 Primary industry: collects or makes available natural

materials such as agriculture, fishing, mining, quarrying

 Secondary industry:
 Is concerned with changing raw materials from the primary
sector to form a semi finished or a finished product
 Inputs:
 Capital (finance to establish factories), enterprise (business
skills to develop ideas), land, raw material, power, labour
 Process: smelting, weaving, spinning, dyeing, printing
 Output: cement, cotton ghee, bottom steel sheet
 Factors influencing industrial locations:
 Physical: natural routes, site requirements
 Human: access to market, availability of raw material, skilled
labour, power supply
 Raw materials:
 Are basic commodities from which we process goods
 Wheat is the main raw material in baking bread, biscuits
 Raw materials can be primary sources or secondary products
 Sustainable primary sources include timber and water, water
used for hydel, timber is a raw material
 Metallic elements such as gold and silver serve as raw
material in iron and steel
 A raw material is not confined to primary products, some
secondary products also serve as raw materials for example
wheat flour is a processed product but can be also used to
make a bread
 Other products maybe specially produced as components,
these are manufactured raw materials which are assembled ,
for e.g electric motors are assembled to make electric fans
 Industries which use agriculture products as their raw
material are called agro based industries, they include
cotton and woolen textiles, sugar and fruit juices
 Some industries import raw materials these include oil
refineries, iron and steel industry, imported raw material
increase the cost of production and increases countries
import bill
 Cotton textile is pakistans largest industry employing 40%
labour force, main centres are Faisalabad and Hyderabad
 Fibers from plant (flax, cotton) or animals (wool) are first
spun into thread. Threads are arranged lengthwise on a
loom. These are the warp. Other threads the weft are woven
crosswise through the warp. This weaving of the threads
makes the cloth
 Importance of cotton textile:
 It comprises cotton yarn, fabrics, towels, knit wear and
garments
 It possess export potential, industries form 65% exports
 It employs large no of people
 It contribute to approximately 8.5% gdp
 It reduces dependence on import and uses local raw material
 Problem of cotton textile:
 Leaf curl virus in cotton plant
 Competition from south korea, hong kong, Thailand
 Further modernization is needed
 International restriction decreases exports due to childlabour
and other issues
 Shortage of water reduced quantity of raw material
 Sugar industry:
 Sugar is mainly made from sugar cane
 Sugar mills are located in Punjab, kpk and Sindh, balochistan
has no sugar mills
 Sugar mills have to be close to sugarcane fields cuz:
 Sugarcane starts to lose its sugar content, so it needs to be
crushed soon
 Sugarcane is heavy so is expensive to transport
 By products of sugar cane and its uses:
 Bagasse: used as fuel in sugar mills, to make animal feed
and chipboard
 Molasses: used to make acids in chemical industry
 Fertilizer industry:
 Pakistan farmers use natural fertilisers such as animal dung
 The most widely used fertilizer is urea, it adds nitrogen to
the soil to speed up crop production and growth, increases
its protein content
 In 2018 pakistan produced around 8mill tonnes of fertilisers
in 21 factories
 Most factories use natural gas to power the factory and as
raw material, so many fertilizer plants are located near
gasfield
 For eg mari gasfield in Sindh supplies 15mill cubic metre gas
to major fertilizer producers with 60 km radius
 One reason that the industries could not produce enough
fertilizer is because of competition for gas for other uses
 Cement industry:
 There are many favourable factors for development of
cement industry such as :
 Availability of raw materials (limestone and gypsum)
 Good domestic market with high demand
 Natural gas is a cheap fuel
 Steel industry:
 In the late 1950s its development was considered necessary
 The Pakistan steel mill corporation by ussr help was made in
1973
 It closed in 2015 because it was very expensive
 Steel is an essential raw material for building bridges, power
lines and even dams
 The products of steel mills are coke, pig iron, galvanized
products and raw steel
 The heavy mechanical complex was made in 1979 at taxila
by chinas help
