Non-destructive Tests

Non-destructive tests are used to obtain estimation of the properties of concrete in the
structure. The methods adopted include ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer, probe
penetration, pullout and maturity. Non-destructive tests provide alternatives to core tests for
estimating the strength of concrete in a structure, or can supplement the data obtained from a
limited number of cores. These methods are based on measuring a concrete property that bears
some relationship to strength. The accuracy of these methods, in part, is determined by the
degree of correlation strength and the physical quality measured by the non destructive tests.

Any of these methods may be adopted, in which case the acceptance criteria shall be upon prior
to testing.

Critical Sections for Moment and Shear

For monolithic construction, the moments computed at the face of the supports shall be used in
the design of the members of those sections. For non monolithic construction the design of the
member shall be done keeping in view 22.2.

Critical Section for shear

The shears computed at the face of the support shall be used in the design of the member at
that section except as in [Link].

[Link]. When the reaction in the direction of the applied shear introduces compression into
the end region of the member, sections located at a distance less than d f rom the face of the
support may be designed for the same shear as that computed at distance d.

(The above clauses are applicable for beams generally carrying uniformly distributed load or
where the principal load is located farther than 2d from the face of the support.

22.7 Redistribution of Moments

Redistribution of moments may be done in accordance with 37.1.1 for limit state method and in
accordance with B-1.2 for working stress method. However, where simplified analysis using
coefficient is adopted, redistribution of moments shall not be done.

BEAMS

Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of the area of tension
reinforcement and the maximum compression fiber, excluding the thickness of finishing
material not placed monolithically with the member and the thickness of any concrete provided
to allow for wear. This will not apply to deep beams.
 1. For slabs spanning in t wo directions, the shorter of the two spans should be used for
calculating the span to effective depth ratios.
2. For two-way slabs of shorter spans ( up to 3.5m) with mild steel reinforcement, the span
to overall depth ratios given below may generally be assumed to satisfy vertical
deflection limits for loading class up to 3kN/m2.
Simply supported slabs 35
Continuous slabs 40
For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe415, the values given above should be
multiplied by 0.8.

Maximum Distance Between Bars in Tension

Unless the calculation of crack widths shows that a greater spacing is acceptable, the following
rules shall be applied to flexural members in normal internal or external conditions of exposure.

a) Beams: The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars, or groups, near the
tension face of a beam shall not be greater than the value given in Table 15 depending
on the amount of redistribution carried out in analysis and characteristics strength of the
reinforcement.
b) Slabs
1) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be more
than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times the effective depth of a
solid slab or 450 mm whichever is smaller.

26.4 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement

Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover to all steel reinforcements, including links.
it is the dimension used in design and indicated in the drawings. It shall not be less than the
diameter of the bar.

For a longitudinal reinforcing bar in column nominal cover shall in any case not less than 40mm,
or less than the diameter of such bar. in case pf columns of minimum dimension of 200 mm or
under, whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be used.

For footings minimum cover shall be 50 mm.

26.4.3 Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire Resistance

Minimum values of nominal cover of normal-weight aggregate concrete to be provided to all

Requirements of Reinforcement for structural member

Beams

a) Minimum reinforcement- The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall not be less
than as given by the following:
A s 0.85
=
bd fy
where, As = minimum area of tension reinforcement,
b = breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T-beam
d = effective depth, and
fy = characteristics strength of reinforcement in N/mm2
b) Maximum reinforcement: The maximum area of tension reinforcement shall not exceed
0.04 bD.

[Link] Compression reinforcement:

The maximum area of compression reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bD. Compression
reinforcement in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective lateral restraint. The
arrangement of stirrups shall be as specified in [Link].

[Link] Side face reinforcement:

Where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm, side face reinforcement shall be
provided along two faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall be not less than 0.1
percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not
exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less.

