𝑔
⁡= .0033𝑉1 + .051𝑉1 or 400 = .0543𝑉12
2 2

400
∴ ⁡ 𝑉1⁡= √ = 85.83 m/s.
. 0543
Now velocity of bucket, ⁡𝑢1 = 0.45𝑉1 = 0.45 × 85.83 = 38.62 m/s
From inlet velocity triangle, 𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑢1 = 85.83 − 38.62 = 47.21 m/s
𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉1 = 85.83 m/s
From outlet velocity triangle, 𝑉𝑟2 = 0.85 × 𝑉𝑟1 = 0.85 × 47.21 = 40.13 m/s
𝑉𝑤2 ⁡= 𝑉𝑟2 cos⁡𝜙 − 𝑢2 = 40.13cos⁡15∘ − 38.62
⁡(∵ 𝑢 = 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 38.62)
⁡= 0.143 m/s
Discharge through nozzle is given as
𝑄⁡= Area of jet × Velocity of jet = 𝑎 × 𝑉1
𝜋 𝜋
⁡= 𝑑2 × 𝑉1 = (.15)2 × 85.83 = 1.516 m3 /s
4 4
Work done on the wheel per second is given by equation (18.9) as
⁡= 𝜌𝑎𝑉1 [𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢 = 𝜌𝑄[𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢
⁡= 1000 × 1.516[85.83 + .143] × 38.62 = 5033540Nm/s
(i) Power given to the runner in kW
Work done per second 5033540
= = = 𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟒𝐤𝐖. Ans.
1000 1000
(ii) For mechanical efficiency,
Power at the shaft S.P.
𝜂𝑚 ⁡= =
Power given to the runner 5033.54
∴ ⁡ S.P. ⁡= 𝜂𝑚 × 5033.54 = 0.85 × 5033.54 = 𝟒𝟐𝟕𝟖. 𝟓 𝐤𝐖. 𝐀𝐧𝐬.
(iii) Hydraulic efficiency is given as
 2[𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 ] × 𝑢
𝜂ℎ ⁡=
𝑉12
2[85.83 + .143] × 38.62
⁡= = 0.9014 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟏𝟒%. Ans.
85.83 × 85.83
Overall efficiency is given as
𝜂0 = 𝜂𝑚 × 𝜂ℎ = 0.85 × .9014 = 0.7662 or 76.62%. Ans.

7. Given:
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑⁡𝐻 = 60 m
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑⁡𝑁 = 200 r.p.m
Shaft⁡Power S.P. = 95.6475 kW
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑏𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡⁡𝑢 = 0.45 × Velocity of jet
Co-efficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑎𝑙𝑙⁡𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦⁡𝜂𝑜 = 0.85
Design of Pelton wheel means to find diameter of jet (𝑑), diameter of wheel (𝐷),
Width and depth of buckets and number of buckets on the wheel.
(i) Velocity of jet,
𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣 × √2𝑔𝐻 = 0.98 × √2 × 9.81 × 60 = 33.62 m/s
∴ Bucket velocity, 𝑢 = 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 0.45 × 𝑉1 = 0.45 × 33.62 = 15.13 m/s
𝜋𝐷𝑁
But ⁡ where 𝐷 = , Diameter of wheel
60
𝜋 × 𝐷 × 200
∴ 15.13 = or
60
60 × 15.13
𝐷= = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝐦. Ans.
𝜋 × 200
(ii) Diameter of the jet (d)
Overall efficiency
𝜂𝑜 ⁡= 0.85
S.P. 95.6475 95.6475 × 1000
𝜂𝑜 ⁡= = = ⁡(∵ ⁡ W.P. = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻)
W.P. W. P 𝜌×𝑔×𝑄×𝐻
(1000)
95.6475 × 1000
⁡=
1000 × 9.81 × 𝑄 × 60
95.6475 × 1000 95.6475 × 1000
∴ ⁡𝑄⁡= = = 0.1912 m3 /s.
𝜂𝑜 × 1000 × 9.81 × 60 0.85 × 1000 × 9.81 × 60
But the discharge, 𝑄 = Area of jet × Velocity of jet
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 0.1912 = 𝑑 2 × 𝑉1 = 𝑑 2 × 33.62
4 4
4 × 0.1912
∴ 𝑑=√ = 0.085 m = 𝟖𝟓 𝐦𝐦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬.
𝜋 × 33.62
(iii) Size of buckets
 Width of buckets = 5 × 𝑑 = 5 × 85 = 425 mm
Depth of buckets
= 1.2 × 𝑑 = 1.2 × 85 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝐦𝐦. Ans.
(iv) Number of buckets on the wheel is given by equation (18.17) as
𝐷 1.44
𝑍 = 15 + = 15 + = 15 + 8.5 = 23.5 (say 24. Ans.)
2𝑑 2 × .085

