Unit I: Basic Structure of Computer - COA
1. **Basic Structure of Desktop Computers:**
- Desktop computers consist of input devices (keyboard, mouse), output devices (monitor,
speakers), and storage devices (hard disk, CD-ROM).
- The main unit, the CPU, is the heart of the computer, processing data and executing instructions.
It connects to memory (primary and secondary) for storage of data and instructions.
2. **CPU: General Register Organization:**
- **Memory Register**: Holds data temporarily during operations.
- **Instruction Register**: Stores the current instruction being executed.
- **Control Word**: A collection of signals that control the operations in the CPU.
3. **Stack Organization:**
- Stack is used to store temporary data and addresses in memory, following Last In First Out
(LIFO) principle.
- Push and pop operations are used to add or remove data from the stack.
4. **Instruction Format:**
- Instructions are composed of two parts:
- **Opcode** (operation code) which defines the operation to be performed.
- **Operand** which specifies the data or address involved.
5. **ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit):**
- The ALU is responsible for arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction) and logical operations
(AND, OR).
6. **I/O System:**
- The I/O system facilitates communication between the CPU and external devices (keyboard,
mouse, etc.).
- It includes **I/O controllers** for managing devices.
7. **Bus and Memory:**
- **Bus**: A communication pathway used to transfer data between components (CPU, memory,
I/O devices).
- **Memory Program Counter**: Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.
- **Bus Structure**: Composed of data, address, and control lines for transferring data and
instructions.
8. **Control Unit Organization:**
- **Instruction Types**: Defines the types of operations a CPU can perform (arithmetic, logic, data
transfer).
- **Micro-Instruction Formats**: Defines the detailed instruction set for controlling operations at the
micro level.
9. **Fetch and Execution Cycle:**
- **Fetch**: The control unit fetches the instruction from memory.
- **Execution**: The fetched instruction is decoded and executed by the CPU.
10. **Hardwired Control Unit:**
- Uses fixed logic circuits to control the operation of the CPU. It is faster but less flexible.
11. **Micro-Programmed Control Unit:**
- Uses a set of micro-instructions stored in memory to control the CPU. It is more flexible but
slower.
12. **Microprogram Sequencer and Control Memory:**
- **Microprogram Sequencer**: Controls the sequence of micro-instructions.
- **Control Memory**: Stores micro-instructions for control operations.
13. **Sequencing and Execution of Micro-Instruction:**
- Micro-instructions are executed sequentially, controlling the hardware components in the correct
order.
[Insert CPU Architecture Diagram Here]