[Link] Transverse reinforcement in beams for shear and torsion

The transverse reinforcement in beams shall be taken around the outer-most tension and
compression bars. In T-beams and I beams, such reinforcement shall pass around longitudinal
bars located close to the outer face of the flange.
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement:

The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not
exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45°, where d is the effective
depth of the section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceeds 300 mm.

28 Concrete Corbels

28.1 General

A corbel is a short cantilever projection which supports a load bearing member and where:

Safety and Serviceability Requirements

In the method of design based on limit state concept, the structure shall be designed to
withstand safely all loads liable to act on it throughout its life; it shall also satisfy the
serviceability requirements, such as limitations on deflection and cracking. The acceptable limit
for the safety and serviceability requirements before failure occurs is called limit state. The aim
of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will not become unfit for the
use for which it is intended, that is, that it will not reach a limit state

All the relevant limit state shall be considered in design to ensure an adequate degree of safety
and serviceability. In general, the structure shall be designed on the basis of the most critical
limit state and shall be checked for other limit states.

For ensuring the above objectives, the design should be based on characteristics values for
material strengths and applied loads, which take into account the variations in the material
strengths and applied loads, which take into account the variation in the material strengths and
in the loads to be supported. The characteristics values should be based on statistical data if
available; where such data are not available they should be based on experience. The design
values are derived from the characteristics values through the use of partial safety factors, one
for material strengths and other for loads. In the absence of special considerations these factors
should have the values given in 36 according to the material, the type of loading and the limit
state being considered.

Limit State of Collapse:

The limit state of collapse of structure or part of the structure could be assessed from rupture of
one or more critical sections and from buckling due to elastic or plastic instability (including the
effects of sway where appropriate) or overturning. The resistance to bending, shear, torsion and
axial loads at every section shall not be less than the appropriate value at that section produced
by the probable most unfavorable combination of loads on the structure using the appropriate
partial safety factors.
Limit States of Serviceability

Deflection

Limiting values of deflections are given in 23.2.

Cracking:

Cracking of concrete should not adversely affect the appearance or durability of the structure;

the acceptable limits of cracking would vary with the type of structure and environment. Where

specific attention is required to limit the designed crack width to a particular value, crack width

calculation may be done using formula given in Annex F.

The practical objectives of calculating crack width is merely to give guidance to the designer in

making appropriate structural arrangements and in avoiding gross errors in design, which might

result in concentration and excessive width of flexural crack.

The surface width of the cracks should not, in general, exceed 0.3 mm in members where
cracking is not harmful and does not have any serious adverse effects upon the preservation of
reinforcing steel nor upon the durability of the structures. In members where cracking in the
tensile zone is harmful either because they are exposed to moisture or in contact soil or ground
water, an upper limit of 0.2 mm is suggested for the maximum width of cracks. For particularly
aggressive environment, such as the 'severe' category in Table 3, the assessed surface width of
cracks should not in general exceed 0.1 mm.

Other Limit States:

Structures designed for unusual or special functions shall comply with any relevant additional
limit state considered appropriate to that structure.

Characteristic and Design Values and Partial Safety Factors

Characteristics Strength of Materials

The term 'characteristics strength' means that value of the strength of the material below not
more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall. The characteristics strength for
concrete shall be in accordance with Table 2. Until the relevant Indian Standard Specifications
for reinforcing steel are modified to include the concept of characteristics strength, the
characteristics value shall be assumed as the minimum yield stress/0.2 percent proof stress
specified in the relevant Indian Standard Specifications.
Characteristics Loads

The term 'characteristics load' means that value of load which has a 95 percent probability of
not being exceeded during the life of the structure. Since data are not available to express loads
in statistical terms, for the purpose of this standard, dead loads given in IS 875 (part I), imposed
loads given in IS 875 (Part 2), wind loads given in IS 875 (Part 3), snow load as given in IS 875
(Part 4) and seismic forces given in IS 1893 shall be assumed as the characteristic loads.