 The heavy forge complex (hfc) has produced hydroelectric
power, thermal power plants and much more
 Advantages of steel industry:
 Provides raw material for a no of industries such as
agricultural tools
 Locally manufactured steel is cheaper then imports
 Larger gdp
 Disadvantages of steel industry:
 Requires imported raw materials such as iron ore
 Require infrastructure for setting up, is a burden
 Lack of technical experts and electricity
 Leads to environmental pollution
 Industrial estates:
 Industrial estates are areas reserved for industries only
 The government provides infrastructure such as metalled
roads, electricity, water and gas
 Pakistan first industrial estate was Sindh industrial trading
estate (site) was established in 1947
 Sindh has a largest no of real estates because of its
proximity to karachi which is a largest port and a city
 Sindh: 24, Punjab: 20, total: 72
 Special industrial zones:
 It can be developed even is areas where water supply or
electricity is not available, the interested company would
develop these facilities
 The government has also offered many stuff such as tax
exemptions on import of machinery, and simplified
procedures, relaxation of foreign exchange
 However in order to attract local and foreigner investors,
there needs to be consistency in government policies, abrupt
changes weakens trust
 The government has devised a plan under cpec to set up 37
special economic areas across 4 provinces to boost up
economy
 Government industrial policy:
 After 1947, the private sector was reluctant to invest in
capital intensive companies. The Pakistan industrial
development corporation (pidc) was built for this purpose
 It established many large scale industries (cement, textile)
 It later transferred some of its projects to private center
when risk was reduced, this encouraged private sector and
stimulate economy from 1960
 The period is known as (era of industrialization)
 Nationalization of industries: (1972-1977)
 In 1972 there was principle of nationalization, the transfer of
10 basic industries to public sector was a major blow off
 Foreign investors became reluctant to invest
 Denationalization:
 In 1977 the government reversed its policies the martial law
gave assurance
 Privatization;
 Privatization of state owned enterprises have been promoted
since 1991
 Objectives of it:
 To create better opportunities for private sector for
development
 To improve productivity and profitability
 To reduce the burden on government economic resources
 Formal and informal sectors:
 They are important is following ways:
 They provide industrial goods to meet requirements for
domestic needs
 They generate employment opportunities
 Some products are exported
 Its doesn’t not require imported machinery and high
technology
 Differences:
 Formal sector
 Employed by institution
 Capital intensive with few workers
 Generally mechanized
 Legal and registered
 Normally males
 Informal sector:
 Self employment
 Labour intensive mainly hand tools
 Very few modern machines
 Often non registered
 Mostly females and males
 Contribution of these sectors:
 Formal sectors include, Pakistan steel mills, macdonalds,
parco (pak oil arab refinery company), kfc. These use
modern technology
 Informal sector includes only local units not registered with
government, such as cottage industries, as carpets,
embroidery, pottery
 Informal sector advantages:
 Meet local demands by supplying low priced goods
 Provides employment to large group of people
 Make use of local raw materials
 Industrial waste is utilized to make other goods
 Disadvantages:
 Not registered with government so no revenue in tax
 Produce sub standard goods
 Has little potential due to unskilled labour
 Encourages child labour
 Cottage/ small scale industries:
 Hold an important position in rural economy
 Most villages are sufficient, they have their own carpenters
and even blacksmith, craftsmen
 There is great demand for handwoven carpets, potter,
crafted bangles
 Importance of encouraging cottage industries:
 Are labour intensive and provides 805 of labour fore
 By candlemaking and carpet weaving women can work
inside their homes
 These meet local demands for industrial goods and save
foreign exchange
 Also promotes primary industries like agriculture and mining
 Does not require much capital or technology
 Types of cottage and small industries:
 Sports good industry:
 In sialkot is one of the main industry which is export oriented