8. Given:
⁡𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓⁡𝑗𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙⁡𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟⁡𝑃⁡= 10000 kW
𝑁𝑒𝑡⁡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑⁡𝐻⁡= 400 m
𝐵𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒⁡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝜙⁡= 15∘

𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒⁡𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝑉𝑟2 ⁡= 0.95𝑉𝑟1
Overall efficiency, 𝜂𝑜 = 0.80
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦⁡𝐶𝑣 = 0.98
Speed ratio = 0.46

frequency⁡f = 50 hertz/sec
𝑃
𝜂𝑜 =
𝜌×𝑔×𝑄×𝐻
( )
1000
where 𝑄 = Total discharge through three nozzles and 𝜌 = 1000 kg/m3
10000
⁡∴ ⁡0.80 =
1000 × 9.81 × 𝑄 × 400
( )
1000
10000
⁡∴ ⁡𝑄 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟖 𝐦3 /𝐬. Ans.
0.8 × 9.81 × 400
3.18
Discharge through one nozzle = = 1.06 m3 /s.
3
(i) Diameter of the jet (d).
Discharge through one nozzle = Area of one jet × Velocity
But velocity of jet, ⁡𝑉1 = 𝐶𝑣 × √2𝑔𝐻 = 0.98 × √2 × 9.81 × 400 = 87 m/s
𝜋
∴ 1.06 = 𝑑 2 × 87
4
4 × 1.06
∴ 𝑑=√ = 0.125 m = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐦. Ans.
𝜋 × 87
(ii) Total flow in m3 /s⁡ = 3.18 m3 /s.
(iii) Force exerted by a jet on the wheel.
 𝑢1
Speed⁡ratio =
√2𝑔𝐻
𝑢1 = Speed ratio × √2𝑔𝐻 = 0.46 × √2 × 9.81 × 400 = 40.75 m/s
𝑉𝑟1 = 𝑉1 − 𝑢1 = 87 − 40.75 = 46.25 m/s
𝑉𝑟2 = 0.95𝑉𝑟1 = 0.95 × 46.25 = 44.0 m/s
𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉1 = 87 m/s
𝑉𝑤2 = 𝑉𝑟2 cos⁡𝜙 − 𝑢2 = 44 × cos⁡15∘ − 40.75(∵ ⁡ 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 40.75 m/s)
= 1.75 m/s
Force exerted by a single jet on the buckets
⁡= 𝜌 × discharge through one jet × (𝑉𝑤1 + 𝑉𝑤2 )
⁡= 1000 × 1.06(87 + 1.75) = 94075 N = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝐤𝐍. Ans.
𝐷
(iv) Jet ratio ⁡= 10 or 𝑑 = 10
∴ ⁡ Dia. of wheel, ⁡𝐷 = 10 × 𝑑 = 10 × 0.125 = 1.25 m
𝜋𝐷𝑁
But, 𝑢1 =
60
60 × 𝑢1 60 × 40.75
∴ 𝑁= = = 620 r.p.m.
𝜋×𝐷 𝜋 × 1.25
60 × 𝑓
Now using the relation, 𝑁 =
𝑝
where 𝑓 = frequency in hertz per second,
𝑝 = pairs of poles, and 𝑁 = speed.
60 × 𝑓 60 × 50
∴ ⁡𝑝 = = = 4.85
𝑁 620
Take the next whole number i.e., 5. Hence, pairs of poles are 5.
Now corresponding to five pairs of poles, the speed of the turbine will become as
given below:
But
60 × 𝑓 60 × 50
N= = = 600 r.p.m.
𝑝 5
𝜋𝐷𝑁
𝑢=
60
As the peripheral velocity is constant. Hence with the change of speed, diameter of
wheel will change.
60 × 𝑢 60 × 40.75
⁡∴ ⁡𝐷 = = = 1.3 m
𝜋×𝑁 𝜋 × 600
𝐷 1.30
⁡∴ Jet ratio becomes ⁡ = = > 10
𝑑 0.125
Hence the given condition is satisfied.

