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Population Interactions Quick Notes

The document outlines various types of population interactions, including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, amensalism, competition, and neutralism, detailing their effects on species involved. Key concepts such as Gause's Principle, resource partitioning, and examples of each interaction type are provided. It emphasizes the importance of these interactions in ecological dynamics and species coexistence.

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45 views3 pages

Population Interactions Quick Notes

The document outlines various types of population interactions, including mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation, amensalism, competition, and neutralism, detailing their effects on species involved. Key concepts such as Gause's Principle, resource partitioning, and examples of each interaction type are provided. It emphasizes the importance of these interactions in ecological dynamics and species coexistence.

Uploaded by

ramnirale22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Population Interactions - Quick Revision Notes

Types of Interactions

| Type | Species A | Species B | Effect |

|----------------|-----------|-----------|---------------------|

| Mutualism |+ |+ | Both benefit |

| Commensalism | + |0 | One benefits |

| Parasitism |+ |- | Parasite benefits |

| Predation |+ |- | Predator benefits |

| Amensalism |- |0 | One harmed |

| Competition |- |- | Both harmed |

| Neutralism |0 |0 | No effect |

General Points

- No species lives in isolation.

- Interactions are intraspecific (same species) or interspecific (different species).

- Interactions can be positive, negative, or neutral.

Mutualism

- Both species benefit, often obligatory.

- Examples:

* Lichen = Algae + Fungi

* Mycorrhiza = Fungus + Plant roots

* Plant + Animal: Pollination & seed dispersal

- Co-evolution occurs (e.g., flower-pollinator match).

- Protected against cheaters.

Competition

- Both species lose fitness.

- May occur even if resources are abundant.

- Example: Flamingos & fish compete for zooplankton.


Population Interactions - Quick Revision Notes

- Gause's Principle: One species eliminated if competition is intense.

- Resource partitioning helps coexistence.

Parasitism

- Parasite benefits, host harmed.

- Ectoparasites: Lice (human), ticks (dog).

- Endoparasites: Tapeworm, Plasmodium.

- Parasites evolve: no digestion, high reproduction, host-specific.

- Brood parasitism: Koel lays eggs in crow nest.

Predation

- Predator kills & eats prey.

- Controls population & maintains diversity.

- Example: Tiger-deer, sparrow-seed.

- Used in biological pest control.

- Prey defenses: camouflage, speed, chemicals.

- Plant defenses: thorns, toxins (Calotropis).

Commensalism

- One benefits, other unaffected.

- Examples:

* Cattle Egret & Cattle

* Orchid on mango tree

* Clown fish & sea anemone

Amensalism

- One species harmed, other unaffected.

- Example: Penicillium releases antibiotic killing bacteria.


Population Interactions - Quick Revision Notes

Important Exam Facts

- Gause's Principle: Competitive exclusion.

- Brood parasitism: Koel in crow nest.

- Camouflage: Insects/frogs.

- Poisonous plants: Calotropis, Nicotine.

- Resource partitioning reduces competition.

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