 It uses raw rubber, wood pulp, stitching thread and leather
from brand name companies from korea, japan and England
 These enterprises are financed mostly through family
savings
 The sewing is mainly done by hands in small workshop, only
the final stages of production are done in factories
 Football stitchers forces childlabour in
 In sports good industry all products are made with first class
design and high quality
 Sialkot was elected to supply football for 1998 worldcup
 Surgical instruments industry:
 Located mostly in Sialkot and Lahore. The people of this
region have manufactured surgical instruments for almost
100 years
 It goes from small scale to highly sophisticated scale/level
 In the late 1940s the industry got some export orders from
Egypt and Afghanistan, currently more then 95%
instruments are exported
 Sometimes partially completed tools come from Germany to
be completed
 The surgical instruments sector exports over rs 20bill worth
of products
 It has enabled manufacturing of 10k diff surgical tools
 Thousands of childworkers work in there,
 The processes here are mainly grinding and polishing, it is a
labour intensive industry, no machine can provide such finish
 The children earn approximately 1$ for an 8hr working day
 A western team noted the problem, and the government has
taken incentives to discourage the industries for bringing up
childlabour, and to improve the working conditions for the
labour
 Brick kilns industry:
 The use of brick goes back more then 3000 years, and bricks
are still preferred house construction material in most
countries
 Suitable clays for it mainly exist in Punjab
 Firing the bricks also known as baking, makes the clay hard
 These in Punjab uses a lot of energy and employs a lot of
people due to labour intensive work
 Brick kilns workers have to work in difficult conditions as
under heat of sun more then 40* sometimes
 There is child labour
 Brick kilns and the environment:
 Is a major pollutant in rural areas
 Burning organic material, tyres and raw coal for baking
bricks discharges volume of carbon monoxide, Sulphur
 dioxide, and other chemicals
 Toxins from smoke penetrate the lungs and can cause
asthma, chronic diseases
 How to improve such problems:
 Strict environmental and child labour laws
 The environmental protection agency (pak-epa) plans to ask
brick kilns owners to switch to natural gas instead of
convectional heat
 Their chimneys should be fixed at great height to clear
ground level
 Minor modifications like technology for speeding up drying
process
 Making a ventilated shelter for bricks, instead of keeping
them in the sun, this will also save labour employed to look
after drying process
 Problems of cottage industries:
 Profits are limited and mostly spent on owners expenses
 Production cost is higher
 There is lack of standardization and quality control
 The wholesaler who takes whole the profit exploits the owner
of small scale industries
 Craftsmen learn skill from elder, the technical advise
provision is limited
 Government policy towards small scale industries:
 Pakistan small industry corporation
 Punjab small industry corporation
 The small industries development board kpk
 They are taking the following measure:
 Establishing industrial estates
 Setting up technical service centres
 Establishing handicraft development centres
 Providing counselling and guidance
 Providing local and foreign loans to small scale industry
 Environmental concerns:
 About 90% of industrial units those who do dying or chemical
operating, contribute in air pollution
 The bribing by companies of corrupt officers have led to
dumping of waste in Arabian sea,
 In addition state and multinational companies are marketing
various grades of gasoline that contains high levels of lead
 A survey conducted by Pakistan medical research council
has found dangerously high lead levels in the blood of school
children
 How does it affect sea water?
 Toxic matter enters the food chain through contaminated
fish
 Mangroves in coastal which provide habitat to fishes are also
destroyed
 Affects of this on people;
 Atmospheric and aquatic pollution leads to lung cancer, skin
diseases, throat and chest, cardiac problems are common
 Toxic chemicals have contaminated ground water, if it is
used untreated it may lead to serious stomach and intestinal
problems
 The turning of machinery causes noise pollution, leading to
deafness
 How to control it?