9.
Given:
External Dia., 𝐷1 = 0.9 m
Internal Dia., 𝐷2 = 0.45 m
Speed, 𝑁 = 200r. p. m.
Width at inlet, 𝐵1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Velocity of flow, 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 1.8 m/s
Guide blade angle, 𝛼 = 10∘
Discharge at outlet = Radial
∴ 𝛽 = 90∘ and 𝑉𝑤2 = 0
Tangential velocity of wheel at inlet and outlet are :

𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋 × .9 × 200
𝑢1 = = = 9.424 m/s
60 60
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋 × .45 × 200
𝑢2 = = = 4.712 m/s
60 60
(i) Absolute velocity of water at inlet of the runner i.e., 𝑉1
From inlet velocity triangle,
𝑉1 sin⁡𝛼⁡= 𝑉𝑓1
𝑉𝑓 18
∴ ⁡ 𝑉1⁡= 1 = = 10.365 m/s. Ans.
sin⁡𝛼 sin⁡10∘
(ii) Velocity of whirl at inlet, i.e., 𝑉𝑤1
𝑉𝑤1 = 𝑉1 cos⁡𝛼 = 10.365 × cos⁡10∘ = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟕 𝐦/s. Ans.
 (iii) Relative velocity at inlet, i.e., 𝑉𝑟1
2
𝑉𝑟1 ⁡= √𝑉𝑟31 + (𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 ) = √1.82 + (10.207 − 9.424)2
⁡= √3.24 + .613 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟑 𝐦/s. Ans.
(iv) The runner blade angles i.e., the angles 𝜃 and 𝜙
𝑉𝑓1 1.8
tan⁡𝜃 = = = 2.298
(𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 ) (10.207 − 9.424)
∴ ⁡𝜃 = tan−1 ⁡2.298 = 66.48∘ or 66∘ 29′ . Ans.
From outlet velocity triangle, we have
𝑉𝑓 1.8
tan⁡𝜙 = 2= = tan⁡20.9∘
𝑢2 4.712
∴ 𝜙 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟗 ◦․ or 20∘ 54.4′ . Ans.
(v) Width of runner at outlet, i.e., 𝐵2
From equation (18.21), we have
𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋𝐷2 𝐵2 𝑉𝑓2 or 𝐷1 𝐵1 = 𝐷2 𝐵2 ⁡(∵ 𝜋𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋𝑉𝑓2 as 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 )
𝐷1 𝐵1 0.90 × 0.20
∴ 𝐵2 = = = 0.40 m = 400 mm. Ans.
𝐷2 0.45
(vi) Mass of water flowing through the runner per second.
The discharge, ⁡𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝜋 × 0.9 × 0.20 × 1.8 = 1.0178 m3 /s.
∴⁡ Mass = 𝜌 × 𝑄 = 1000 × 1.0178 kg/s = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝐤𝐠/s. Ans.
(vii) Head at the inlet of turbine, i.e., 𝐻.
Using equation (18.24), we have
𝑉22 1 1
𝐻 − ⁡= (𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 ) = (𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 )⁡(∵ Here 𝑉𝑤2 = 0)
2𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
2
1 𝑉2 1 1.82
𝐻⁡= 𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 + = × 10.207 × 9.424 + (∵ 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 )
𝑔 2𝑔 9.81 2 × 9.81
⁡= 9.805 + 0.165 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟕 𝐦. 𝐀𝐧𝐬.
Work done per second on runner
(viii) Power developed, i.e., ⁡𝑃 = 1000
𝜌𝑄[𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 ]
⁡= ⁡[ Using equ:
1000
1.0178 × 10.207 × 9.424
⁡= 1000 × = 97.9𝐤𝐖. Ans.
1000
Hydraulic efficiency is given as
𝑉𝑤 𝑢1 10.207 × 9.424
𝜂ℎ = 1 = = 0.9834 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟑𝟒%. Ans.
𝑔𝐻 9.81 × 9.97

