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Human Reproduction Notes

The document outlines the processes of human reproduction, including oogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilization, pregnancy, embryonic development, parturition, and lactation. It details the formation of female gametes, the phases of the menstrual cycle, and the development of the embryo and placenta. Key stages such as ovulation, childbirth, and the production of colostrum for newborns are also highlighted.

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10 views2 pages

Human Reproduction Notes

The document outlines the processes of human reproduction, including oogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilization, pregnancy, embryonic development, parturition, and lactation. It details the formation of female gametes, the phases of the menstrual cycle, and the development of the embryo and placenta. Key stages such as ovulation, childbirth, and the production of colostrum for newborns are also highlighted.

Uploaded by

liusiangtarh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Human Reproduction - Detailed Notes

1. Oogenesis (Formation of Female Gamete)

Oogenesis is the process through which a mature female gamete (egg or ovum) is formed. Starts before birth: some

cells in the ovary called oogonia multiply by mitosis and become primary oocytes. Each primary oocyte is surrounded by

follicle cells to form a primary follicle. It then develops into secondary, tertiary, and eventually a mature Graafian follicle.

The primary oocyte completes meiosis I to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body. Ovulation releases the

secondary oocyte. If fertilised, it completes meiosis II to form the ovum and a second polar body.

2. Menstrual Cycle (Monthly Reproductive Cycle)

Occurs in primates starting at puberty (menarche) and ends at menopause. Cycle length is around 28 days. Phases:

- Menstrual Phase (1-5 days): Shedding of uterine lining.

- Follicular Phase: Follicle development and estrogen production.

- Ovulation (~Day 14): LH surge causes ovum release.

- Luteal Phase: Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. If no fertilisation, it degenerates, restarting cycle.

3. Fertilisation & Implantation

Sperm meets ovum in fallopian tube. Acrosome enzymes help entry. Meiosis II completes -> zygote formed. Zygote

divides to form morula, then blastocyst. Blastocyst implants into uterine lining. Trophoblast becomes placenta; inner cell

mass forms embryo.

4. Pregnancy

Trophoblast forms chorionic villi which, along with uterine tissue, forms placenta. Placenta exchanges nutrients and

waste, produces hormones (hCG, hPL, estrogen, progesterone). Embryo is connected to placenta by umbilical cord.

5. Embryonic Development

Inner cell mass differentiates into three germ layers:

- Ectoderm -> skin, brain

- Mesoderm -> muscles, bones


Human Reproduction - Detailed Notes

- Endoderm -> digestive and respiratory systems

By week 12: major organs form. Month 5: limbs, hair. Week 24: eyelids form. Month 9: full development.

6. Parturition (Childbirth)

Gestation period ~9 months. Fetal ejection reflex triggers oxytocin release. Oxytocin causes uterine contractions -> baby

is expelled.

7. Lactation

Mammary glands produce milk after birth. First milk is colostrum, rich in antibodies and nutrients, boosting newborn

immunity.

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