 Efficient disposal mechanism
 Industrial waste should be treated by importing technology
 Trees should be planted
 Laws should be enforced
 People should be educated
 The passing of the pakistan environmental protection act
pepa 1997, and the formulation on national environmental
quality standards neqs are some of the measure taken by
government
 Tertiary industry:
 Is concerned with providing a service, and is sometimes
known as service industry
 It can be divided into a no of groups, such as public
administration, transport, defence and tourism
 Tourism:
 Before the outbreak of covid 19, tourism was the worlds
fastest growing industry
 In 2019 it contributed to world 10% gdp
 Globally 330mill jobs depend on it
 Factors involving in developing tourism:
 Presence of tourists attractions:
 Depends on easy travelling and Pakistan offers
 Adventure tourism such as trekking, climbing and skiing
 Nature tourism as Pakistan national parks and sanctuaries
 Cultural tourism, visiting Pakistan historical sites
 Level of security for tourism:
 Tourists must feel secure when visiting, after the attacks of
new York 11 sep 2011, many tourists became concerned
about visiting Muslim countries especially Pakistan due to
terrorism. After the attack on srilankan cricket team in
Lahore 2009, foreign cricket teams stopped coming to
Pakistan
 By 2015 pakistan resolved its problem and international
cricket began
 Provision of infrastructure and transport facilities:
 Tourists need facilities such as hotels, electricity. Water
supply, hospitals, food supply and proper sewage disposal
 There are increasing no of 5 star hotels in Pakistan which
provide such facilities
 Although the private sector can help provide such facilities,
the other services rely on the government to invest in
developing facilities
 Tourists need to be able to move easily to sites of cultural
importance such as taxila, mohenjo daro, Harappa etc
 Availability of capital:
 Its availability determines the development for tourism
 Much more is spent on advertisement then development of
infrastructure
 Marketing and publicity at international level:
 In this era of globalization, marketing is very important
 Recently there has been improvement in domestic and
foreign marketing after introduction of tourism websites
 Government priorities:
 Pakistan is very keen to develop it, in 1970 it launched
Pakistan tourism development corporation which aimed for:
 Promote Pakistan as tourist friendly destination
 Encourage tourist businesses and domestic tourism
 Develop tourist infrastructure and facilities
 How has tourism developed in Pakistan;
 Nearly 2 mill foreign tourists came to pk in 2018
 Kpk has set up its own tourism authority and lunched first
tourism app in country
 It also introduced its own tourism police, and set up 33%
quota for women in this force
 Pakistan poverty alleviation fund is working with akhuwat to
provide interest free loans for people to renovate their
homes in neelam valley, rooms are being created for tourists
 The Pakistan travel mart, tourism dialogue, and Pakistan
hospitality show were key events held to create awareness
 Domestic tourism:
 In 2019 50 mill Pakistanis visited their own Pakistan
 The most common reason for that is to meet family friends,
and to enjoy weather
 From 1.6mill visits in 2014. The tourist traffic at cultural sites
arose to 6.6m visits in 2018
 International visitors to Pakistan:
 Visitors on business:
 International business visiters come from Europe for a no of
reasons:
 To attend trade delegations
 For educational activities, some have hired foreign staff
 As staff of multinational companies, such as oil, banks and
restaurants
 The un officials are working on a no of projects in pk (who)
 As members of diplomatic delegations to discuss economic
issues
 People visiting relatives:
 Many Pakistanis work abroad mainly in Saudi Arabian,
Kuwait, uae, uk.