10.
 Given:
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒⁡𝑁⁡= 450r. p. m
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑⁡𝐻⁡= 120 m
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝐷1 ⁡= 120 cm = 1.2 m
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤⁡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎⁡𝜋𝐷1 × 𝐵1⁡= 0.4 m2
Angle made by absolute velocity at inlet, 𝛼 = 20∘
Angle made by the relative velocity at inlet, 𝜃 = 60∘
Whirl at outlet,
𝑉𝑤2 = 0
Tangential velocity of the turbine at inlet,
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋 × 1.2 × 450
𝑢1 = = = 28.27 m/s
60 60
From inlet velocity triangle,
(a) Volume flow rate is given by equation (18.21) as 𝑄 = 𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 × 𝑉𝑓1
But
𝜋𝐷1 × 𝐵1⁡= 0.4 m2
𝑄⁡= 0.4 × 13.027 = 5.211 m3 /s. . Ans.
(b) Work done per sec on the turbine is given by equation (18.18),
= 𝜌𝑄[𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 ] (∵ 𝑉𝑤2 = 2)
= 1000 × 5.211[35.79 × 28.27] = 5272402Nm/s
Work done per second 5272402
∴ ⁡ Power developed in kW = =
1000 1000
= 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟐. 𝟒𝟎𝟐 𝐤𝐖. Ans.
(c) The hydraulic efficiency is given by equation (18.20𝐵) as
𝑉𝑤 𝑢1 35.79 × 28.27
𝜂ℎ = 1 = = 0.8595 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟓%. Ans.
𝑔𝐻 9.81 × 120

11.
 Given:
𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑡⁡𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟⁡𝐷1 ⁡= 1.0 m
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡ℎ⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝐵1⁡= 250 mm = 0.25 m
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝑉𝑓1 ⁡= 2.0 m/s
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎⁡𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑⁡𝑏𝑦⁡𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠⁡= 10%
⁡𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑⁡𝑁⁡= 210 r.p.m.
𝐺𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒⁡𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒⁡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒⁡𝛼⁡= 10∘
Tangential velocity of wheel at inlet,
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋 × 1.0 × 210
𝑢1 = = = 10.99 m/s
60 60

10
Area blocked by vane thickness = 100 × 𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 = 0.1𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1
∴ Actual area through which flow takes place,
𝑎⁡= 𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 − 0.1𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1 = 0.9𝜋𝐷1 𝐵1
⁡= 0.9 × 𝜋 × 1.0 × 0.25 = 0.7068 m2
∴⁡ Mass of water passing per second
= 𝜌 × 𝑎 × 𝑉𝑓1 = 1000 × .7068 × 2.0 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝐤𝐠. Ans.
(i) The runner vane angle at inlet ( 𝜃 ).
𝑉 𝑓1 2.0
From inlet velocity triangle tan⁡𝛼 = 𝑉 =𝑉
𝑤1 𝑤1
2.0 2.0
𝑉𝑤1 = = = 11.34 m/s
tan⁡𝛼 sin⁡10
𝑉𝑓1 2.0
tan⁡𝜃 = = = 5.714
𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 11.34 − 10.99
𝜃 = tan−1 ⁡5.714 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟕⁡∘ or 𝟖𝟎0∘ 𝟒. 𝟐′ . Ans.
(ii) Velocity of wheel at inlet, 𝑢1 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 𝐦/𝐬. Ans.

(iii) The absolute velocity of water leaving the guide vanes (𝑉1 ) :
𝑉𝑓1
From inlet triangle, ⁡sin⁡𝛼 = 𝑉1
𝑉𝑓1 2.0
∴ ⁡ 𝑉1 = = = 11.517 m/s. Ans.
sin⁡𝛼 sin⁡10∘
(iv) The relative velocity of water entering the runner blade (𝑉𝑟𝐼 )
 𝑉𝑓1 2.0
𝑉𝑟1 = = = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 𝐦/𝐬. Ans.
sin⁡𝜃 sin⁡80.07∘

12.

Given:
Shaft power = 294.3 kW
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 𝑎𝑙𝑙⁡𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦⁡𝜂𝑜 = 84% = 0.84
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐⁡𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑦⁡𝜂ℎ = 93% = 0.93
𝑁𝑒𝑡⁡ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑⁡𝐻 = 60 m
𝑉𝑓1
FIow ratio, ⁡ = 0.20
⁡√2𝑔𝐻
∴ ⁡ 𝑉𝑓1 = 0.20 × √2𝑔𝐻
= 0.20 × √2 × 9.81 × 60 = 6.862 m/s

