Project Based Lab (ECE-229)

PROJECT - 2
5V, 1A Step-Down Power Supply Circuit
Team embers : Akashay eena(2311401161)
Gaurav Bhaisare(2311401162)
Pashupati Nath Vidhyarthi
(2311401163)

Title :
Design of a 5V, 1A Regulated Power Supply Using a Step-Down
Transformer.

Introduc on:
A regulated power supply is a crucial electronic circuit that provides a
stable DC voltage output for various applica ons. This report explores the
design and development of a 5V, 1A power supply circuit, conver ng AC
mains voltage into a regulated 5V DC output. The objec ve of this project
is to design a power supply using basic components such as a step-down
transformer, rec fier diodes, capacitors, and a voltage regulator IC to
create a simple and cost-effec ve solu on for powering low-voltage
electronic devices.

Design Principle:
Crea ng a regulated power supply circuit requires careful selec on of
components to ensure reliable and accurate performance. The design
principle of the 5V power supply circuit is based on conver ng 230V AC
mains into 5V DC through step-down transforma on, rec fica on,
filtering, and voltage regula on.
The circuit comprises a 230V, step-down transformer that reduces high-
voltage AC to a lower voltage. A full-wave bridge rec fier using four
1N4007 diodes converts AC into pulsa ng DC. The 470µF capacitor
smooths the output, reducing ripples. The IC 7805 voltage regulator then
regulates this DC voltage to a steady 5V output. Two 0.01µF ceramic
capacitors are added to enhance stability and suppress noise.
Design specifica on of a transformer :
The working of a transformer is based on Faraday’s Law of
Electromagne c Induc on, which states:
N=V/4.44*f*Bm*Ac
Where:
N = Number of turns
V= Voltage in volts
f= Frequency (Standard 50Hz in India)
Bm= Maximum flux density (1.2 Tesla, assumed for ferrite core)
Ac= Core area (6.5 cm²)
The turn ra o, which determines the voltage transforma on, is given
by:
Ns/Np= Vₛ/ Vₚ=Ip/Is=1/n
Given that:
Primary voltage (Vₚ) = 230V
Secondary voltage (Vₛ) = 5V
Turn Ra o (Nₚ/Nₛ) = 46
We use these values to calculate the number of turns for the primary
and secondary windings.
Turn Calcula on:
Using the formula
N=V/4.44*f*Bm*Ac
 For the Primary Winding:
Np=230/4.44*50*1.2*6.5
Np=1340
 For the Secondary Winding:
Ns=Np/n
Ns=1340/46
Ns=29
Thus, the transformer should have approximately 1340 turns in the
primary coil and 29 turns in the secondary coil to achieve the desired
voltage step-down.
Component Selec on:
1. Core Selec on:
A ferrite core with an area of 6.5 cm² is selected to ensure efficient flux
linkage.
The core material should support low losses at 50Hz.
2. Wire Selec on:
Primary Winding: Uses thinner wire because it carries low current at
high voltage.
Wire gauge=20-22 SWG
Secondary Winding: Uses thicker wire to handle higher current at low
voltage.
Wire gauge=36-38 SWG
3. Insula on and Protec on:
Insula on tape or varnish is applied to prevent short circuits.
Proper winding technique ensures minimal losses and improved
efficiency.
Steps of Tes ng:
1. Winding Prepara on:
Wind 1340 turns for the primary winding around the core.
Wind 29 turns for the secondary winding around the core.
2. Voltage Tes ng:
Apply 230V AC to the primary coil.
Measure the secondary output voltage to check if it is close to 5V AC.
3. Load Tes ng:
Connect a 5Ω load to the secondary winding.
Verify that 1A current flows at 5V output.
4. Adjustments:
If the output voltage deviates, adjust the turns ra o or core material.
Fine-tune insula on and winding technique to minimize energy loss.
Circuit Opera on:
The step-down transformer reduces the 230V AC input to 9V AC. This
lower voltage AC is fed into the bridge rec fier, consis ng of four 1N4007
diodes arranged in a full-wave rec fica on configura on. The rec fier
outputs pulsa ng DC voltage, which is then smoothed by the 470µF
capacitor, reducing fluctua ons and providing a more stable DC voltage.
The IC 7805 voltage regulator receives the smoothed DC voltage and
ensures a stable 5V output. The two 0.01µF capacitors connected at the
input and output terminals of the 7805 regulator help in filtering high-
frequency noise and enhancing voltage stability. The final output is a
clean and steady 5V DC suitable for powering electronic circuits.

Circuit Diagram:
Calcula on of Component Values:
 Transformer Selec on: The transformer should provide at least 12V,
1A output to ensure sufficient headroom for voltage regula on.
 Diode Bridge: The 1N4007 diodes are chosen for their ability to
handle the required current and voltage ra ngs.
 Filter Capacitor: The 470µF capacitor is selected based on the need
to smooth the rec fied voltage effec vely and maintain stability.
 Voltage Regulator: The 7805 IC ensures a steady 5V output, with
ceramic capacitors improving transient response and noise
filtering.

Components Required:
1. Transformer (230V AC to 12V AC step-down)
2. 4 diodes for the construc on of bridge rec fier(1N4001)
3. Capacitors (C1: 470µF/50V, C2: 0.01µF) ,C3:0.01µF)
4. Voltage Regulator IC (LM7805)
5. Connec ng wires and PCB
Es mated Cost of Project:
1. Transformer (Rs. 90)
2. 4 x 1N4007 Diodes (Rs. 1 each) = Rs. 4
3. 470µF Capacitor (Rs. 10)
4. 2 x 0.01µF Capacitors (Rs. 10 each) = Rs. 20
5. 1x LM7805 Regulator - Rs. 10
 Total Cost: Rs. 124

Conclusion:
This project successfully demonstrates the design of a simple and
efficient regulated power supply circuit that converts 230V AC into a
steady 5V DC output. By u lizing essen al components like a step-down
transformer, rec fier diodes, capacitors, and a voltage regulator, this
power supply circuit is suitable for various low-voltage electronic
applica ons, providing a cost-effec ve and reliable solu on.