 They are not tourists but when on holiday they come to visit
their families
 They usually stay with family and not in hotels, the number
of these increased from mid 1980s to 1990
 However during recent years migration to usa and Canada
has increased resulting in increase of visitors coming to
Pakistan from north America
 Tourists:
 Foreign tourists only visit Pakistan for recreational purposes
 These mainly visit northern areas, and like to mix with
people
 They stay in motels or cheap hotels
 Ptdc motels in chitral and hunza charge for 1200rs for 2
persons a night
 It contributed to 8bill to pakistans economy, 880,000 jobs
will be at risk if it decrease
 Advantages of tourism:
 The creation of new jobs
 Stimulation in trade
 Provision of new infrastructure needed
 Increased regional development, particularly in tourism
areas
 Greater tax revenues to allow increased government
spending on local housing, schools, hospitals etc
 Disadvantages of tourism:
 The natural environment may be affected by deforestation
 New problems may occur such as terrorism, drinking, drugs,
destroying local culture
 International tourists often book their visit in their home
country, so only a proportion of their spending may reach
Pakistan
 Many tourists jobs are seasonal too, such as skating winters
 The natural attractions of Pakistan:
 Kaghan valley;
 The Himalayan hideaway located north of hazara district of
Pakistan kpk is unforgettable experience for tourists
 This village surrounded by peaks and forests is east of the
main kunhar river
 Fishing is the chief sport in kaghan . brown trout and
mahaseer are stocked in pure silvery water between kaghan
and naran
 Most visitors to naran visit saif ul maluk lake 6 miles east of
town,
 If the road is open you can travel by jeep, if it is closed it is
an easy 3 hr walk
 One of the interesting feature is families bringing their
animals to pastures
 Swat valley;
 The valley of swat with its rushing torrents, lakes, fruit laden
orchards and flower decked slopes is an idyllic place
 Gilgit valley:
 At an elevation of 4770 feet lies gilgit valley
 The season to visit is from may-october
 The favourite sport here is polo
 The local version is more rugged, matches are festive
occasions a draw large no of visitors
 Skardu:
 Is the capital of Baltistan,
 Tourist season is from april to October
 The maximum temp is 27 degree and minimum is 8
 It is the starting point for k2 and other peaks
 Hunza valley:
 Snow covered mountains, wheat fields and meadows with
fragrant breeze
 The valley is situated at elevation of 8000 feet
 Most 0f the people at hunza are ismailis
 The local language is burushashki but urdu and English are
understood
 Women in baggy trouser, head covered with hats can be
seen working in fields with their cattles
 Chitral:
 Is a forbidding land which remains cutoff is winters
 Bumboret, rumbur, birir are the famous kalash valleys in
chitral
 The kalasha are a pagan tribe with unique customs
 At shandur the polo festival Is another attraction of this area
 Cultural attractions in Pakistan:
 Archaeological sites: mohenjo daro and harrapa ( indus
civilization), taxila (Buddhist civilization)
 Historic sites; khyber pass, badshahi mosque, allamaiqbal
tomb , and ranjit Sindh tomb in Lahore, Shalimar gardens in
Lahore, tomb of makli near thatta
 Modern buildings: faisal mosque, mausoleum of Muhammad
ali jinnah in Karachi, minar e Pakistan, dams and barrages
 Salt mine at khewra
 Traditional crafts and bazaars
 Call centres:
 Another example of a tertiary industry is a call centre
 It is an office of an organization which handles the
telephones to and from one or more companies
 A call centre is able to handle a considerable volume of calls
at the same time with the help of computer system
 It filters the call, and forwards them to qualified employees,
called agents to handle them and transfer to relevant
companies
 Are also used by telemarketing companies that sell their
products by this
 Call centre business in Pakistan:
 The government of pk has announced a policy for its
establishment
 The access to call centre is normally through 0800 free
phone numbers
 Typical services are airlines, booking, banks, medical, data
entries
 Domestic and overseas customers calls are routed to call
centres in Pakistan which are located in urban areas such as
Karachi Lahore fsd
 They are becoming a source of employment generation in pk
where educated class has sufficient knowledge of English
 Pakistan telecommunication company limited ptcl provides
connectivity for establishment of these call centres
 Its development is limited because of:
 They only cater urban areas, 675 pakistanis live in rural
areas with no call
 They operate on computer, so need a few worker means no
large employment
 These use specialized computer programming so only
computer skilled workers meet the criteria
 The expansion of call centres is closely linked to growth in
business, if the country is in recession of economy, fewer call
centres will be needed