𝐵
Breadth ratio, ⁡𝐷1 = 0.1
1
Outer diameter, ⁡𝐷1 = 2 × Inner diameter = 2 × 𝐷2
Velocity of flow, ⁡𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 6.862 m/s.
Thickness of vanes
= 5% of circumferential area of runner
∴ Actual area of flow ⁡= 0.95𝜋𝐷1 × 𝐵1
Discharge at outlet ⁡= Radial
∴ ⁡ 𝑉𝑤2 = 0 and 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉2
Using relation,
S.P.
𝜂𝑜 =
W.P.
294.3
0.84 =
W.P.
294.3
∴ ⁡ W.P. = = 350.357 kW
0.84
 𝑊𝐻 𝜌 × 𝑔 × 𝑄 × 𝐻 1000 × 9.81 × 𝑄 × 60
But ⁡ W.P. = = =
1000 1000 1000
1000 × 9.81 × 𝑄 × 60
∴⁡ = 350.357
1000
350.357 × 1000
∴ ⁡𝑄 = = 0.5952 m3 /s
60 × 1000 × 9.81
𝑄 = Actual area of flow × Velocity of flow
⁡= 0.95𝜋𝐷1 × 𝐵1 × 𝑉𝑓1
⁡= 0.95 × 𝜋 × 𝐷1 × 0.1𝐷1 × 𝑉𝑓2 ⁡(∵ 𝐵1 = 0.1𝐷1 )
0.5952 = 0.95 × 𝜋 × 𝐷1 × 0.1 × 𝐷1 × 6.862 = 2.048𝐷12
0.5952
∴ ⁡ 𝐷1 = √ = 0.54 m
2.048
𝐵1
But ⁡ = 0.1
𝐷1
∴ ⁡ 𝐵1 = 0.1 × 𝐷1 = 0.1 × .54 = .054 m = 54 mm
Tangential speed of the runner at inlet,
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.54 × 700
𝑢1 = = = 19.79 m/s.
60 60
Using relation for hydraulic efficiency,
𝑉𝑤 𝑢1 𝑉𝑤 × 19.79
𝜂ℎ = 1 or 0.93 = 1
𝑔𝐻 9.81 × 60
0.93 × 9.81 × 60
∴⁡ 𝑉𝑤1 = = 27.66 m/s.
19.79
(i) Guide blade angle ( 𝛼 )
𝑉 𝑓1 6.862
From inlet velocity triangle, tan⁡𝛼 = 𝑉 = 27.66 = 0.248
𝑤1

∴ ⁡𝛼 = tan ⁡0.248 = 13.928 or 𝟏𝟑 55.7′ . Ans.

−1 ∘ ∘

(ii) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet ( 𝜃 and 𝜙 )

𝑉𝑓1 6.862
tan⁡𝜃 = = = 0.872
𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 27.66 − 19.79 (𝑖)
−1 ∘ ∘ ′
∴ 𝜃 = tan ⁡0.872 = 41.09 or 𝟒𝟏 5.4 . Ans.
𝑉𝑓2 𝑉𝑓1 6.862
From outlet velocity triangle, tan⁡𝜙 = = =
𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑢2
But
𝜋𝐷2 𝑁 𝜋 × 𝐷1 𝑁
𝑢2 ⁡= = ×
60 2 60
. 54 700
⁡= 𝜋 × × = 9.896 m/s.
2 60
𝐷1
(∵ ⁡ 𝐷2 = given )
2
Substituting the value of 𝑢2 in equation (𝑖),
6.862
tan⁡𝜙⁡= = 0.6934
9.896
∴ ⁡𝜙⁡= tan−1 ⁡. 6934∘ = 34.74 or 34∘ 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒′ . 𝐀𝐧𝐬.
 (iii) Diameters of runner at inlet and outlet
𝐷1 = 0.54 m, 𝐷2 = 0.27 m. Ans.
(iv) Width of wheel at inlet
𝐵1 = 54 mm. Ans.

13.

Given:
Velocity of flow = Constant.
∴ ⁡ 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2
Discharge is radial at outlet.
∴ ⁡ 𝑉𝑤2 = 0 and 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉2
(a) From the inlet velocity triangle,
𝑉𝑓
tan 𝛼 = 1 ∴ 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑤1 tan⁡𝛼
𝑉𝑤1

𝑉𝑓1
tan 𝜃 =
𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 ⁡(∵ 𝑉 = 𝑉 tan⁡𝛼) (𝑖𝑖)
𝑓1 𝑤1
𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑤1 tan⁡𝛼
∴ ⁡ (𝑉𝑤1 − 𝑢1 ) = =
tan⁡𝜃 tan⁡𝜃
∴ (𝑖)
𝑉𝑤 tan⁡𝛼 tan⁡𝛼
𝑢1 = 𝑉𝑤1 − 1 = 𝑉𝑤1 (1 − )
tan⁡𝜃 tan⁡𝜃
We have,
𝑉22 1
𝐻− = (𝑉 𝑢 ) (∵ 𝑉𝑤2 = 0)
2𝑔 𝑔 𝑤1 1
1 𝑉22 1 𝑉𝑓21
∴ 𝐻 = 𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 + = 𝑉 𝑢 +
𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔 𝑤1 1 2𝑔
(∵ 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑓1 )
Substituting the values of 𝑉𝑓1 and 𝑢1 from equations (i) and (ii),
 2
1 tan 𝛼 [𝑉𝑤1 tan 𝛼]
𝐻⁡= 𝑉𝑤1 × 𝑉𝑤1 (1 − )+
𝑔 tan 𝜃 2𝑔
2 2
𝑉𝑤 tan⁡𝛼 𝑉𝑤 𝑉𝑤2 tan⁡𝛼 tan2 ⁡𝛼
⁡= 1 (1 − ) + 1 tan2 ⁡𝛼 = 1 [1 − + ].
𝑔 tan⁡𝜃 2𝑔 𝑔 tan⁡𝜃 2
Now, hydraulic efficiency is given by
𝑉𝑤 𝑢1 𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1
𝜂ℎ ⁡= 1 =
𝑔𝐻 𝑉𝑤2 tan⁡𝛼 tan2 ⁡𝛼
𝑔 × 𝑔1 [1 − tan⁡𝜃 + 2 ]
tan⁡𝛼
𝑉𝑤1 × 𝑉𝑤1 (1 − tan⁡𝜃 ) tan⁡𝛼
⁡= 2 ⁡[∵ 𝑢1 = 𝑉𝑤1 (1 − )]
2 tan⁡𝛼 tan ⁡𝛼 tan⁡𝜃
𝑉𝑤1 [1 − tan⁡𝜃 + 2 ]
tan⁡𝛼
(1 − tan⁡𝜃 ) 1
⁡= 2 = . Ans.
tan⁡𝛼 tan ⁡𝛼 1 2
[1 − tan⁡𝜃 + 2 ] tan ⁡𝛼
1 + 2 tan⁡𝛼
(1 − )
tan⁡𝜃
(b) If vanes are radial at inlet, then 𝜃 = 90∘
1 1 2
∴ ⁡ 𝜂ℎ = = = . Ans.
1 2 ⁡𝛼 1 2 ⁡𝛼 2 + tan2 ⁡𝛼
tan tan
1 + 2 tan⁡𝛼 1+2
(1 − tan⁡90∘ ) (1 − 0)

14.

Given:
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑⁡𝑜𝑛⁡𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒⁡𝐻⁡= 30 m
𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝑑𝑖𝑎, 𝐷1 ⁡= 1.2 m
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝑑𝑖𝑎⁡𝐷2 ⁡= 0.6 m
𝑉𝑎𝑛𝑒⁡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒⁡𝑎𝑡⁡𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡⁡𝜃⁡= 90∘
𝐺𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒⁡𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑒⁡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒⁡𝛼⁡= 15∘
The water at exit leaves the vanes without any tangential velocity.
∴ ⁡ 𝑉𝑤2 = 0 and 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2
Velocity of flow is constant in runner.
∴ ⁡ 𝑉𝑓1 = 𝑉𝑓2
(i) Speed of turbine in r.p.m.
Using equation (18.24), we have
𝑉22 1
𝐻 − ⁡= (𝑉𝑤1 𝑢1 ± 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 )
2𝑔 𝑔
1
⁡= (𝑉𝑤1 × 𝑢1 )
𝑔
1
⁡= 𝑢1 × 𝑢1
𝑔
2
𝑉𝑓 1
30 − 2 ⁡= 𝑢12
2𝑔 𝑔
(∵ ⁡ 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑓1 ) … (𝑖)
But from inlet velocity triangle, we have
𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑓1 𝑉𝑓1
tan⁡𝛼 = 1 or 𝑢1 = = = 3.732𝑉𝑓1 (𝑖𝑖)
𝑢1 tan⁡𝛼 tan⁡15∘
Substituting the values of 𝑢1 in equation ( 𝑖 ), we get
𝑉𝑓22 1 2 𝑉𝑓21 13.928𝑉𝑓22
30 − = × (3.732𝑉𝑓1 ) or 30 − = ⁡(∵ 𝑉𝑓2 = 𝑉𝑓1 )
2𝑔 𝑔 2𝑔 𝑔
or
14.928𝑉𝑓21
30⁡=
𝑔
30 × 9.81
∴ ⁡ 𝑉𝑓1 ⁡= √ = 4.44 m/s.
14.928
Substituting the value of 𝑉𝑓1 in equation (ii), we get
𝑢1 = 3.732 × 4.44 = 16.57 m/s
𝜋𝐷1 𝑁 𝜋 × 1.2 × 𝑁
But 𝑢1 = or 16.57 =
60 60
16.57 × 60
∴ 𝑁= = 𝟐𝟔𝟑. 𝟕𝟐 r.p.m. Ans.
𝜋 × 1.2
(ii) Vane angle at exit (i.e., 𝜙 )
𝜋𝐷2 × 𝑁 𝜋 × 0.6 × 263.72
𝑢2 ⁡= = = 8.285 m/s
60 60
𝑉𝑓2 ⁡= 𝑉𝑓1 = 4.44
Now, from velocity triangle at outlet,
𝑉𝑓 4.44
tan⁡𝜙 = 2= = 0.5359
𝑢2 8.285
∴ 𝜙 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟖𝟕. Ans.
 (iii) For a turbine, which is directly coupled to the alternator of 50 cycles, the
synchronous speed
(𝑁 ∗ ) is given by
𝑝 ⋅ 𝑁∗
𝑓=
60
where 𝑓 = Frequency of alternator in cycles /s, 𝑝 = Number of pair of poles for the
alternator.
Assuming the number of pair of poles = 12, we get
50
12 × 𝑁 ∗
∴⁡⁡=
60
60 × 50
∴ ⁡ 𝑁 ∗ ⁡= = 250 r.p.m.
12
But the speed of turbine is 263.72. And synchronous speed (𝑁 ∗ ) is equal to 250.
Hence, the speed of turbine is not synchronous. The speed of turbine should be 250
r.p.m.

15.

Solution. Given :
Velocity at inlet,
Velocity at outlet,
 𝑉1⁡= 6 m/s
𝑉2 ⁡= 1.2 m/s
ℎ𝑓 ⁡= 0.1 m

Friction loss,
Vertical height between tail race and inlet of draft-tube = 5 m
Let 𝑦 = Vertical height between tail race and outlet of draft-tube.

Applying Bernoulli's equation at the inlet and outlet of draft-tube and taking
reference line passing through section (2-2), we get

𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2 + ℎ𝑓
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔

where 𝑍1 = (5 + 𝑦); 𝑉1 = 6 m/s; 𝑉2 = 1.2 m/s,

ℎ𝑓 = 0.1
𝑝2 𝑝𝑎
= Atmospheric pressure head + y = +𝑦
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
𝑍2 = 0
Substituting the values, we get
𝑝1 62 𝑝𝑎 1.22
+ + (5 + 𝑦) = ( + 𝑦) + + 0 + 0.1
𝜌𝑔 2 × 9.81 𝜌𝑔 2 × 9.81
or
𝑝1 𝑝𝑎
+ 1.835 + 5 + 𝑦⁡= + 𝑦 + 0.0734 + 0.1
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔
𝑝1 𝑝𝑎
+ 6.835⁡= + 0.1734
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔

or
𝑝 𝑝
If 𝜌𝑔𝑎 (i.e., atmospheric pressure head) is taken zero, then we will get 𝜌𝑔1 as vacuum
pressure head at inlet of draft-tube.
𝑝𝑞 𝑝
But if 𝜌𝑔 = 10.3 m of water, then we will get 𝜌𝑔1 as absolute pressure head at inlet of
draft-tube.
𝑝
Taking 𝜌𝑔𝑎 = 0 and substituting this value in equation (i), we get

𝑝1
+ 6.835⁡= 0 + 0.1734
𝜌𝑔
𝑝1
⁡= −6.835 + 0.1734 = −6.6616 m. Ans.
𝜌𝑔

Negative sign means vacuum pressure head.